scholarly journals Reconstitution of protein translocation from solubilized yeast membranes reveals topologically distinct roles for BiP and cytosolic Hsc70.

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Brodsky ◽  
S Hamamoto ◽  
D Feldheim ◽  
R Schekman
Keyword(s):  
Protein Translocation ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Peptide Processing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hsc 70 ◽  
Soybean Phospholipids ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Dnak Protein ◽  
Wild Type Yeast

We reconstituted prepro-alpha-factor translocation and signal peptide processing using a yeast microsomal detergent soluble fraction formed into vesicles with soybean phospholipids. Reconstituted translocation required ATP, and was deficient when sec63 and kar2 (BiP) mutant cells were used as a source of membranes. Normal translocation was observed with vesicles reconstituted from a mixture of pure wild-type yeast BiP and a soluble fraction of kar2 mutant membranes. Two other heat-shock cognate (hsc) 70 homologs, yeast cytosolic hsc70 (Ssalp) and E. coli dnaK protein did not replace BiP. Conversely, BiP was not active under conditions where translocation into native ER vesicles required cytosolic hsc70. We conclude that cytosolic hsc70 and BiP serve noninterchangeable roles in polypeptide translocation, possibly because distinct, asymmetrically oriented membrane proteins are required to recruit each protein to opposing surfaces of the ER membrane.

scholarly journals TolC-Dependent Exclusion of Porphyrins in Escherichia coli

2008 ◽  
Vol 190 (18) ◽  
pp. 6228-6233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoko Tatsumi ◽  
Masaaki Wachi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Reddish Brown Color

ABSTRACT We found that Escherichia coli tolC mutants showed increased sensitivity to 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor of porphyrins. The tolC mutant cells grown in the presence of ALA showed a reddish brown color under visible light and a strong red fluorescence under near-UV irradiation. Fluorescence spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the tolC mutant cells grown in the presence of ALA accumulated a large amount of coproporphyrin(ogen) intracellularly. In contrast, the wild-type cells produced coproporphyrin extracellularly. The tolC mutant cells grown in the presence of ALA, which were capable of surviving in the dark, were killed by near-UV irradiation, suggesting that the intracellular coproporphyrin(ogen) renders these cells photosensitive. These results suggest that the TolC-dependent efflux system is involved in the exclusion of porphyrin(ogen)s in E. coli.

scholarly journals Quantitative glycoproteomics reveals new classes of STT3A- and STT3B-dependent N-glycosylation sites

2019 ◽  
Vol 218 (8) ◽  
pp. 2782-2796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Cherepanova ◽  
Sergey V. Venev ◽  
John D. Leszyk ◽  
Scott A. Shaffer ◽  
Reid Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Protein Translocation ◽  
Site Occupancy ◽  
Glycosylation Site ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
New Class ◽  
Cysteine Rich Protein ◽  
Glycosylation Sites ◽  
Flanking Sequences ◽  
Dependent Site ◽  
Mutant Cells

Human cells express two oligosaccharyltransferase complexes (STT3A and STT3B) with partially overlapping functions. The STT3A complex interacts directly with the protein translocation channel to mediate cotranslational glycosylation, while the STT3B complex can catalyze posttranslocational glycosylation. We used a quantitative glycoproteomics procedure to compare glycosylation of roughly 1,000 acceptor sites in wild type and mutant cells. Analysis of site occupancy data disclosed several new classes of STT3A-dependent acceptor sites including those with suboptimal flanking sequences and sites located within cysteine-rich protein domains. Acceptor sites located in short loops of multi-spanning membrane proteins represent a new class of STT3B-dependent site. Remarkably, the lumenal ER chaperone GRP94 was hyperglycosylated in STT3A-deficient cells, bearing glycans on five silent sites in addition to the normal glycosylation site. GRP94 was also hyperglycosylated in wild-type cells treated with ER stress inducers including thapsigargin, dithiothreitol, and NGI-1.

scholarly journals SEC62 encodes a putative membrane protein required for protein translocation into the yeast endoplasmic reticulum.

1989 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 2653-2664 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Deshaies ◽  
R Schekman
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Protein Translocation ◽  
Signal Sequence ◽  
Alpha Helix ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cytosol Fraction ◽  
Arginine Residues ◽  
Mutant Cells

Yeast sec62 mutant cells are defective in the translocation of several secretory precursor proteins into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (Rothblatt et al., 1989). The deficiency, which is most restrictive for alpha-factor precursor (pp alpha F) and preprocarboxypeptidase Y, has been reproduced in vitro. Membranes isolated from mutant cells display low and labile translocation activity with pp alpha F translated in a wild-type cytosol fraction. The defect is unique to the membrane fraction because cytosol from mutant cells supports translocation into membranes from wild-type yeast. Invertase assembly is only partly affected by the sec62 mutation in vivo and is nearly normal with mutant membranes in vitro. A potential membrane location for the SEC62 gene product is supported by evaluation of the molecular clone. DNA sequence analysis reveals a 32-kD protein with no obvious NH2-terminal signal sequence but with two domains of sufficient length and hydrophobicity to span a lipid bilayer. Sec62p is predicted to display significant NH2- and COOH-terminal hydrophilic domains on the cytoplasmic surface of the ER membrane. The last 30 amino acids of the COOH terminus may form an alpha-helix with 14 lysine and arginine residues arranged uniformly about the helix. This domain may allow Sec62p to interact with other proteins of the putative translocation complex.

