RE: A Comparison of Survival Rates for Treatment of Melanoma Metastatic to the Brain

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-644
Author(s):  
James G. Douglas ◽  
Vernon K. Sondak
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Glioma Revisited: From Neurogenesis and Cancer Stem Cells to the Epigenetic Regulation of the Niche

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe de Almeida Sassi ◽  
Algemir Lunardi Brunetto ◽  
Gilberto Schwartsmann ◽  
Rafael Roesler ◽  
Ana Lucia Abujamra
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
Aggressive Tumor ◽  
Epigenetic Modulation ◽  
The Brain

Gliomas are the most incident brain tumor in adults. This malignancy has very low survival rates, even when combining radio- and chemotherapy. Among the gliomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type, and patients frequently relapse or become refractory to conventional therapies. The fact that such an aggressive tumor can arise in such a carefully orchestrated organ, where cellular proliferation is barely needed to maintain its function, is a question that has intrigued scientists until very recently, when the discovery of the existence of proliferative cells in the brain overcame such challenges. Even so, the precise origin of gliomas still remains elusive. Thanks to new advents in molecular biology, researchers have been able to depict the first steps of glioma formation and to accumulate knowledge about how neural stem cells and its progenitors become gliomas. Indeed, GBM are composed of a very heterogeneous population of cells, which exhibit a plethora of tumorigenic properties, supporting the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in these tumors. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how gliomas initiate and progress, taking into account the role of epigenetic modulation in the crosstalk of cancer cells with their environment.

Introduction to the Six Eye Movement Systems and the Visual Fixation System

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Wong
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Very High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Brain

One main reason that we make eye movements is to solve a problem of information overload. A large field of vision allows an animal to survey the environment for food and to avoid predators, thus increasing its survival rate. Similarly, a high visual acuity also increases survival rates by allowing an animal to aim at a target more accurately, leading to higher killing rates and more food. However, there are simply not enough neurons in the brain to support a visual system that has high resolution over the entire field of vision. Faced with the competing evolutionary demands for high visual acuity and a large field of vision, an effective strategy is needed so that the brain will not be overwhelmed by a large amount of visual input. Some animals, such as rabbits, give up high resolution in favor of a larger field of vision (rabbits can see nearly 360°), whereas others, such as hawks, restrict their field of vision in return for a high visual acuity (hawks have vision as good as 20/2, about 10 times better than humans). In humans, rather than using one strategy over the other, the retina develops a very high spatial resolution in the center (i.e., the fovea), and a much lower resolution in the periphery. Although this “foveal compromise” strategy solves the problem of information overload, one result is that unless the image of an object of interest happens to fall on the fovea, the image is relegated to the low-resolution retinal periphery. The evolution of a mechanism to move the eyes is therefore necessary to complement this foveal compromise strategy by ensuring that an object of interest is maintained or brought to the fovea. To maintain the image of an object on the fovea, the vestibulo-ocular (VOR) and optokinetic systems generate eye movements to compensate for head motions. Likewise, the saccadic, smooth pursuit, and vergence systems generate eye movements to bring the image of an object of interest on the fovea. These different eye movements have different characteristics and involve different parts of the brain.

scholarly journals Brain Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Maple Syrup Urine Disease: Implications for Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7490
Author(s):  
Jing Xu ◽  
Youseff Jakher ◽  
Rebecca C. Ahrens-Nicklas
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Maple Syrup Urine Disease ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Maple Syrup ◽  
Urine Disease ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Brain

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by decreased activity of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), which catalyzes the irreversible catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Current management of this BCAA dyshomeostasis consists of dietary restriction of BCAAs and liver transplantation, which aims to partially restore functional BCKDC activity in the periphery. These treatments improve the circulating levels of BCAAs and significantly increase survival rates in MSUD patients. However, significant cognitive and psychiatric morbidities remain. Specifically, patients are at a higher lifetime risk for cognitive impairments, mood and anxiety disorders (depression, anxiety, and panic disorder), and attention deficit disorder. Recent literature suggests that the neurological sequelae may be due to the brain-specific roles of BCAAs. This review will focus on the derangements of BCAAs observed in the brain of MSUD patients and will explore the potential mechanisms driving neurologic dysfunction. Finally, we will discuss recent evidence that implicates the relevance of BCAA metabolism in other neurological disorders. An understanding of the role of BCAAs in the central nervous system may facilitate future identification of novel therapeutic approaches in MSUD and a broad range of neurological disorders.

