scholarly journals THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND HISTOCHEMISTRY OF A NEMATODE-INDUCED GIANT CELL

1961 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan F. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
A Cell

The development of giant cells induced by the nematode Meloidogyne in tomato roots has been followed under controlled growth conditions and the ultrastructure and histochemistry of these structures have been examined. Entry of the nematode larvae into the roots took place within 24 hours; giant cell formation started on the 4th day and involved breakdown of the cell walls accompanied by thickening of a surrounding giant cell wall and an increase in density and area of the cytoplasm. The nuclei increased in number by simultaneous mitosis throughout a single giant cell. The peak of cytoplasmic density was reached after moulting and during egg production. The rate of protein synthesis in the giant cell is correlated with the rate of growth of the nematode. The giant cell wall is a thick, irregularly surfaced structure which contains all the normal polysaccharide components of a cell wall. The cytoplasm is rich in protein and RNA and contains mitochondria, proplastids, Golgi bodies, and a dense endoplasmic reticulum. The nuclei are large and irregular in shape and contain large nucleoli and a number of Feulgen-positive bodies scattered irregularly along the nuclear envelope. The nucleolus contains RNA and fat as well as Feulgen-positive granules which are revealed after treatment with ribonuclease. It consists of a dense outer cortex surrounding a much lighter central core and is connected at times with the Feulgen-positive bodies in the nucleus. Speculation is provided on the role of these bodies in cytoplasmic protein synthesis.

Sucrose-mediated giant cell formation in the genus Neisseria

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Johnson ◽  
I. J. Mcdonald
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Giant Cell Formation ◽  
Neisseria Sicca ◽  
Neisseria Perflava

Growth of Neisseria perflava, Neisseria cinerea, and Neisseria sicca strain Kirkland in media supplemented with sucrose (0.5 to 5.0% w/v) resulted in the formation of giant cells. Response to sucrose was specific in that a variety of other carbohydrates did not mediate giant cell formation. Giant cells appeared only under growth conditions and did not lyse upon transfer to medium lacking sucrose or upon resuspension in hypotonic media. Reversion of giant to normal cells occurred when giant cells were used as inocula and allowed to multiply in media lacking sucrose.

The mechanism of mouse egg-cylinder morphogenesis in vitro

Development ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-287
Author(s):  
A. J. Copp
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Dependent Change ◽  
Morphogenesis In Vitro ◽  
Trophoblast Giant Cells

The number of trophoblast giant cells in outgrowths of mouse blastocysts was determined before, during and after egg-cylinder formation in vitro. Giant-cell numbers rose initially but reached a plateau 12 h before the egg cylinder appeared. A secondary increase began 24 h after egg-cylinder formation. Blastocysts whose mural trophectoderm cells were removed before or shortly after attachment in vitro formed egg cylinders at the same time as intact blastocysts but their trophoblast outgrowths contained fewer giant cells at this time. The results support the idea that egg-cylinder formation in vitro is accompanied by a redirection of the polar to mural trophectoderm cell movement which characterizes blastocysts before implantation. The resumption of giant-cell number increase in trophoblast outgrowths after egg-cylinder formation may correspond to secondary giant-cell formation in vivo. It is suggested that a time-dependent change in the strength of trophoblast cell adhesion to the substratum occurs after blastocyst attachment in vitro which restricts the further entry of polar cells into the outgrowth and therefore results in egg-cylinder formation.

scholarly journals Nutritionally variant streptococci.

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
K L Ruoff
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Successful Treatment ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Streptococcal Species ◽  
A Cell

Streptococci requiring either pyridoxal or L-cysteine for growth were first observed 30 years ago as organisms forming satellite colonies adjacent to colonies of "helper" bacteria. Although they were previously considered nutritional mutants of viridans streptococcal species, the nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) are currently thought to belong to distinct species of the genus Streptococcus. NVS strains may display pleomorphic cellular morphologies, depending on their growth conditions, and are distinguished from most other streptococci by enzymatic and serological characteristics and the presence of a cell wall chromophore. NVS are found as normal inhabitants of the oral cavity, and in addition to their participation in endocarditis, they have been isolated from a wide range of clinical specimens. Endocarditis caused by NVS is often difficult to eradicate; combinations of penicillin and an aminoglycoside are recommended for treatment. The unique physiological features of the NVS contribute to the difficulties encountered in their recovery from clinical specimens and may play a role in the problems associated with successful treatment of NVS endocarditis.

