scholarly journals Identification of Tropoelastin as a Ligand for the 65-kD FK506-binding Protein, FKBP65, in the Secretory Pathway

1998 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine C. Davis ◽  
Thomas J. Broekelmann ◽  
Yuji Ozawa ◽  
Robert P. Mecham
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Peptide Fragments ◽  
Isomerase Activity ◽  
Fk506 Binding Protein ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Golgi Compartment ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Fetal Bovine

The folding and trafficking of tropoelastin is thought to be mediated by intracellular chaperones, although the identity and role of any tropoelastin chaperone remain to be determined. To identify proteins that are associated with tropoelastin intracellularly, bifunctional chemical cross-linkers were used to covalently stabilize interactions between tropoelastin and associated proteins in the secretory pathway in intact fetal bovine auricular chondrocytes. Immunoprecipitation of tropoelastin from cell lysates after cross-linking and analysis by SDS-PAGE showed the presence of two proteins of ∼74 kD (p74) and 78 kD (p78) that coimmunoprecipitated with tropoelastin. Microsequencing of peptide fragments from a cyanogen bromide digest of p78 identified this protein as BiP and sequence analysis identified p74 as the peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase, FKPB65. The appearance of BiP and FKBP65 in the immunoprecipitations could be enhanced by the addition of brefeldin A (BFA) and N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal (ALLN) to the culture medium for the final 4 h of labeling. Tropoelastin accumulates in the fused ER/Golgi compartment in the presence of BFA if its degradation is inhibited by ALLN (Davis, E.C., and R.P. Mecham. 1996. J. Biol. Chem. 271:3787–3794). The use of BFA and other secretion-disrupting agents suggests that the association of tropoelastin with FKBP65 occurs in the ER. Results from this study provide the first identification of a ligand for an FKBP in the secretory pathway and suggest that the prolyl cis–trans isomerase activity of FKBP65 may be important for the proper folding of the proline-rich tropoelastin molecule before secretion.

scholarly journals Cofilin-mediated sorting and export of specific cargo from the Golgi apparatus in yeast

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2327-2338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy J. Curwin ◽  
Julia von Blume ◽  
Vivek Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Calcium Atpase ◽  
Carboxypeptidase Y ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Golgi Membranes ◽  
Golgi Compartment ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Golgi Network

The mechanism of cargo sorting at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) for secretion is poorly understood. We previously reported the involvement of the actin-severing protein cofilin and the Ca2+ ATPase secretory pathway calcium ATPase 1 (SPCA1) in the sorting of soluble secretory cargo at the TGN in mammalian cells. Now we report that cofilin in yeast is required for export of selective secretory cargo at the late Golgi membranes. In cofilin mutant (cof1-8) cells, the cell wall protein Bgl2 was secreted at a reduced rate and retained in a late Golgi compartment, whereas the plasma membrane H+ ATPase Pma1, which is transported in the same class of carriers, reached the cell surface. In addition, sorting of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) to the vacuole was delayed, and CPY was secreted from cof1-8 cells. Loss of the yeast orthologue of SPCA1 (Pmr1) exhibited similar sorting defects and displayed synthetic sickness with cof1-8. In addition, overexpression of PMR1 restored Bgl2 secretion in cof1-8 cells. These findings highlight the conserved role of cofilin and SPCA1/Pmr1 in sorting of the soluble secretory proteins at the TGN/late Golgi membranes in eukaryotes.

scholarly journals Evidence that cyclophilin-A protects cells against oxidative stress

1999 ◽  
Vol 341 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica DOYLE ◽  
Sukaina VIRJI ◽  
Martin CROMPTON
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cyclosporin A ◽  
Cyclophilin A ◽  
Cell Extract ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Cyclophilin D ◽  
Isomerase Activity ◽  
Neonatal Cardiomyocytes ◽  
Sds Page

Cyclophilin-A is the cytosolic isoform of a family of peptidylproline cis-trans-isomerases that bind cyclosporin A. This study investigates the role of cyclophilin-A in necrotic cell death, induced by ‘chemical ischaemia’ and by t-butylhydroperoxide. An 18-mer antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide was used to target a translated region of cyclophilin-A mRNA in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. After a 24 h exposure to the oligonucleotide, the amount of cyclophilin-A in the cells was decreased by at least 93% as judged by immunological and enzymic criteria. For the enzyme assays, peptidyl proline cis-trans-isomerase activity was measured fluorimetrically in small (10 μl) volumes of cell extract. Immunoblots were developed with a polyclonal anti-cyclophilin-A antibody after sample isoelectric focusing and SDS/PAGE. Cyclophilin-A suppression had no effect on cyanide-plus-2-deoxyglucose-induced cell death. However, cyclophilin-A-suppressed cells were markedly more sensitive to t-butylhydroperoxide. Cyclosporin A conferred some resistance to the peroxide in both types of cell, but protection was greater in cyclophilin-A-suppressed cells, where cyclosporin A increased the survival time 2-fold. It is concluded that two cyclophilin isoforms are involved, in quite different ways, in peroxide-induced cell death. Cyclophilin-A has a protective role. Another isoform, possibly mitochondrial cyclophilin-D, has a deleterious role, such that blockade by cyclosporin A leads to protection.