Population characteristics and prognostic factors in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): The Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC) experience

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 7644-7644
Author(s):  
V. Paralkar ◽  
T. Li ◽  
C. J. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Performance Status ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Cranial Irradiation ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
The Brain

7644 Background: With increasing use of MRI and PET to stage NSCLC, the demographics, performance status and distribution of metastases at diagnosis in this patient (pt) population are changing; it is important to reassess the prognostic roles played by baseline clinical variables in the modern therapeutic era. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the charts of 189 consecutive, unselected pts with stage IV NSCLC seen and followed at the Fox Chase Cancer Center between Oct 2000 and Aug 2003. Data on a variety of pt variables including demographics, histology, metastases, key laboratory tests and treatment were compiled. We intended to identify those that played statistically significant prognostic roles. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 62 years; 77% of pts had PS 0–1 at first presentation. 58% had single organ metastasis; 35% had metastases to the brain (half of these had brain only and a third had solitary brain metastasis). 51% of all pts received palliative radiation to the brain at some point after dx. Overall median survival was 10.8 months. The 1-yr, 2-yr, 3-yr and 4-yr overall survival rates were 44.2%, 21.9%, 11.6% and 7.8% respectively. On multivariate analysis, statistically significant negative prognostic factors included PS ≥ 2 (HR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1–3.3), serum albumin ≤ 3 (HR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1–2.8) and metastases to > 1 organ (HR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.03–2.3). Bone and liver metastases, though associated with worse survival in univariate analysis, were not found to be independent predictors of survival. Gender had no bearing on outcome. Conclusions: Survival rates in this advanced NSCLC cohort equal or exceed contemporaneous ECOG figures. PS, serum albumin and number of organs with metastases are independent prognostic factors in NSCLC. The increasing detection of brain metastases at 1st presentation of metastatic NSCLC suggests that the role of prophylactic cranial irradiation in the management of early NSCLC should be explored. No significant financial relationships to disclose. [Table: see text]

Retrospective review of concurrent chest radiation and chemotherapy (CRT) in newly diagnosed stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with oligometastatic disease (OM) treated with stereotactic radiation.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e20539-e20539
Author(s):  
Preeti Narayan ◽  
Anamaria R Yeung ◽  
Olushola Ogunlari ◽  
Chris G Morris ◽  
Priya Kadambi Gopalan
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Review ◽  
Palliative Chemotherapy ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Lung Nodule ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Stereotactic Radiation ◽  
The Brain

e20539 Background:The primary treatment for patients (pts)with stage IV NSCLC is palliative chemotherapy (CT), with a median OS of approximately 10-12 months, and 5-year survival of ~2%. Several studies have demonstrated that pts with a lung nodule with a solitary brain or adrenal metastasis can achieve relatively high 5-year survival rates with resection of the metastasis and the lung nodule. Studies have also demonstrated that OM can be effectively treated with stereotactic body radiation (SBRT) or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to the brain. We hypothesize that treatment of OM with SBRT and/or SRS and treatment of the thoracic disease with CRT will improve survival over palliative chemotherapy alone. Methods:A retrospective review of charts in the RADTRACS database at the Univ of Florida was conducted between 1/1/2010 - 6/30/2015 to identify pts with newly diagnosed stage IV NSCLC with 5 or less OM at diagnosis that were treated with concurrent CT and definitive RT (60-66 Gy) to the primary lung mass in addition to SRS and/or SBRT to the OM. Date and site of first progression, and date of death/last follow-up were noted. Endpoints included median progression free survival (PFS) and median overall survival (OS). Results:26 pts met these criteria. 20 pts (77%) had recurrence of disease after treatment with CRT + SRS/SBRT. Median PFS was 6 months, and median OS was 14.4 months. Of the 20 recurrences, 10 (50%) were in the brain, while 10 (50%) were in non-CNS sites. One year OS was 60% and 3-year survival was 33% in our patients. When pts with CNS OM at diagnosis were compared to non-CNS OM, PFS (5.5 vs 5.8 months, respectively, p > 0.05) and OS (16.6 vs 13.8 months, respectively, p > 0.05) were similar. 8/12 CNS OM pts progressed in the brain while only 3/9 non-CNS OM progressed in the brain. Of the 5 patients with no progression, 4/5 had non-CNS OM at diagnosis. Conclusions:When compared to standard palliative CT where median OS 10-12 months, median OS was 14.4 months in our pts treated with CRT + SBRT/SRS. This data suggests a possible role for more aggressive treatment of stage IV NSCLC pts with SBRT/SRS to OM and definitive chest CRT.

