scholarly journals Evidence for nonvectorial, retrograde transferrin trafficking in the early endosomes of HEp2 cells.

1995 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
R N Ghosh ◽  
F R Maxfield
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Exit Rate ◽  
Human Carcinoma ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Early Endosomes ◽  
Retrograde Traffic ◽  
Endosomal System

We have previously characterized the trafficking of transferrin (Tf) through HEp2 human carcinoma cells (Ghosh, R. N., D. L. Gelman, and F. R. Maxfield, 1994. J. Cell Sci. 107:2177-2189). Early endosomes in these cells are comprised of both sorting endosomes and recycling compartments, which are distinct separate compartments. Endocytosed Tf initially appears in punctate sorting endosomes that also contain recently endocytosed LDL. After short loading pulses, Tf rapidly sorts from LDL with first-order kinetics (t1/2 approximately 2.5 min), and it enters the recycling compartment before leaving the cell (t1/2 approximately 7 min). Here, we report a second, slower rate for Tf to leave sorting endosomes after HEp2 cells were labeled to steady state with fluorescein Tf instead of the brief pulse used previously. We determined this rate using digital image analysis to measure the Tf content of sorting endosomes that also contained LDL. With an 11-min chase, the Tf in sorting endosomes was 24% of steady-state value. This was in excess of the amount expected (5% of steady state) from the rate of Tf exit after short filling pulses. The excess could not be accounted for by reinternalization of recycled cell surface Tf, implying that either some Tf was retained in sorting endosomes, or that Tf was delivered back to the sorting endosomes from the recycling compartment. The former is unlikely since nearly all sorting endosomes contain detectable Tf after an 11-min chase, even though more than one third of the sorting endosomes were formed during the chase time. Furthermore, while observing living cells by confocal microscopy, we saw vesicle movements that appeared to be fluorescent Tf returning from recycling compartments to sorting endosomes. The slow rate of exit after steady-state labeling was similar to the Tf exit rate from the cell, suggesting an equilibration of Tf throughout the early endosomal system by this retrograde pathway. This retrograde traffic may be important for delivering molecules from the recycling compartment, which is a long-lived organelle, to sorting endosomes, which are transient.

Kinetics of NO2 air space absorption in isolated rat lungs

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1939-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Postlethwait ◽  
S. D. Langford ◽  
A. Bidani
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Initial Rate ◽  
Quasi Steady State ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Rat Lungs ◽  
Kinetics Of

We previously showed, during quasi-steady-state exposures, that the rate of inhaled NO2 uptake displays reaction-mediated characteristics (J. Appl. Physiol. 68: 594–603, 1990). In vitro kinetic studies of pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF) demonstrated that NO2 interfacial transfer into ELF exhibits first-order kinetics with respect to NO2, attains [NO2]-dependent rate saturation, and is aqueous substrate dependent (J. Appl. Physiol. 71: 1502–1510, 1991). We have extended these observations by evaluating the kinetics of NO2 gas phase disappearance in isolated ventilating rat lungs. Transient exposures (2–3/lung at 25 degrees C) employed rebreathing (NO2-air) from a non-compliant continuously stirred closed chamber. We observed that 1) NO2 uptake rate is independent of exposure period, 2) NO2 gas phase disappearance exhibited first-order kinetics [initial rate (r*) saturation occurred when [NO2] > 11 ppm], 3) the mean effective rate constant (k*) for NO2 gas phase disappearance ([NO2] < or = 11 ppm, tidal volume = 2.3 ml, functional residual capacity = 4 ml, ventilation frequency = 50/min) was 83 +/- 5 ml/min, 4) with [NO2] < or = 11 ppm, k* and r* were proportional to tidal volume, and 5) NO2 fractional uptakes were constant across [NO2] (< or = 11 ppm) and tidal volumes but exceeded quasi-steady-state observations. Preliminary data indicate that this divergence may be related to the inspired PCO2. These results suggest that NO2 reactive uptake within rebreathing isolated lungs follows first-order kinetics and displays initial rate saturation, similar to isolated ELF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Concentrative Accumulation of Choline by Human Erythrocytes

1968 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Electrochemical Gradient ◽  
Carrier System ◽  
Michaelis Constant ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
Maximum Flux ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Exchange Flux

Influx and efflux of choline in human erythrocytes were studied using 14C-choline. When incubated at 37°C with physiological concentrations of choline erythrocytes concentrate choline; the steady-state ratio is 2.08 ± 0.23 when the external choline is 2.5 µM and falls to 0.94 ± 0.13 as the external concentration is raised to 50 µM. During the steady state the influx of choline is consistent with a carrier system with an apparent Michaelis constant of 30 x 10-6 and a maximum flux of 1.1 µmoles per liter cells per min. For the influx into cells preequilibrated with a choline-free buffer the apparent Michaelis constant is about 6.5 x 10-6 M and the maximum flux is 0.22 µmole per liter cells per min. At intracellular concentrations below 50 µmole per liter cells the efflux in the steady state approximates first order kinetics; however, it is not flux through a leak because it is inhibited by hemicholinium. Influx and efflux show a pronounced exchange flux phenomenon. The ability to concentrate choline is lost when external sodium is replaced by lithium or potassium. However, the uphill movement of choline is probably not coupled directly to the Na+ electrochemical gradient.

