scholarly journals PI(3,5)P2 sows the seeds of plant growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 198 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-147
Author(s):  
Ben Short
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Polarized Growth

Phospholipid directs polarized growth by targeting actin-polymerizing formins to the cortex of plant cells.

Small but Mighty: An Update on Small Molecule Plant Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raegan T Larson ◽  
Heather E McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Mechanical Support ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Biosynthesis Inhibitors

Abstract Cellulose is one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth. It provides mechanical support to growing plant cells and important raw materials for paper, textiles, and biofuel feedstocks. Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) are invaluable tools for studying cellulose biosynthesis and can be important herbicides for controlling weed growth. Here, we review CBIs with particular focus on the most widely used CBIs and recently discovered CBIs. We discuss the effects of these CBIs on plant growth and development and plant cell biology, and summarize what is known about the mode of action of these different CBIs.

scholarly journals Discussion meeting on growth factors opening address

1937 ◽  
Vol 124 (834) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Plant Hormones ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Opening Address ◽  
Definite Proof

The growth of a plant cell may be separated schematically into the following stages: cell division, plasmatic growth and cell elongation. The definite proof that the growth of plant cells is regulated by plant hormones has first been found for the process of cell elongation. The term auxins is used to designate these hormones. The function of auxins in plants is not limited to cell elongation. Botanical investigations have shown that they also play a role in phototropism and geotropism, that they stimulate root development, induce cambial growth and prevent premature outgrowth of axillary buds. Auxins therefore regulate plant growth in many ways.

scholarly journals The influence of transpiration on foliar accumulation of salt and nutrients under salinity in poplar (Populus × canescens)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253228
Author(s):  
Shayla Sharmin ◽  
Ulrike Lipka ◽  
Andrea Polle ◽  
Christian Eckert
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Stress Treatment ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Major Nutrients ◽  
Root Content

Increasing salinity is one of the major drawbacks for plant growth. Besides the ion itself being toxic to plant cells, it greatly interferes with the supply of other macronutrients like potassium, calcium and magnesium. However, little is known about how sodium affects the translocation of these nutrients from the root to the shoot. The major driving force of this translocation process is thought to be the water flow through the xylem driven by transpiration. To dissect the effects of transpiration from those of salinity we compared salt stressed, ABA treated and combined salt- and ABA treated poplars with untreated controls. Salinity reduced the root content of major nutrients like K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. Less Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the roots resulted in reduced leaf Ca2+ and leaf Mg2+ levels due to reduced stomatal conductance and reduced transpiration. Interestingly, leaf K+ levels were positively affected in leaves under salt stress although there was less K+ in the roots under salt. In response to ABA, transpiration was also decreased and Mg2+ and Ca2+ levels decreased comparably to the salt stress treatment, while K+ levels were not affected. Thus, our results suggest that loading and retention of leaf K+ is enhanced under salt stress compared to merely transpiration driven cation supply.

Associations between microfungal endophytes and roots: do structural features indicate function?

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Larry Peterson ◽  
Cameron Wagg ◽  
Michael Pautler
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Root Interactions ◽  
Root Endophytic Fungi

Roots encounter a plethora of microorganisms in the soil environment that are either deleterious, neutral, or beneficial to plant growth. Root endophytic fungi are ubiquitous. These include dark septate endophytes whose role in plant growth and the maintenance of plant communities is largely unknown. The objectives of this review were to assess the structural features of the interactions between dark septate endophytic fungi and the roots of both angiopsperms and conifers, and to suggest avenues for further research. Several light microscopy studies of endophyte–root interactions have revealed a variety of structural features, depending on host species and plant growth conditions. In some cases, when fungal hyphae enter roots they cause cell breakdown, whereas in other situations there is little noticeable effect. In some tree species, associations with these endophytes may mimic ectomycorrhizas or ectendomycorrhizas. The few ultrastructural studies indicate that intracellular hyphae lack a host-derived perifungal membrane and interfacial matrix material, features typical of biotrophic fungus – plant cell interactions. This raises questions concerning nutrient exchange between these fungi and plant cells. Further research in this area is needed. New approaches that include molecular cytology and live-cell imaging are needed to determine early changes in plant cells when challenged with these fungi.