PATHOLOGY IN LEUKEMIA COMPLICATED BY FATAL MEASLES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-442
Author(s):  
C. Lenore Simpson ◽  
Donald Pinkel
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Giant Cell Formation

A fatal case of measles complicating leukemia in an infant is reported. Giant-cell pneumonia and a few giant cells in lymph nodes were seen as in previously reported cases. In addition, necroses in liver, lymph nodes, thymus, pancreas and kidney associated with giant-cell formation and inclusion bodies were observed.

scholarly journals On the Origin of Branches inEscherichia coli

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (21) ◽  
pp. 6607-6614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Gullbrand ◽  
Thomas Åkerlund ◽  
Kurt Nordström
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Medium Components ◽  
Branch Formation ◽  
A Cell

ABSTRACT Some Escherichia coli strains with impaired cell division form branched cells at high frequencies during certain growth conditions. Here, we show that neither FtsI nor FtsZ activity is required for the development of branches. Buds did not form at specific positions along the cell surface during high-branching conditions. Antibiotics affecting cell wall synthesis had a positive effect on branch formation in the case of ampicillin, cephalexin, and penicillin G, whereas mecillinam and d-cycloserine had no substantial effect. Altering the cell morphology by nutritional shifts showed that changes in morphology preceded branching, indicating that the cell’s physiological state rather than specific medium components induced branching. Finally, there was no increased probability for bud formation in the daughters of a cell with a bud or branch, showing that bud formation is a random event. We suggest that branch formation is caused by abnormalities in cell wall elongation rather than by aberrant cell division events.

High-Temperature Sintering of Xenogeneic Bone Substitutes Leads to Increased Multinucleated Giant Cell Formation: In Vivo and Preliminary Clinical Results

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. e212-e222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Barbeck ◽  
Samuel Udeabor ◽  
Jonas Lorenz ◽  
Markus Schlee ◽  
Marzellus Grosse Holthaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Giant Cell ◽  
Multinucleated Giant Cell ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Multinucleated Giant Cells ◽  
Giant Cell Formation ◽  
Multinucleated Giant Cell Formation

The present preclinical and clinical study assessed the inflammatory response to a high-temperature–treated xenogeneic material (Bego-Oss) and the effects of this material on the occurrence of multinucleated giant cells, implantation bed vascularization, and regenerative potential. After evaluation of the material characteristics via scanning electron microscopy, subcutaneous implantation in CD-1 mice was used to assess the inflammatory response to the material for up to 60 days. The clinical aspects of this study involved the use of human bone specimens 6 months after sinus augmentation. Established histologic and histomorphometric analysis methods were applied. After implantation, the material was well integrated into both species without any adverse reactions. Material-induced multinucleated giant cells were observed in both species and were associated with enhanced vascularization. These results revealed the high heat treatment led to an increase in the inflammatory tissue response to the biomaterial, and a combined increase in multinucleated giant cell formation. Further clarification of the differentiation of the multinucleated giant cells toward so-called osteoclast-like cells or foreign-body giant cells is needed to relate these cells to the physicochemical composition of the material.

Effect of Lipoteichoic Acid on Proliferation and Differentiation of Keratinocytes

1989 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 646-650
Author(s):  
Takeshi Yabe ◽  
Cheng-Chun Huang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
Transglutaminase Activity ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Cell Envelopes

Bacterial infection is always found to be associated with cholesteatoma. Accumulation of keratin debris is one of the crucial factors for the growth of cholesteatoma. The effects of lipoteichoic acid, a cell wall component of gram-positive bacteria, on the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes were studied. Various concentrations of lipoteichoic acid (0 to 100 μg/ml) were added to keratinocytes. DNA synthesis and protein synthesis were inhibited by decreasing the incorporation of 3H-thymldine and 3H-leucine into keratinocytes. The effects of lipoteichoic acid on terminal differentiation were then studied by measuring the number of sodium dodecyi sulfate-Insoluble cornlfied cell envelopes and the transglutaminase activity (a marker of terminal differentiation) determined by incorporation of 3H-putrescine into cornifled envelopes. These studies showed that lipoteichoic acid stimulated the formation of cornifled cell envelopes and transglutaminase activity. These findings suggest that lipoteichoic acid stimulated the terminal differentiation and accumulation of keratin debris and that lipoteichoic acid might have stimulatory effects on the development of cholesteatoma.

scholarly journals Environmentally contingent control of Candida albicans cell wall integrity by transcriptional regulator Cup9

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Ichikawa ◽  
Vincent M Bruno ◽  
Carol A Woolford ◽  
Hannah Kim ◽  
Eunsoo Do ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Cell Wall Integrity ◽  
Yeast Growth ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Rna Levels