scholarly journals Brain MRI Images Segmentation Based on U-Net Architecture

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Assalah Atiyah ◽  
Khawla Ali
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Regular Function ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Tumor Segmentation ◽  
Brain Tumor Segmentation ◽  
Edge Based ◽  
The Brain

Brain tumors are collections of abnormal tissues within the brain. The regular function of the brain may be affected as it grows within the region of the skull. Brain tumors are critical for improving treatment options and patient survival rates to prevent and treat them. The diagnosis of cancer utilizing manual approaches for numerous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images is the most complex and time-consuming task. Brain tumor segmentation must be carried out automatically. A proposed strategy for brain tumor segmentation is developed in this paper. For this purpose, images are segmented based on region-based and edge-based. Brain tumor segmentation 2020 (BraTS2020) dataset is utilized in this study. A comparative analysis of the segmentation of images using the edge-based and region-based approach with U-Net with ResNet50 encoder, architecture is performed. The edge-based segmentation model performed better in all performance metrics compared to the region-based segmentation model and the edge-based model achieved the dice loss score of 0. 008768, IoU score of 0. 7542, f1 score of 0. 9870, the accuracy of 0. 9935, the precision of 0. 9852, recall of 0. 9888, and specificity of 0. 9951.

Improving Survival Rates after Civilian Gunshot Wounds to the Brain

2014 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bellal Joseph ◽  
Hassan Aziz ◽  
Viraj Pandit ◽  
Narong Kulvatunyou ◽  
Terence O'Keeffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Gunshot Wounds ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Childhood Leukemias

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 438
Author(s):  
Chrysanthy Ikonomidou
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers ◽  
Active Cell Death ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chemotherapy Agents ◽  
The Brain

Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in childhood leukemias remains a major cause of treatment failures. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid constitutes the most important diagnostic pillar in the detection of CNS leukemia and relies primarily on cytological and flow-cytometry studies. With increasing survival rates, it has become clear that treatments for pediatric leukemias pose a toll on the developing brain, as they may cause acute toxicities and persistent neurocognitive deficits. Preclinical research has demonstrated that established and newer therapies can injure and even destroy neuronal and glial cells in the brain. Both passive and active cell death forms can result from DNA damage, oxidative stress, cytokine release, and acceleration of cell aging. In addition, chemotherapy agents may impair neurogenesis as well as the function, formation, and plasticity of synapses. Clinical studies show that neurocognitive toxicity of chemotherapy is greatest in younger children. This raises concerns that, in addition to injury, chemotherapy may also disrupt crucial developmental events resulting in impairment of the formation and efficiency of neuronal networks. This review presents an overview of studies demonstrating that cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers can be utilized in tracing both CNS disease and neurotoxicity of administered treatments in childhood leukemias.