scholarly journals Susceptibility to Antibiotics and β-Lactamase Induction in Murein Hydrolase Mutants of Escherichia coli

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1404-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Korsak ◽  
Sylvia Liebscher ◽  
Waldemar Vollmer
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Peptidoglycan Hydrolase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Lytic Transglycosylases ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Lytic Transglycosylase ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibilities ◽  
Type Mutant ◽  
Murein Hydrolase ◽  
Mutant Cells

ABSTRACT The antibiotic susceptibilities and capabilities to induce β-lactamases were studied in multiple Escherichia coli murein (peptidoglycan) hydrolase mutants. E. coli mutants lacking either three amidases, three amidases and one lytic transglycosylase, or six lytic transglycosylases showed higher levels of susceptibility to bacitracin, erythromycin, gallidermin, and vancomycin than the wild type. Mutant cells without three amidases lost viability in the presence of vancomycin and gallidermin, whereas the wild type was resistant to both antibiotics. β-Lactamase induction was studied after introduction of a plasmid carrying the ampC and ampR genes. Upon addition of cefoxitin to the growth medium, the wild type as well as a mutant lacking all known amidases and dd-endopeptidases induced β-lactamase, whereas a mutant lacking all known lytic transglycosylases was unable to induce β-lactamase, showing that lytic transglycosylase activity is essential for β-lactamase induction. Consequently, cells lacking lytic transglycosylase activity lysed in the presence of penicillin, despite the presence of the inducible β-lactamase system. We discuss the potential of murein hydrolase inhibitors for antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Quantitation of the Capacity of the Secretion Apparatus and Requirement for PrsA in Growth and Secretion of α-Amylase inBacillus subtilis

2001 ◽  
Vol 183 (6) ◽  
pp. 1881-1890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marika Vitikainen ◽  
Tiina Pummi ◽  
Ulla Airaksinen ◽  
Eva Wahlström ◽  
Hongyan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Peptide ◽  
Protein Translocation ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Signal Peptidase ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Peptide Processing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Regulated Expression ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Processing Steps

ABSTRACT Regulated expression of AmyQ α-amylase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was used to examine the capacity of the protein secretion apparatus of B. subtilis. One B. subtilis cell was found to secrete maximally 10 fg of AmyQ per h. The signal peptidase SipT limits the rate of processing of the signal peptide. Another limit is set by PrsA lipoprotein. The wild-type level of PrsA was found to be 2 × 104 molecules per cell. Decreasing the cellular level of PrsA did not decrease the capacity of the protein translocation or signal peptide processing steps but dramatically affected secretion in a posttranslocational step. There was a linear correlation between the number of cellular PrsA molecules and the number of secreted AmyQ molecules over a wide range of prsA and amyQ expression levels. Significantly, even when amyQ was expressed at low levels, overproduction of PrsA enhanced its secretion. The finding is consistent with a reversible interaction between PrsA and AmyQ. The high cellular level of PrsA suggests a chaperone-like function. PrsA was also found to be essential for the viability of B. subtilis. Drastic depletion of PrsA resulted in altered cellular morphology and ultimately in cell death.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Function of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EspB by Random Mutagenesis

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 810-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wensheng Luo ◽  
Michael S. Donnenberg
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Hemolytic Activity ◽  
Deletion Mutant ◽  
Protein Translocation ◽  
Random Mutagenesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Filamentous Actin ◽  
Infantile Diarrhea ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is an important cause of infantile diarrhea, especially in developing countries. EspB, a key virulence factor of EPEC, is required for the attaching and effacing effect characteristic of EPEC and enterohemorrhagic E. coli and has been posited to play several functions in the process of infection. Attaching and effacing activity is associated with the accumulation of filamentous actin beneath adherent bacteria as measured in the fluorescence actin staining (FAS) test. To determine whether different domains of EspB are responsible for different functions, 42 plasmids carrying mutated espB were introduced into an espB deletion mutant. Two major groups of espB mutants were identified. One group of 17 mutants exhibited positive FAS results and normal levels of hemolytic activity. Another group of 22 mutants exhibited negative FAS results and low levels of hemolytic activity. Three mutants were exceptional. One mutant was FAS positive but had significantly reduced hemolytic activity. Conversely, a second mutant was FAS negative but had full hemolytic activity. A third mutant had a significantly reduced FAS level compared to the wild type but full hemolytic activity. The results of EspF and Tir translocation assays confirmed that FAS-negative insertions disrupt effector translocation and mutants with FAS-positive insertions retain protein translocation activity. These results suggest that EspB has distinct domain functions involved in effector translocation that can be distinguished from its role as a component of the translocation pore.