Abstract The fungal pathogen Candida albicans is surrounded by a cell wall that is the target of caspofungin and other echinocandin antifungals. C. albicans can grow in several morphological forms, notably budding yeast and hyphae. Yeast and hyphal forms differ in cell wall composition, leading us to hypothesize that there may be distinct genes required for yeast and hyphal responses to caspofungin. Mutants in 27 genes reported previously to be caspofungin hypersensitive under yeast growth conditions were all caspofungin hypersensitive under hyphal growth conditions as well. However, a screen of mutants defective in transcription factor genes revealed that Cup9 is required for normal caspofungin tolerance under hyphal and not yeast growth conditions. In a hyphal-defective efg1Δ/Δ background, Cup9 is still required for normal caspofungin tolerance. This result argues that Cup9 function is related to growth conditions rather than cell morphology. RNA-seq conducted under hyphal growth conditions indicated that 361 genes were up-regulated and 145 genes were down-regulated in response to caspofungin treatment. Both classes of caspofungin-responsive genes were enriched for cell wall-related proteins, as expected for a response to disruption of cell wall integrity and biosynthesis. The cup9Δ/Δ mutant, treated with caspofungin, had reduced RNA levels of 40 caspofungin up-regulated genes, and had increased RNA levels of 8 caspofungin down-regulated genes, an indication that Cup9 has a narrow rather than global role in the cell wall integrity response. Five Cup9-activated surface-protein genes have roles in cell wall integrity, based on mutant analysis published previously (PGA31, IFF11) or shown here (ORF19.3499, ORF19.851 or PGA28), and therefore may explain the hypersensitivity of the cup9Δ/Δ mutant to caspofungin. Our findings define Cup9 as a new determinant of caspofungin susceptibility.

Observations on Giant Cells in Potato Roots Infected with Heterodera rostochiensis

1958 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Cole ◽  
H. W. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Vascular Strand ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Giant Cell Formation ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Granular Cytoplasm ◽  
Heterodera Rostochiensis

Giant cell formation was studied in the roots of potatoes grown in a soil infested with Heterodera rostochiensis.Some indication of giant cell formation was found in roots fixed 14 days after planting of sprouted tubers in the infested soil.Giant cells may be formed by the cells of the cortex, the endodermis, the pericycle and the parenchyma cells of the central vascular strand.The first giant cells appear to be formed in the cortex and pericycle.Giant cells in the cortex are only found near the head of an eelworm.Giant cell formation by the parenchyma cells of the central vascular strand leads to no cambium and hence no secondary xylem being produced in those sectors of the root where they occur.The occurrence of sectors of the root in which there is no secondary xylem gives the central vascular strand an irregular appearance.Some giant cells may be multinucleate. They all have granular cytoplasm.

Infantile Liver Giant Cells: Immunohistological Study of Their Proliferative State and Possible Mechanisms of Formation

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Koukoulis ◽  
Giorgina Mieli-Vergani ◽  
Bernard Portmann
Keyword(s):  
Giant Cell ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Normal Liver ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Proliferation Markers ◽  
Giant Cell Formation ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation ◽  
Regenerative Cells ◽  
Immunohistological Study

The mechanism of liver giant cell formation is not clarified. Some authors consider the giant cells regenerative, others, degenerative. Paraffin sections of 10 archival cases of idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (INH), 8 of extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA), and 5 normal liver samples were immunostained with two well-characterized cell proliferation markers: anti-PCNA monoclonal antibody (MAb) (clone PC-10) and MAb MIB-1, which detects Ki-67, a nuclear proliferation-related antigen. In addition, polyclonal antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was used to identify remnants of canalicular, therefore hepatocytic, membranes in giant cells. Quantitative analysis of immunostaining was done by estimating PCNA and Ki-67 indices separately in giant cells and in nongiant hepatocytes. In normal samples, mean PCNA and Ki-67 indices were 1.22% and 0.74%, respectively. In the cases of INH and EHBA, only a small minority of giant cells showed PCNA or Ki-67 staining limited to occasional peripherally located nuclei. PCNA and Ki-67 indices were significantly higher in the non–giant cell compartment. CEA staining was seen only in rare giant cells as centrally located canalicular remnants bordered by polarized nuclei, suggesting that they had been formed from rosettes through dissolution of cell membranes. Other giant cells shared CEA-labeled canalicular membranes with mononuclear hepatocytes in rosettes. These findings indicate that the giant cells in INH and EHBA are not regenerative cells, they are not formed by amitotic division of nuclei in syncytia, and that fusion of rosette-forming hepatocytes is a possible mechanism of their formation.

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