Brain Metastases of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Prognostic Factors in Patients with Surgical Resection

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (02) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Antuña ◽  
Carmen Sanchez ◽  
Vanesa Fernandez ◽  
Marco Vega
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Brain Metastasis ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
The Brain

Background and Study Aims Bronchogenic carcinoma is the cancer that most commonly metastasizes to the brain. The standard treatment schedule for these patients is still unclear, although recommendation level 1 class I advocates for surgical resection together with postoperative whole-brain radiotherapy for patients with good Karnofsky performance status (KPS). We performed a study to identify prognostic factors for the long-term survival of patients with brain metastases from non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients This retrospective single-center study included 71 patients with brain metastases from NSCLC having undergone surgical metastasectomy between January 2002 and January 2015. Results The average age was 58.8 years. A total of 85.9% of the lesions were located in the supratentorial region, 61.9% of the lesions were < 3 cm, and 80.3% of cases were solitary brain metastases. Complete resection was achieved in 90.1% of patients. Clinical debut with motor involvement was associated with higher rates of incomplete surgical resection. Patients with motor deficits had a worse preoperative KPS. The preoperative KPS was > 70 in 74.6% of patients, and the postoperative KPS was > 70 in 85.9% of patients. Overall, 84.5% of the brain surgeries had no complications. Brain metastases were diagnosed as a synchronous presentation in 64.7% of patients.The average survival after brain surgery was 20.38 months. The survival rate was 66.2% at 6 months, 45.1% at 12 months, 22.5% at 24 months, 14.1% at 36 months, and 8.5% at 48 months. Patients < 55 years of age showed a higher survival rate at 12 months and 48 months. Patients > 70 years of age showed a higher mortality rate at 6 months. Complete surgical brain metastasis resection was associated with an increased survival at 6 months, and patients undergoing primary lung surgery had better survival rates at 48 months. A preoperative KPS > 70% improved the prognosis of patients at 6 and 24 months. Surgical complications reduced survival at 6 and 12 months. Conclusion Surgical resection may be beneficial for a given group of patients: a preoperative KPS > 70; age < 55 years, complete surgical brain metastasis resection, no surgical complications, patients with primary lung surgery, and complete radiotherapy treatment. We did not find any significant difference regarding further factors that probably affect survival rates such as size or number of metastases.

Postoperative radiation for lung cancer metastatic to the brain.

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2340-2344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J G Armstrong ◽  
M Wronski ◽  
J Galicich ◽  
E Arbit ◽  
S A Leibel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
C 23 ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

PURPOSE Although resection of single brain metastases and postoperative whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) improves survival, compared with treatment using WBRT alone, the value of postoperative WBRT after resection of brain metastases is controversial. We analyzed the largest reported series of lung cancer patients with resected brain metastases to evaluate the impact of postoperative WBRT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 1974 and 1989, 185 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) underwent resection of brain metastases. Patients who had received preoperative WBRT (23%, 42 of 185) were excluded. The remaining patients were divided into group A (no WBRT; n = 32), group B (patients received WBRT and were prognostically matched to group A; n = 32), and group C (all other WBRT patients; n = 79). Most patients received postoperative doses of 30 Gy in 10 fractions. Higher doses were used in 16% of group B and 18% of group C patients. RESULTS Overall 5-year survival rates were as follows: group A, 12%; B, 8%; C, 16%. Overall brain failures occurred in 38% of patients in group A, 47% in group B, and 42% in group C. The use of WBRT (group A v groups B plus C) had no apparent impact on survival or on overall brain failure rates. In particular, no improvement in either of these parameters could be demonstrated when group B was compared with group A. Focal failure (defined as failure within the brain adjacent to the site of the resected brain metastases) occurred as follows: group A, 34% (11 of 32); groups B plus C, 23% (25 of 111) (P = .07). WBRT significantly reduced focal failure for patients with adenocarcinoma (group A, 33% [eight of 24]; groups B plus C, 14% [11 of 79]; P = .05). Nonfocal failure (anatomically distinct from the resected metastasis) occurred in 9% of patients in group A (three of 32), 21% in groups B plus C (23 of 111) (P = .07). CONCLUSION Long-term survival is possible when NSCLC brain metastases are resected. Postoperative WBRT as used in this series only had an impact on the focal control of brain metastases and this effect was of borderline significance. The lack of conclusive benefit supports the need for ongoing randomized trials to test the value of adjuvant postoperative WBRT. Brain failures were relatively common in all three groups of patients, which suggests that doses greater than 30 Gy need to be studied.

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