scholarly journals The Global Nitrogen Regulator NtcA Regulates Transcription of the Signal Transducer PII (GlnB) and Influences Its Phosphorylation Level in Response to Nitrogen and Carbon Supplies in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7942

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (9) ◽  
pp. 2697-2702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Mi Lee ◽  
María Félix Vázquez-Bermúdez ◽  
Nicole Tandeau de Marsac
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Null Mutant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carbon Supply ◽  
Phosphorylation Level ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Synechococcus Sp ◽  
Pcc 7942 ◽  
Mutant Cells

ABSTRACT The PII protein is encoded by a unique glnBgene in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. Its expression has been analyzed in the wild type and in NtcA-null mutant cells grown under different conditions of nitrogen and carbon supply. RNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed the presence of one transcript species 680 nucleotides long, whatever the nutrient conditions tested. A second transcript species, 620 nucleotides long, absent in the NtcA null mutant, was observed in wild-type cells that were nitrogen starved for 2 h under both high and low CO2and in the presence of nitrate under a high CO2concentration. Primer extension analysis indicated that the two transcript species are generated from two tandem promoters, a ς70 Escherichia coli-type promoter and an NtcA-dependent promoter, located 120 and 53 nucleotides, respectively, from the glnB initiation codon. The NtcA-dependent promoter is up-regulated under the conditions mentioned above, while the ς70 E. coli-type promoter displays constitutive levels of transcripts in the NtcA null mutant and slightly different levels in the wild-type cells, depending on the nitrogen and carbon supplies. In general, a good correlation between the amounts of the two transcript species and that of the PII protein was observed, as revealed by immunodetection with specific antibodies. The phosphorylation level of PII in the wild type is inversely correlated with nitrogen availability and directly correlated with higher CO2 concentration. This regulation is correspondingly less stringent in the NtcA null mutant cells. In contrast, the dephosphorylation of PII is NtcA independent.

Ultrastructure and Morphology of the Neurospora Crassa Cell Wall Mutants, Slime And Slime X, Using Tem and Sem

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
Karen S. Howard ◽  
H. D. Braymer ◽  
M. D. Socolofsky ◽  
S. A. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Neurospora Crassa ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Morphological Comparison ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Isolated Cell

The recently isolated cell wall mutant slime X of Neurospora crassa was prepared for ultrastructural and morphological comparison with the cell wall mutant slime. The purpose of this article is to discuss the methods of preparation for TEM and SEM observations, as well as to make a preliminary comparison of the two mutants.TEM: Cells of the slime mutant were prepared for thin sectioning by the method of Bigger, et al. Slime X cells were prepared in the same manner with the following two exceptions: the cells were embedded in 3% agar prior to fixation and the buffered solutions contained 5% sucrose throughout the procedure.SEM: Two methods were used to prepare mutant and wild type Neurospora for the SEM. First, single colonies of mutant cells and small areas of wild type hyphae were cut from solid media and fixed with OSO4 vapors similar to the procedure used by Harris, et al. with one alteration. The cell-containing agar blocks were dehydrated by immersion in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (DMP).

The Effect of Mianserin on Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans is Abolished by Glucose

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Almotayri ◽  
Jency Thomas ◽  
Mihiri Munasinghe ◽  
Markandeya Jois
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Scaffolding Protein ◽  
Lifespan Extension ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Antidepressant Use ◽  
Extension Effect

Background: The antidepressant mianserin has been shown to extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a well-established model organism used in aging research. The extension of lifespan in C. elegans was shown to be dependent on increased expression of the scaffolding protein (ANK3/unc-44). In contrast, antidepressant use in humans is associated with an increased risk of death. The C. elegans in the laboratory are fed Escherichia coli (E. coli), a diet high in protein and low in carbohydrate, whereas a typical human diet is high in carbohydrates. We hypothesized that dietary carbohydrates might mitigate the lifespan-extension effect of mianserin. Objective: To investigate the effect of glucose added to the diet of C. elegans on the lifespan-extension effect of mianserin. Methods: Wild-type Bristol N2 and ANK3/unc-44 inactivating mutants were cultured on agar plates containing nematode growth medium and fed E. coli. Treatment groups included (C) control, (M50) 50 μM mianserin, (G) 73 mM glucose, and (M50G) 50 μM mianserin and 73 mM glucose. Lifespan was determined by monitoring the worms until they died. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier version of the log-rank test. Results: Mianserin treatment resulted in a 12% increase in lifespan (P<0.05) of wild-type Bristol N2 worms but reduced lifespan by 6% in ANK3/unc-44 mutants, consistent with previous research. The addition of glucose to the diet reduced the lifespan of both strains of worms and abolished the lifespan-extension by mianserin. Conclusion: The addition of glucose to the diet of C. elegans abolishes the lifespan-extension effects of mianserin.

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