Immunolocalization of the intracellular sites of accumulation of mutant influenza hemagglutinins by Electron Microscopy

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 968-969
Author(s):  
K. McCammon ◽  
M. Segal ◽  
J. Sambrook ◽  
M. J. Gething ◽  
A. McDowall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Homologous Sequence ◽  
Golgi Compartment ◽  
Golgi Network

The hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus has been used as a model system to study the biosynthesis and intracellular transport of integral membrane proteins in mammalian cells. To investigate the role of protein structure in facilitating transport along the secretory pathway, we have examined the expression in monkey CV-1 cells of a large number of mutant HA molecules. The majority of the HA mutants do not progress along the secretory pathway and accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and we have shown that assembly of newly-synthesized HA monomers into correctly folded trimeric structures is required for transport of the protein to the Golgi apparatus. By contrast, only one HA mutant has beegn characterized whose transport is blocked at a post-Golgi stage of the pathway and thus little is known about the factors involved in the sorting of the HA molecule from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane (PM). In this study we are using electron microscopy to precisely define the intracellular site of accumulation of two mutant HAs whose transport is blocked at different stages of the secretory pathway. In mutant HAJS67, a cysteine residue (cys67) involved in a key disulfide bond has been substituted by a serine residue. In mutant HA164, the 10 amino acid cytoplasmic tail of the wild-type HA has been replaced by a non-homologous sequence of 16 amino acids. Biochemical and immunof1uoresence analyses have indicated that HAJS67 molecules remain in the ER compartment while HA164 is largely confined to a post-Golgi compartment, possibly the trans Golgi network (TGN).

scholarly journals Role of PSD95 in membrane association and catalytic activity of nNOSα in nitrergic varicosities in mice gut

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (4) ◽  
pp. G806-G813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Chaudhury ◽  
Xue-Dao He ◽  
Raj K. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fraction ◽  
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
Membrane Association ◽  
No Production ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Regulation Of Synthesis ◽  
Novel Target ◽  
Oxide Synthase

We have recently shown that membrane association of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-α (nNOSα) is critical in the regulation of synthesis of NO during nitrergic neurotransmission. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the synapse-associated proteins (SAPs) in membrane association of nNOSα. Varicosities (swellings on terminal axons) were isolated from mice gastrointestinal tract and examined for nNOSα, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and membrane interactions by coimmunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE. Our results show that PSD95 protein was present in the membrane fraction of the nerve varicosity, whereas both PSD95 and SAP97 were present in the cytosol. nNOSα was associated with PSD95 but not SAP97. nNOSα-PSD95 complex was bound to the membrane via palmitoylation of PSD95. Depalmitoylation of PSD95 with 2-bromopalmitate dislocates nNOSα and PSD95 from the varicosity membrane and abolishes NO production. These studies show that palmitoylation of PSD95 anchors nNOSα to the varicosity membrane and that it is obligatory for NO production by the enzyme. Palmitoylation of PSD95 may provide a novel target for regulation of nitrergic neurotransmission.

scholarly journals The rubella virus E1 glycoprotein is arrested in a novel post-ER, pre-Golgi compartment.

1992 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
T C Hobman ◽  
L Woodward ◽  
M G Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Rubella Virus ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Exit Site ◽  
Golgi Stack ◽  
E2 Glycoprotein ◽  
Golgi Compartment ◽  
Intermediate Compartment ◽  
Rough Er ◽  
Glycoprotein Transport