scholarly journals On incorporating diffusion and viscosity concepts into compartmental models for analysing faecal marker excretion patterns in ruminants

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. France ◽  
J. H. M. Thornley ◽  
R. C. Siddons ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Streamline Flow ◽  
Longitudinal Diffusion ◽  
Basic Scheme ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

Deterministic mathematical equations are derived to describe the pattern of marker excretion in the faeces of ruminants under steady-state conditions when diffusion and viscosity concepts are introduced into a simple two-compartment scheme of the gastrointestinal tract. The basic scheme comprises a pure-mixing pool obeying first-order kinetics and a second compartment exhibiting streamline flow. Introduction of a velocity gradient, longitudinal diffusion or both into the second compartment, even with various simplifying assumptions, yields analytically insoluble equations. The impact of these mechanisms is to be investigated numerically rather than analytically in future work.

scholarly journals Determination of Ozone or Hypochlorite in Waters Based on Digital Images Analysis Using Same Reagent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorrayne Zampier ◽  
André Fernando de Oliveira ◽  
Fernanda Heleno ◽  
Maria Eliana de Queiroz ◽  
Antônio Augusto Neves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
First Order ◽  
Figures Of Merit ◽  
Malachite Green Dye ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Analytical Resolution

Ozone and hypochlorite are used for the disinfection of water and is essential to monitor these. In this paper, methods based on digital images were developed to determine these analytes in waters using the malachite green dye. The oxidation of the reagent with ozone was very fast and with hypochlorite occurred in 10 min in pseudo-first-order kinetics. New software called ICCA was developed for the capture and processing of red, green and blue (RGB) data, which is planned for digital image analysis. In addition, the recently proposed parameters analytical resolution and N9 were used to define some study conditions. An evaluation of different response functions and white correction of the webcam were done, having thrown some light on the subject to this theme. Their optimization showed a linear range from 0.6 mg L-1 to 5.0/6.0 mg L-1 (O3/Cl, respectively). The figures of merit were similar for both. The methods were validated and the recoveries achieved were between 85.0 and 96.0% (ozone) and 101.0 and 119.0% (hypochlorite).

Mitogenic response of human carcinoma cells to the liver-derived hormone FGF21

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Berti ◽  
B Rädle ◽  
HU Häring ◽  
M Hrab((ebrevis)) de Angelis ◽  
H Staiger
Keyword(s):  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Mitogenic Response ◽  
Human Carcinoma

Photo-catalytic degradation of gaseous pollutants in paper mills of southern China

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 167-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Tong ◽  
Jiao Li ◽  
Jun Ma ◽  
Xiaoquan Chen ◽  
Wenhao Shen
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Catalytic Degradation ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics

Studies were undertaken to evaluate gaseous pollutants in workplace air within pulp and paper mills and to consider the effectiveness of photo-catalytic treatment of this air. Ambient air at 30 sampling sites in five pulp and paper mills of southern China were sampled and analyzed. The results revealed that formaldehyde and various benzene-based molecules were the main gaseous pollutants at these five mills. A photo-catalytic reactor system with titanium dioxide (TiO2) was developed and evaluated for degradation of formaldehyde, benzene and their mixtures. The experimental results demonstrated that both formaldehyde and benzene in their pure forms could be completely photo-catalytic degraded, though the degradation of benzene was much more difficult than that for formaldehyde. Study of the photo-catalytic degradation kinetics revealed that the degradation rate of formaldehyde increased with initial concentration fitting a first-order kinetics reaction. In contrast, the degradation rate of benzene had no relationship with initial concentration and degradation did not conform to first-order kinetics. The photo-catalytic degradation of formaldehyde-benzene mixtures indicated that formaldehyde behaved differently than when treated in its pure form. The degradation time was two times longer and the kinetics did not reflect a first-order reaction. The degradation of benzene was similar in both pure form and when mixed with formaldehyde.

Kinetic of oxidation of methyl orange by vanadium(V) under conditions VO2+ and decavanadates coexist: Catalysis by Triton X-100 micellar medium

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Vanadium Concentration ◽  
Limiting Behavior ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Kinetic Pattern ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of oxidation of methyl orange by vanadium(V) {V(V)} has been investigated in the pH range 2.3-3.79. In this pH range V(V) exists both in the form of decavanadates and VO2+. The kinetic results are distinctly different from the results obtained for the same reaction in highly acidic solution (pH &lt; 1) where V(V) exists only in the form of VO2+. The reaction obeys first order kinetics with respect to methyl orange but the rate has very little dependence on total vanadium concentration. The reaction is accelerated by H+ ion but the dependence of rate on [H+] is less than that corresponding to first order dependence. The equilibrium between decavanadates and VO2+ explains the different kinetic pattern observed in this pH range. The reaction is markedly accelerated by Triton X-100 micelles. The rate-[surfactant] profile shows a limiting behavior indicative of a unimolecular pathway in the micellar pseudophase.