scholarly journals Harpins, Multifunctional Proteins Secreted by Gram-Negative Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1115-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Seon Choi ◽  
Wooki Kim ◽  
Chanhui Lee ◽  
Chang-Sik Oh
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
A Cell

Harpins are glycine-rich and heat-stable proteins that are secreted through type III secretion system in gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria. Many studies show that these proteins are mostly targeted to the extracellular space of plant tissues, unlike bacterial effector proteins that act inside the plant cells. Over the two decades since the first harpin of pathogen origin, HrpN of Erwinia amylovora, was reported in 1992 as a cell-free elicitor of hypersensitive response (HR), diverse functional aspects of harpins have been determined. Some harpins were shown to have virulence activity, probably because of their involvement in the translocation of effector proteins into plant cytoplasm. Based on this function, harpins are now considered to be translocators. Their abilities of pore formation in the artificial membrane, binding to lipid components, and oligomerization are consistent with this idea. When harpins are applied to plants directly or expressed in plant cells, these proteins trigger diverse beneficial responses such as induction of defense responses against diverse pathogens and insects and enhancement of plant growth. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize the functions of harpins as virulence factors (or translocators) of bacterial pathogens, elicitors of HR and immune responses, and plant growth enhancers.

Calcium gradient in plant cells with polarized growth in simulated microgravity

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Sytnik ◽  
O.T. Demkiv ◽  
E.L. Kordyum ◽  
E.M. Nedukha ◽  
L.A. Danevich
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Microgravity ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Polarized Growth ◽  
Calcium Gradient

Significance of hydrogen ion transport in plant cells

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 1035-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Raven ◽  
F. A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Atp Synthesis ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Cytoplasmic Ph ◽  
Active Process ◽  
Bathing Medium ◽  
Ph Stat ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Transport

The literature on the value and variability of the pH of the cytoplasm and vacuole of plant cells, and of the bathing medium, is reviewed. It is concluded that the pH of the cytoplasm and the vacuole changes much less than that of the medium during plant growth, despite a number of essential processes which produce or consume large quantities of protons in the cell during growth. It is thus concluded that loss of excess H+ or OH− to the medium is a major feature of cell pH regulation. In general, the excretion of excess H+ or OH− is an active process, i.e. against a gradient of electrochemical potential.The biochemical 'pH stat' mechanism of Davies is briefly discussed as an alternative to active transport of H+ or OH−. It is concluded that the major and primary function of active H+ and OH− fluxes is the regulation of cytoplasmic pH. Secondary functions (such as chemiosmotic ATP synthesis, transport of other solutes, and morphogenesis) of the H+ or OH− transport are also discussed. The extent to which these processes can occur is limited by interference with the regulation of intracellular pH.

Morphological transformation of plant cells in vitro and its effect on plant growth

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Zhigang ◽  
Zeng Zhaolin ◽  
Liu Ruizhi ◽  
Deng Ying
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Morphological Transformation

scholarly journals The biology of the endophyte/grass partnership

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 123-133
Author(s):  
M.J. Christensen ◽  
C.R. Voisey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Meristematic Tissue ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Unique Association

The association of Epichloë and Neotyphodium endophytes with host grasses is one of balance between both partners. The host plants are symptomless with the exception of stromata that can form on reproductive tillers of grasses infected with Epichloë spp. The hyphae of the endophytes, spread systemically throughout the above ground parts of plants and in leaves, are aligned parallel with the longitudinal leaf axis and are seldom branched. In this review, the reader is guided through the interaction of host grass and endophytes as revealed by microscopy and then given a model to explain the unique association that these endophytic fungi have with host grasses. This model proposes that hyphae within meristematic tissue branch profusely, providing hyphal strands that extend by intercalary growth amongst enlarging plant cells. Hyphae cease branching and elongating when amongst stationary cells but remain metabolically active, producing a range of bioactive products that enhance the persistence of host grasses. By this process the synchronisation of endophyte and plant growth is achieved, providing a generally mutualistic relationship. Keywords: Neotyphodium, Epichloë, intercalary hyphal extension

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