Evidence is accumulating that a distinct compartment(s) exists in the secretory pathway interposed between the rough ER (RER) and the Golgi stack. In this study we have defined a novel post-RER, pre-Golgi compartment where unassembled subunits of rubella virus (RV) E1 glycoprotein accumulate. When RV E1 is expressed in CHO cells in the absence of E2 glycoprotein, transport of E1 to the Golgi complex is arrested. The compartment in which E1 accumulates consists of a tubular network of smooth membranes which is in continuity with the RER but has distinctive properties from either the RER, Golgi, or previously characterized intermediate compartments. It lacks RER and Golgi membrane proteins and is not disrupted by agents which disrupt either the RER (thapsigargin, ionomycin) or Golgi (nocodazole and brefeldin A). However, luminal ER proteins bearing the KDEL signal have access to this compartment. Kinetically the site of E1 arrest lies distal to or at the site where palmitylation occurs and proximal to the low temperature 15 degrees C block. Taken together the findings suggest that the site of E1 arrest corresponds to, or is located close to the exit site from the ER. This compartment could be identified morphologically because it is highly amplified in cells overexpressing unassembled E1 subunits, but it may have its counterpart among the transitional elements of non-transfected cells. We conclude that the site of E1 arrest may represent a new compartment or a differentiated proximal moiety of the intermediate compartment.

Recovery of protein secretion after brefeldin A treatment of rat lacrimal glands: effect of cAMP

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (3) ◽  
pp. C783-C793 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Robin ◽  
B. Rossignol ◽  
M. N. Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Protein Secretion ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Lacrimal Glands ◽  
Extracellular Stimuli ◽  
Few Data

In exocrine cells, the discharge of secretory granule contents in response to extracellular stimuli has been widely documented. However, few data are available concerning the effect of these stimuli on the steps of the secretory pathway preceding protein exocytosis. To obtain more data on this subject, we used brefeldin A (BFA) to perturb intracellular protein transit. When, after exposure of the lacrimal gland lobules to 10 microM BFA, which led to a complete dismantling of the Golgi apparatus and fully inhibited the secretion of newly synthesized proteins, the drug concentration was lowered to 100 nM, a restoration of protein secretion was observed in a secretagogue-dependent manner. Secretagogues increasing the adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) level facilitated the recovery of protein secretion and Golgi apparatus restructuring, whereas other secretagogues, involving the calcium pathway, did not. Furthermore, the cAMP effect was prevented by H-89, a specific protein kinase A inhibitor. These effects of cAMP are due to neither BFA degradation nor BFA excretion from the cells. We conclude from these results that in rat lacrimal glands the recovery from the dramatic damage caused by BFA is promoted by a cAMP-dependent mechanism and further suggest a role of cAMP in the regulation of the Golgi structure and/or function.

scholarly journals The Golgi Calcium ATPase Pump Plays an Essential Role in Adeno-associated Virus Trafficking and Transduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria J. Madigan ◽  
Garrett E. Berry ◽  
Tyne O. Tyson ◽  
Dasean Nardone-White ◽  
Jonathan Ark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Calcium Ionophore ◽  
Calcium Atpase ◽  
Cellular Calcium ◽  
Golgi Compartment ◽  
Genome Transcription

ABSTRACT Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are dependoparvoviruses that have proven useful for therapeutic gene transfer; however, our understanding of host factors that influence AAV trafficking and transduction is still evolving. Here, we investigated the role of cellular calcium in the AAV infectious pathway. First, we demonstrated a critical role for the host Golgi compartment-resident ATP-powered calcium pump (secretory pathway calcium ATPase 1 [SPCA1]) encoded by the ATP2C1 gene in AAV infection. CRISPR-based knockout (KO) of ATP2C1 decreases transduction by different AAV serotypes. ATP2C1 KO does not appear to inhibit AAV binding, cellular uptake, or nuclear entry; however, capsids within ATP2C1 KO cells demonstrate dispersed and punctate trafficking distinct from the perinuclear, trans-Golgi pattern observed in normal cells. In addition, we observed a defect in the ability of AAV capsids to undergo conformational changes and support efficient vector genome transcription in ATP2C1 KO cells. The calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, which reduces cytosolic calcium, rescues the defective ATP2C1 KO phenotype and AAV transduction in vitro. Conversely, the calcium ionophore ionomycin, which disrupts calcium gradients, blocks AAV transduction. Further, we demonstrated that modulating calcium in the murine brain using BAPTA-AM augments AAV gene expression in vivo. Taking these data together, we postulate that the maintenance of an intracellular calcium gradient by the calcium ATPase and processing within the Golgi compartment are essential for priming the capsid to support efficient AAV genome transcription. IMPORTANCE Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have proven to be effective gene transfer vectors. However, our understanding of how the host cell environment influences AAV transduction is still evolving. In the present study, we investigated the role of ATP2C1, which encodes a membrane calcium transport pump, SPCA1, essential for maintaining cellular calcium homeostasis on AAV transduction. Our results indicate that cellular calcium is essential for efficient intracellular trafficking and conformational changes in the AAV capsid that support efficient genome transcription. Further, we show that pharmacological modulation of cellular calcium levels can potentially be applied to improve the AAV gene transfer efficiency.

