scholarly journals Preferential outgrowth of central nervous system neurites on astrocytes and Schwann cells as compared with nonglial cells in vitro.

1985 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 198-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Promote Neurite Outgrowth

I have compared central nervous system (CNS) neurite outgrowth on glial and nonglial cells. Monolayers of glial cells (astrocytes and Schwann cells) or nonglial cells (e.g., fibroblasts) were prepared and were shown to be greater than 95% pure as judged by cell type-specific markers. These monolayers were then tested for their ability to support neurite outgrowth from various CNS explants. While CNS neurites grew vigorously on the glial cells, most showed little growth on nonglial cell monolayers. Neurites grew singly or in fine fascicles on the glial cells at rates greater than 0.5 mm/d. The neurite outgrowth on astrocytes was investigated in detail. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the neurites were closely apposed to the astrocyte surface and that the growth cones were well spread with long filopodia. There was no evidence of significant numbers of explant-derived cells migrating onto the monolayers. Two types of experiments indicated that factors associated with the astrocyte surface were primarily responsible for the vigorous neurite outgrowth seen on these cells: (a) Conditioned media from either astrocytes or fibroblasts had no effect on the pattern of outgrowth on fibroblasts and astrocytes, and conditioned media factors from either cell type did not promote neurite outgrowth when bound to polylysine-coated dishes. (b) When growing CNS neurites encountered a boundary between astrocytes and fibroblasts, they stayed on the astrocytes and did not encroach onto the fibroblasts. These experiments strongly suggest that molecules specific to the surfaces of astrocytes make these cells particularly attractive substrates for CNS neurite outgrowth, and they raise the possibility that similar molecules on embryonic glial cells may play a role in guiding axonal growth during normal CNS development.

scholarly journals GAP-43 is expressed by nonmyelin-forming Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system.

1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 1455-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Curtis ◽  
H J Stewart ◽  
S M Hall ◽  
G P Wilkin ◽  
R Mirsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Distal Stump ◽  
Metabolic Labeling ◽  
General Role

Recently it has been demonstrated that the growth-associated protein GAP-43 is not confined to neurons but is also expressed by certain central nervous system glial cells in tissue culture and in vivo. This study has extended these observations to the major class of glial cells in the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we show that GAP-43 immunoreactivity is present in Schwann cell precursors and in mature non-myelin-forming Schwann cells both in vitro and in vivo. This immunoreactivity is shown by Western blotting to be a membrane-associated protein that comigrates with purified central nervous system GAP-43. Furthermore, metabolic labeling experiments demonstrate definitively that Schwann cells in culture can synthesize GAP-43. Mature myelin-forming Schwann cells do not express GAP-43 but when Schwann cells are removed from axonal contact in vivo by nerve transection GAP-43 expression is upregulated in nearly all Schwann cells of the distal stump by 4 wk after denervation. In contrast, in cultured Schwann cells GAP-43 is not rapidly upregulated in cells that have been making myelin in vivo. Thus the regulation of GAP-43 appears to be complex and different from that of other proteins associated with nonmyelin-forming Schwann cells such as N-CAM, glial fibrillary acidic protein, A5E3, and nerve growth factor receptor, which are rapidly upregulated in myelin-forming cells after loss of axonal contact. These observations suggest that GAP-43 may play a more general role in the nervous system than previously supposed.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals Murine Esophagus Expresses Glial-Derived Central Nervous System Antigens

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3233
Author(s):  
Christopher Kapitza ◽  
Rittika Chunder ◽  
Anja Scheller ◽  
Katherine S. Given ◽  
Wendy B. Macklin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Proteolipid Protein ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Enteric Glial Cells ◽  
Cell Type Specific Expression ◽  
Long Time

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been considered to specifically affect the central nervous system (CNS) for a long time. As autonomic dysfunction including dysphagia can occur as accompanying phenomena in patients, the enteric nervous system has been attracting increasing attention over the past years. The aim of this study was to identify glial and myelin markers as potential target structures for autoimmune processes in the esophagus. RT-PCR analysis revealed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proteolipid protein (PLP), and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, but an absence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in the murine esophagus. Selected immunohistochemistry for GFAP, PLP, and MBP including transgenic mice with cell-type specific expression of PLP and GFAP supported these results by detection of (1) GFAP, PLP, and MBP in Schwann cells in skeletal muscle and esophagus; (2) GFAP, PLP, but no MBP in perisynaptic Schwann cells of skeletal and esophageal motor endplates; (3) GFAP and PLP, but no MBP in glial cells surrounding esophageal myenteric neurons; and (4) PLP, but no GFAP and MBP in enteric glial cells forming a network in the esophagus. Our results pave the way for further investigations regarding the involvement of esophageal glial cells in the pathogenesis of dysphagia in MS.