Biodegradation rates of aromatic contaminants in biofilm reactors

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Arcangeli ◽  
Erik Arvin
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
First Order ◽  
Biofilm Reactors ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Order Surface

This study has shown that microorganisms can adapt to degrade mixtures of aromatic pollutants at relatively high rates in the μg/l concentration range. The biodegradation rates of the following compounds were investigated in biofilm systems: aromatic hydrocarbons, phenol, methylphenols, chlorophenols, nitrophenol, chlorobenzenes and aromatic nitrogen-, sulphur- or oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds (NSO-compounds). Furthermore, a comparison with degradation rates observed for easily degradable organics is also presented. At concentrations below 20-100 μg/l the degradation of the aromatic compounds was typically controlled by first order kinetics. The first-order surface removal rate constants were surprisingly similar, ranging from 2 to 4 m/d. It appears that NSO-compounds inhibit the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons, even at very low concentrations of NSO-compounds. Under nitrate-reducing conditions, toluene was easily biodegraded. The xylenes and ethylbenzene were degraded cometabolically if toluene was used as a primary carbon source; their removal was influenced by competitive inhibition with toluene. These interaction phenomena are discussed in this paper and a kinetic model taking into account cometabolism and competitive inhibition is proposed.

In-vitro Kinetic Hydrolysis Study of Metronidazole Derivatives with Carvacrol and Eugenol Using Validated RP-HPLC Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Alarjah
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Rp Hplc ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Pseudo First Order ◽  
Kinetic Hydrolysis

Background: Prodrugs principle is widely used to improve the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of some active drugs. Much effort was made to develop metronidazole prodrugs to enhance antibacterial activity and or to improve pharmacokinetic properties of the molecule or to lower the adverse effects of metronidazole. Objective: In this work, the pharmacokinetic properties of some of monoterpenes and eugenol pro metronidazole molecules that were developed earlier were evaluated in-vitro. The kinetic hydrolysis rate constants and half-life time estimation of the new metronidazole derivatives were calculated using the validated RP-HPLC method. Method: Chromatographic analysis was done using Zorbbax Eclipse eXtra Dense Bonding (XDB)-C18 column of dimensions (250 mm, 4.6 mm, 5 μm), at ambient column temperature. The mobile phase was a mixture of sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer of pH 4.5 and methanol in gradient elution, at 1ml/min flow rate. The method was fully validated according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The hydrolysis process carried out in an acidic buffer pH 1.2 and in an alkaline buffer pH 7.4 in a thermostatic bath at 37ºC. Results: The results followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. All metronidazole prodrugs were stable in the acidic pH, while they were hydrolysed in the alkaline buffer within a few hours (6-8 hr). The rate constant and half-life values were calculated, and their values were found to be 0.082- 0.117 hr-1 and 5.9- 8.5 hr., respectively. Conclusion: The developed method was accurate, sensitive, and selective for the prodrugs. For most of the prodrugs, the hydrolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; the method might be utilised to conduct an in-vivo study for the metronidazole derivatives with monoterpenes and eugenol.

Acidification of rat liver lysosomes: quantitation and comparison with endosomes

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. C901-C917 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Van Dyke
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Proton Pumps ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Early Endosomes ◽  
Medium Permeability ◽  
Electrogenic Proton Pump ◽  
Secondary Lysosomes ◽  
Permeability Studies

Both lysosomes and endosomes are acidified by an electrogenic proton pump, although studies in intact cells indicate that the steady-state internal pH (pHi) of lysosomes is more acid than that of endosomes. We undertook the present study to examine in detail the acidification mechanism of purified rat liver secondary lysosomes and to compare it with that of a population of early endosomes. Both endosomes and lysosomes exhibited ATP-dependent acidification, but proton influx rates were 2.4- to 2.7-fold greater for endosomes than for lysosomes because of differences in both buffering capacity and acidification rates, suggesting that endosomes exhibited greater numbers or rates of proton pumps. Lysosomes, however, exhibited a more acidic steady-state pHi due in part to a slower proton leak rate. Changes in medium Cl- increased acidification rates of endosomes more than lysosomes, and the lysosome ATP-dependent interior-positive membrane potential was only partially eliminated by high-Cl- medium. Permeability studies suggested that lysosomes were less permeable to Na+, Li+, and Cl- and more permeable to K+ and PO4(2-) than endosomes. Na-K-adenosine-triphosphatase did not appear to regulate acidification of either vesicle type. Endosome and lysosome acidification displayed similar inhibition profiles to N-ethylmaleimide, dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide, and vanadate, although lysosomes were somewhat more sensitive [concentration producing 50% maximal inhibition (IC50) 1 nM] to bafilomycin A1 than endosomes (IC50 7.6 nM). Oligomycin (1.5-3 microM) stimulated lysosome acidification due to shunting of membrane potential. Overall, acidification of endosomes and lysosomes was qualitatively similar but quantitatively somewhat different, possibly related to differences in the density or rate of proton pumps as well as vesicle permeability to protons, anions, and other cations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document