scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION OF SOME CYTOCHEMICAL REACTION PRODUCTS BY HISTORADIOGRAPHY

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Hale
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Cytochemical Reaction ◽  
Thiolacetic Acid

The reaction products of cytochemical methods for acid phosphatase, carbonic anhydrase succinate dehydrogenase, and thiolacetic acid esterase have been identified by historadiographic methods in sections of kidney. The absorption of x-rays by these products gives information on their localisation when they cannot be seen readily in the light microscope. The requirements for successful demonstration of such reaction products and the possibley value of the technique are discussed.

scholarly journals A large area diamond-based beam tagging hodoscope for ion therapy monitoring

2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 09005 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-L. Gallin-Martel ◽  
L. Abbassi ◽  
A. Bes ◽  
G. Bosson ◽  
J. Collot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Therapy Monitoring ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Position Measurement ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Good Signal

The MoniDiam project is part of the French national collaboration CLaRyS (Contrôle en Ligne de l’hAdronthérapie par RaYonnements Secondaires) for on-line monitoring of hadron therapy. It relies on the imaging of nuclear reaction products that is related to the ion range. The goal here is to provide large area beam detectors with a high detection efficiency for carbon or proton beams giving time and position measurement at 100 MHz count rates (beam tagging hodoscope). High radiation hardness and intrinsic electronic properties make diamonds reliable and very fast detectors with a good signal to noise ratio. Commercial Chemical Vapor Deposited (CVD) poly-crystalline, heteroepitaxial and monocrystalline diamonds were studied. Their applicability as a particle detector was investigated using α and β radioactive sources, 95 MeV/u carbon ion beams at GANIL and 8.5 keV X-ray photon bunches from ESRF. This facility offers the unique capability of providing a focused (~1 μm) beam in bunches of 100 ps duration, with an almost uniform energy deposition in the irradiated detector volume, therefore mimicking the interaction of single ions. A signal rise time resolution ranging from 20 to 90 ps rms and an energy resolution of 7 to 9% were measured using diamonds with aluminum disk shaped surface metallization. This enabled us to conclude that polycrystalline CVD diamond detectors are good candidates for our beam tagging hodoscope development. Recently, double-side stripped metallized diamonds were tested using the XBIC (X Rays Beam Induced Current) set-up of the ID21 beamline at ESRF which permits us to evaluate the capability of diamond to be used as position sensitive detector. The final detector will consist in a mosaic arrangement of double-side stripped diamond sensors read out by a dedicated fast-integrated electronics of several hundreds of channels.

X-ray Microscopy in your Lab

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
Charles Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Projection Images ◽  
Straight Lines

Using X rays to produce magnified images of objects has been a goal for 150 years. Ever since Ernst Abbe declared in 1873 that light microscope resolution was limited by the wavelength of light, the search was on for a microscopy medium with a wavelength shorter than visible light (<500 nm). When Roentgen discovered X rays in 1895, it was thought that the new medium may have been found. Soon it was clear, however, that it was not easy to construct a physical lens for X rays because the rays penetrated all lens construction materials. X-ray “radiography images” of a few times magnification were possible but only as projection images, formed as X rays from millimeter-sized sources traveled in straight lines through the specimen to be captured on film. Unfortunately, even in the best cases, useful magnification was limited by the relatively large “point source” of X rays and the large grain size of X-ray film (both about 0.1–1.0 mm).

scholarly journals Acid-beta-glycerophosphatase reaction products in the central nervous system mitochondria following x-ray irradiation.

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 402-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Roizin ◽  
D Orlovskaja ◽  
J C Liu ◽  
A L Carsten
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Huntington's Chorea ◽  
X Ray ◽  
System A ◽  
Chemical Lesion ◽  
The Central Nervous System

A survey of the literature to date on the enzyme histochemistry of intracellular organelles has not yielded any reference to the presence of acid phosphatase reaction products in the mammalian mitochondria of the central nervous system. A combination of Gomori's acid phosphatase mehtod, however, with standard electron microscopy has disclosed the presence of enzyme reaction products in the mitochondria of the central nervous system of rats from 2 hr to 22 weeks after x-ray irradiation, as well as in a cerebral biopsy performed on a patient affected by Huntington's chorea. No enzyme reaction products, on the other hand, were observed in serial sections that had been incubated in substrates either containing sodium fluoride or lacking in beta-glycerophosphate. The abnormal mitochondrial enzyme reaction (chemical lesion) is considered to be the consequenco of the pathologic process affecting the ultrastructural-chemical organization of the organelle.

scholarly journals Detection of urease and carbonic anhydrase activity using a rapid and economical field test to assess microbially-induced carbonate precipitation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Medina Ferrer ◽  
Kathryn Hobart ◽  
Jake V. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Soil Restoration ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Calcareous Fens ◽  
Molecular Approaches