scholarly journals Involvement of a Golgi-resident GPI-anchored Protein in Maintenance of the Golgi Structure

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1261-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueyi Li ◽  
Dora Kaloyanova ◽  
Martin van Eijk ◽  
Ruud Eerland ◽  
Gisou van der Goot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Brefeldin A ◽  
Repeat Sequence ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Golgi Localization ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Golgi Structure ◽  
And Function

The Golgi apparatus consists of a series of flattened cisternal membranes that are aligned in parallel to form stacks. Cytosolic-oriented Golgi-associated proteins have been identified that may coordinate or maintain the Golgi architecture. Here, we describe a novel GPI-anchored protein, Golgi-resident GPI-anchored protein (GREG) that has a brefeldin A-sensitive Golgi localization. GREG resides in the Golgi lumen as a cis-oriented homodimer, due to strong interactions between coiled-coil regions in the C termini. Dimerization of GREG as well as its Golgi localization depends on a unique tandem repeat sequence within the coiled-coil region. RNA-mediated interference of GREG expression or expression of GREG mutants reveals an essential role for GREG in maintenance of the Golgi integrity. Under these conditions, secretion of the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein protein as a marker for protein transport along the secretory pathway is inhibited, suggesting a loss of Golgi function as well. These results imply the involvement of a luminal protein in Golgi structure and function.

scholarly journals Rab43 regulates the sorting of a subset of membrane protein cargo through the medial Golgi

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1834-1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
John V. Cox ◽  
Rita Kansal ◽  
Michael A. Whitt
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchanger ◽  
Small Interfering Rna ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Anterograde Transport ◽  
Gtp Binding ◽  
Golgi Compartment ◽  
Membrane Spanning ◽  
Interfering Rna

To evaluate the role of cytoplasmic domains of membrane-spanning proteins in directing trafficking through the secretory pathway, we generated fluorescently tagged VSV G tsO45 with either the native G tail (G) or a cytoplasmic tail derived from the chicken AE1-4 anion exchanger (GAE). We previously showed that these two proteins progressed through the Golgi with distinct kinetics. To investigate the basis for the differential sorting of G and GAE, we analyzed the role of several Golgi-associated small GTP-binding proteins and found that Rab43 differentially regulated their transport through the Golgi. We show that the expression of GFP-Rab43 arrested the anterograde transport of GAEin a Rab43-positive medial Golgi compartment. GFP-Rab43 expression also inhibited the acquisition of endoH-resistant sugars and the surface delivery of GAE, as well as the surface delivery of the AE1-4 anion exchanger. In contrast, GFP-Rab43 expression did not affect the glycosylation or surface delivery of G. Unexpectedly, down-regulation of endogenous Rab43 using small interfering RNA resulted in an increase in the accumulation of GAEon the cell surface while having minimal effect on the surface levels of G. Our data demonstrate that Rab43 regulates the sorting of a subset of membrane-spanning cargo as they progress through the medial Golgi.

Effect of Calcium on the Growth and Differentiation of Cultured Rat Esophageal Epithelial Cells

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 132-133
Author(s):  
W.T. Gunning ◽  
M.R. Marino ◽  
M.S. Babcock ◽  
G.D. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Replication Rate ◽  
Enzymatic Dissociation ◽  
Growth Assay ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Fetal Bovine ◽  
Esophageal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cellular Replication

The role of calcium in modulating cellular replication and differentiation has been described for various cell types. In the present study, the effects of Ca++ on the growth and differentiation of cultured rat esophageal epithelial cells was investigated.Epithelial cells were isolated from esophagi taken from 8 week-old male CDF rats by the enzymatic dissociation method of Kaighn. The cells were cultured in PFMR-4 medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/ml dialyzed fetal bovine serum, 5 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 10-6 M hydrocortisone 10-6 M phosphoethanolamine, 10-6 M ethanolamine, 5 pg/ml insulin, 5 ng/ml transferrin, 10 ng/ml cholera toxin and 50 ng/ml garamycin at 36.5°C in a humidified atmosphere of 3% CO2 in air. At weekly intervals, the cells were subcultured with a solution containing 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.01% EGTA, and 0.05% trypsin. After various passages, the replication rate of the cells in PFMR-4 medium containing from 10-6 M to 10-3 M Ca++ was determined using a clonal growth assay.

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