scholarly journals The Use of Myelinating Cultures as a Screen of Glycomolecules for CNS Repair

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. McCanney ◽  
Susan L. Lindsay ◽  
Michael A. McGrath ◽  
Hugh J. Willison ◽  
Claire Moss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Normal Process ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Modern Drug ◽  
Over Time

In vitro cell-based assays have been fundamental in modern drug discovery and have led to the identification of novel therapeutics. We have developed complex mixed central nervous system (CNS) cultures, which recapitulate the normal process of myelination over time and allow the study of several parameters associated with CNS damage, both during development and after injury or disease. In particular, they have been used as a reliable screen to identify drug candidates that may promote (re)myelination and/or neurite outgrowth. Previously, using these cultures, we demonstrated that a panel of low sulphated heparin mimetics, with structures similar to heparan sulphates (HSs), can reduce astrogliosis, and promote myelination and neurite outgrowth. HSs reside in either the extracellular matrix or on the surface of cells and are thought to modulate cell signaling by both sequestering ligands, and acting as co-factors in the formation of ligand-receptor complexes. In this study, we have used these cultures as a screen to address the repair potential of numerous other commercially available sulphated glycomolecules, namely heparosans, ulvans, and fucoidans. These compounds are all known to have certain characteristics that mimic cellular glycosaminoglycans, similar to heparin mimetics. We show that the N-sulphated heparosans promoted myelination. However, O-sulphated heparosans did not affect myelination but promoted neurite outgrowth, indicating the importance of structure in HS function. Moreover, neither highly sulphated ulvans nor fucoidans had any effect on remyelination but CX-01, a low sulphated porcine intestinal heparin, promoted remyelination in vitro. These data illustrate the use of myelinating cultures as a screen and demonstrate the potential of heparin mimetics as CNS therapeutics.

scholarly journals Glial cells of the central nervous system of Bothrops jararaca (Reptilia, Ofidae): an ultrastructural study

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 685-690
Author(s):  
Eduardo F. Bondan ◽  
Maria de Fátima M. Martins ◽  
Rita Sinigaglia-Coimbra ◽  
Rose Eli G. Rici ◽  
Maria Angélica Miglino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Bothrops Jararaca ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopy Investigation ◽  
Electron Microscopy Investigation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics

Abstract Although ultrastructural characteristics of mature neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) are very well described in mammals, much less is known in reptiles, especially serpents. In this context, two specimens of Bothrops jararaca were euthanized for morphological analysis of CNS glial cells. Samples from telencephalon, mesencephalon and spinal cord were collected and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy investigation. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells and ependymal cells, as well as myelin sheaths, presented similar ultrastructural features to those already observed in mammals and tended to maintain their general aspect all over the distinct CNS regions observed. Morphological similarities between reptilian and mammalian glia are probably linked to their evolutionary conservation throughout vertebrate phylogeny.

Conditioned media from the injured lower vertebrate CNS promote neurite outgrowth from mammalian brain neurons in vitro

1987 ◽  
Vol 413 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth P. Finklestein ◽  
Larry I. Benowitz ◽  
Andrew J. Olson ◽  
Nora I. Perrone-Bizzozero ◽  
Ronald E. Majocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Lower Vertebrate ◽  
Brain Neurons ◽  
Promote Neurite Outgrowth

scholarly journals Behaviour of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in an experimental model of toxic demyelination of the central nervous system

2001 ◽  
Vol 59 (2B) ◽  
pp. 358-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominguita Lühers Graça ◽  
Eduardo Fernandes Bondan ◽  
Luis Antonio Violin Dias Pereira ◽  
Cristina Gevehr Fernandes ◽  
Paulo César Maiorka
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Ethidium Bromide ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are engaged in myelin production, maintenance and repairing respectively in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Whereas oligodendrocytes act only within the CNS, Schwann cells are able to invade the CNS in order to make new myelin sheaths around demyelinated axons. Both cells have some limitations in their activities, i.e. oligodendrocytes are post-mitotic cells and Schwann cells only get into the CNS in the absence of astrocytes. Ethidium bromide (EB) is a gliotoxic chemical that when injected locally within the CNS, induce demyelination. In the EB model of demyelination, glial cells are destroyed early after intoxication and Schwann cells are free to approach the naked central axons. In normal Wistar rats, regeneration of lost myelin sheaths can be achieved as early as thirteen days after intoxication; in Wistar rats immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide the process is delayed and in rats administered cyclosporine it may be accelerated. Aiming the enlightening of those complex processes, all events concerning the myelinating cells in an experimental model are herein presented and discussed.

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