ABSTRACTMicrobial precipitation of calcium carbonate has diverse engineering applications, from building and soil restoration, to carbon sequestration. Urease-mediated ureolysis and CO2 (de)hydration by carbonic anhydrase (CA) are known for their potential to precipitate carbonate minerals, yet many microbial community studies rely on marker gene or metagenomic approaches that are unable to determine in situ activity. Here, we developed fast and cost-effective tests for the field detection of urease and CA activity using pH-sensitive strips inside microcentrifuge tubes that change color in response to the reaction products of urease (NH3) and CA (CO2). Samples from a saline lake, a series of calcareous fens, and ferrous springs were assayed in the field, finding relatively high urease activity in lake samples, whereas CA activity was only detected in a ferrous spring. Incubations of lake microbes with urea resulted in significantly higher CaCO3 precipitation compared to incubations with a urease inhibitor. Therefore, the rapid assay indicated an on-site active metabolism potentially mediating carbonate mineralization. Field urease and CA activity assays complement molecular approaches and facilitate the search for carbonate-precipitating microbes and their in situ activity, which could be applied toward agriculture, engineering and carbon sequestration technologies.

scholarly journals ENZYME-LABELED ANTIBODIES FOR THE LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF TISSUE ANTIGENS

1967 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Nakane ◽  
G. Barry Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Immunohistochemical Localization ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
Tissue Antigens

Enzymes, either acid phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase, were conjugated to antibodies with bifunctional reagents. The conjugates, enzymatically and immunologically active, were employed in the immunohistochemical localization of tissue antigens utilizing the reaction product of the enzymatic reaction as the marker. Tissues reacted with acid phosphatase-labeled antibodies directed against basement membrane were stained for the enzyme with Gomori's method, and those reacted with peroxidase-labeled antibody were stained with Karnovsky's method. The reaction products of the enzymes localized in the basement membrane. Unlike the preparations of the fluorescent antibody technique, enzyme-labeled antibody preparations were permanent, could be observed with an ordinary microscope, and could be examined with the electron microscope. In the latter, specific localization of antibody occurred in the basement membrane and in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells known to synthesize basement membrane antigens. The method is sensitive because of the amplifying effect of the enzymatic activity. The ultrastructural preservation and localization were better with acid phosphatase-labeled antibody than with peroxidase-labeled antibody, but acid phosphatase conjugated antibody was unstable and difficult to prepare. Peroxidase-antibody conjugates were stable and could be stored for several months at 4°C, or indefiniely in a frozen state.

Role of enzymes in the mechanism of shell penetration by the muricid gastropod, Thais lapillus (L.)

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1846-1857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy S. Webb ◽  
A. S. M. Saleuddin
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Marker Enzyme ◽  
Biochemical Activity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Muricid Gastropods

The role of the boring organ in the mechanism of shell penetration by Thais lapillus (L.), a muricid gastropod, has been investigated by cytochemistry and biochemistry. Sites of acid phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase activity were localized and the biochemical activities of these enzymes were measured in the boring organ of both nonboring and actively boring animals. The lysosomal marker enzyme, acid phosphatase, was investigated to assess the role of lysosomes in the boring mechanism. Acid phosphatase activity was localized on the microvillar membranes of the epithelial cells of the boring organ. There was no significant difference in the biochemical activity of acid phosphatase between actively boring and nonboring specimens. Carbonic anhydrase was localized prominently in the epithelium of the boring organ. The microvilli showed no localization but all other regions of the epithelium were dominated by reaction product. The boring organ demonstrated high levels of carbonic anhydrase activity but no significant difference could be detected between actively boring and nonboring specimens. The possible involvement of these enzymes and their role in the mechanism of shell penetration by muricid gastropods has been discussed.

scholarly journals Experimental substantiation of the possibility of using the cytochemical parameters of peripheral blood to assess the functional state of the organism of the pilot

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-165
Author(s):  
P S Pashchenko ◽  
B V Risman ◽  
V B Dergachev
Keyword(s):  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Oxidative Enzymes ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Gravitational Stress ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Plastic Metabolism ◽  
Cytochemical Reaction

