SIMULTANEOUS CONFIDENCE BOUNDS FOR LOW-DOSE RISK ASSESSMENT WITH NONQUANTAL DATA

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter W. Piegorsch ◽  
R. Webster West ◽  
Wei Pan ◽  
Ralph L. Kodell
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Confidence Bounds ◽  
Simultaneous Confidence Bounds ◽  
Nonquantal Data

Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Complex Mixtures

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 851-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Krewski ◽  
T. Thorslund ◽  
J. Withey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Carcinogenic Substances ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk Assessment ◽  
Potential Use

Although procedures for assessing the carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to individual chemicals are relatively well developed, risk assessment methods for mixtures of chemicals are still in the developmental stage. In this paper, we examine the difficulties in assessing the risks of exposure to complex mixtures, with special reference to the potential for synergistic effects among the compo nents of the mixture. Statistical models for describing the joint action of multiple exposures are reviewed, and their implications for low-dose risk assessment are examined. The potential use of pharmacokinetic models to describe the metabolism of mixtures is also considered. Application of these results in regulating mixtures of carcinogenic substances is illustrated using examples involving multiple contaminants in drinking water and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced from combustion sources.

Hormesis is central to toxicology, pharmacology and risk assessment

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J Calabrese
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Assessment Practices ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Setting Process ◽  
Toxicological Research ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Dose Responses ◽  
Chemical Class

This paper summarizes numerous conceptual and experimental advances over the past two decades in the study of hormesis. Hormesis is now generally accepted as a real and reproducible biological phenomenon, being highly generalized and independent of biological model, endpoint measured and chemical class/physical stressor. The quantitative features of the hormetic dose response are generally highly consistent, regardless of the model and mechanism, and represent a quantitative index of biological plasticity at multiple levels of biological organization. The hormetic dose-response model has been demonstrated to make far more accurate predictions of responses in low dose zones than either the threshold or linear at low dose models. Numerous therapeutic agents widely used by humans are based on the hormetic dose response and its low dose stimulatory characteristics. It is expected that as low dose responses come to dominate toxicological research that risk assessment practices will incorporate hormetic concepts in the standard setting process.

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