The activity of succinate (mitochondrial), lactate, α-glycerophosphate, glucose-6-phosphate peripheral blood lymphocytes in rats under the conditions of modeling acute and chronic gravitational stress was studied by quantitative spectrophotometry of cytochemical reaction products to reveal the localization of oxidative enzymes. The dynamics of morphofunctional transformations is determined, the severity of which depends on the duration of the effect (the rotation time of the animals on the centrifuge). For acute gravitational stress, changes in the activity of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase are characteristic, and in the various stages of chronic gravitational stress, glycolysis (increase in lactate dehydrogenase and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity) and plastic metabolism (increase in glucose-6-fosfata dehydrogenase activity) are characteristic. These changes are explained by the inclusion of neurohumoral regulatory mechanisms that ensure synchronization of oxidative metabolic processes in the cells of organs of various body systems under unfavorable conditions of their functioning. Significant correlation links between the activity of lymphocyte enzymes with the same indices of neurons of the celiac sympathetic node, adenocytes of the cortical and medulla of the adrenal glands have been established. This suggests that the activity of lymphocyte enzymes can be used as indirect indicators of the processes occurring in the organs of the sipato-adrenomedular and pituitary-adrenocortical systems under conditions of acute and chronic gravitational stress.

scholarly journals Carbon clusters formed from shocked benzene

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Dattelbaum ◽  
E. B. Watkins ◽  
M. A. Firestone ◽  
R. C. Huber ◽  
R. L. Gustavsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressures ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Carbon Clusters ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Liquid Benzene ◽  
X Ray Scattering

AbstractBenzene (C6H6), while stable under ambient conditions, can become chemically reactive at high pressures and temperatures, such as under shock loading conditions. Here, we report in situ x-ray diffraction and small angle x-ray scattering measurements of liquid benzene shocked to 55 GPa, capturing the morphology and crystalline structure of the shock-driven reaction products at nanosecond timescales. The shock-driven chemical reactions in benzene observed using coherent XFEL x-rays were a complex mixture of products composed of carbon and hydrocarbon allotropes. In contrast to the conventional description of diamond, methane and hydrogen formation, our present results indicate that benzene’s shock-driven reaction products consist of layered sheet-like hydrocarbon structures and nanosized carbon clusters with mixed sp2-sp3 hybridized bonding. Implications of these findings range from guiding shock synthesis of novel compounds to the fundamentals of carbon transport in planetary physics.

X-Ray Analysis of Cytochemical Reaction Products in Synaptic Areas

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 6-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopic Level ◽  
Junctional Complex ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cytochemical Localization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Electron Dense Deposit ◽  
Dense Deposit ◽  
Cytochemical Reaction

Specific cytochemical reactions have been instrumental in the illucidation of compounds within tissues, whether these compounds are hormones, enzymes, or molecules, such as certain nerve transmitter agents. Many cytochemical reaction products depend upon some complex, which is an electron dense deposit. Several types of cytochemical procedures can be used to visualize agents related to synaptic transmission at the junctional complex. One method which has been used with considerable success has been the cytochemical localization of biogenic amines (BAs), i.e., norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA). For the past few years, a chrome complex formed with certain BAs and glutaraldehyde has been utilized to localize BAs at the electron microscopic level and the specificity of the reaction has been verified biochemically.

Therapeutic Effects of Citric and Succinic Acids in Rats Exposed to Inactivated M. tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
SV Skupnevskiy ◽  
GM Trukhina ◽  
EG Pukhaeva ◽  
AK Badtiev ◽  
FK Rurua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Freund’S Adjuvant ◽  
Freund's Adjuvant

Introduction. The search for methods of correcting pathogenetic disorders related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, a highly hazardous communicable and socially significant disease, determines the relevance of the research and its objective to study the role of citric and succinic acids in protective and adaptive processes in warm-blooded animals with connective tissue disorders induced by inactivated mycobacteria. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on male Wistar rats with diseases induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant (a mineral oil emulsion containing heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis). The animals were given a feed-added mixture of organic acids at 17 mg/kg body weight (minimum) and 88 mg/kg body weight (maximum) for 4 weeks. Hematology and bio�chemistry tests were performed using standard methods. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase in blood lymphocytes was determined by the cytobiochemical method. X-rays were obtained using stationary veterinary imaging equipment. Results. The protective effect of carboxylic acids in the exposed animals with Freund’s adjuvant-induced leukocytosis (expressed by a 28 % increase in white blood cells compared to the negative control, p < 0.05), oxidative stress (expressed by an increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) by 40 %, p < 0.001, and in inhibition of catalase by 4 %), and subchondral bone sclerosis was characterized by a dose-dependent reduction in immunotoxic manifestations of the disease such as normalization of the number of white blood cells (p < 0.05 compared to model animals); a 27 % reduction in MDA, p < 0.001, a 10 % catalase activation, p < 0.01; succinate dehydrogenase normalization, and a decrease in dystrophic changes in the articular system of animals. Conclusion. The results of hematological, biochemical and radiological tests prove that pathological biochemical and morphological changes related to administration of inactivated M. tuberculosis to warm-blooded animals can be modified by a mixture of citric and succinic acids added to feed, which allows a better understanding of the pathogenesis and an increased therapy effectiveness.

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