Base word Frequency and Pseudohomophone Naming

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris M. Herdman ◽  
Jo-Anne LeFevre ◽  
Stephanie L. Greenham
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Base Word ◽  
Phonological Coding ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Frequency Group ◽  
Whole Word

The advantage of naming pseudohomophones over non-pseudohomophones has been interpreted as reflecting the contribution of whole-word lexical representations in phonological coding. A whole-word interpretation was further supported by Taft and Russell (1992), who reported a pseudohomophone frequency effect such that pseudohomophones were named faster if they corresponded to high- than to low-frequency base-words (e.g. poast vs. hoast). Experiment 1 replicated this pseudohomophone frequency effect using the Taft and Russell items. Further analyses showed, however, that the pseudohomophones in Taft and Russell's high-frequency group were more orthographically similar to words than the pseudohomophones in the low-frequency group. These differences in orthography may have been the cause of the “frequency” effects. In Experiment 2, a new set of high- and low-frequency pseudohomophones was constructed that were matched on orthographic factors (i.e. SPBF and N). With these items, a standard pseudohomophone advantage was found such that pseudohomophones were named faster and more accurately than non-pseudohomophones. However, in contrast to Taft and Russell's results, pseudohomophone naming was not related to base-word frequency. We conclude that the pseudohomophone advantage occurs at a postlexical stage in non-word naming.

scholarly journals The Word Frequency Effect in Word Processing: An Updated Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Paweł Mandera ◽  
Emmanuel Keuleers
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Frequency Measure ◽  
Language Exposure ◽  
High Frequency Words

The word frequency effect refers to the observation that high-frequency words are processed more efficiently than low-frequency words. Although the effect was first described over 80 years ago, in recent years it has been investigated in more detail. It has become clear that considerable quality differences exist between frequency estimates and that we need a new standardized frequency measure that does not mislead users. Research also points to consistent individual differences in the word frequency effect, meaning that the effect will be present at different word frequency ranges for people with different degrees of language exposure. Finally, a few ongoing developments point to the importance of semantic diversity rather than mere differences in the number of times words have been encountered and to the importance of taking into account word prevalence in addition to word frequency.

scholarly journals ROC Modelling Data of the Word Frequency Effect: A Formal Model of Visual Word Recognition

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Manuel Pelegrina del Río ◽  
Agustín Wallace Ruiz ◽  
Maria Concepcion ◽  
Moreno Fernandez ◽  
Alvaro Pelegrina Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Word Frequency Effect

This article presents a formal statistical model for assessing the word frequency effect in recognition memory. This topic is relevant because word frequency is the best predictor of performance in recognition memory tasks. Signal Detection Theory was applied using high-frequency and low-frequency words as item-signals. Signal Detection Theory test assumes orthogonality of responses: hits, false alarms, correct rejections, and incorrect rejections. Ninety-six adult male and female students participated in two experiments: one conducted in the laboratory and the other in the class-room. The selected words for memory contained 3 to 5 letters and 1 or 2 syllables to control for length. Significant differences were found between high-frequency and low-frequency words in the number of false alarms for the two experiments. The differences were statistically significant in two experiments. The Cohen effect size was 0.6 and 0.45 respectively. The word frequency effect in first- and second-experiments was F (1, 46) = 4.13, MCE. = 2.34, p = 0.003 and F (1, 46) = 3.71, MCE. = 12.36, p = 0. 01 respectively. A formal model is presented based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic data to assess data trends for high- and low frequency words. Two differentiated models were obtained: a continuous model based on high frequency stimuli and a threshold model based on low frequency stimuli.

Novelty, Recency and Frequency Effects on Visual Recognition and Pseudo-Recognition Thresholds

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra W. Pyke
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Competing Responses ◽  
High Frequency Words

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of word novelty, recency of experience and frequency on traditional visual recognition and pseudo-recognition thresholds. High-frequency words had lower thresholds but in the absence of tachistoscopic information (pseudo-recognition), the frequency effect disappeared. Recent experience with the test words produced lower thresholds in both studies, as compared with thresholds for less recently experienced words. A significant interaction between novelty and frequency occurred in both studies. Novelty reduced thresholds for low-frequency stimuli but increased thresholds for high-frequency words. It was argued that effects of recency and novelty are more apparent in the pseudo-recognition situation because there is no interference from tachistoscopic fragments. High-frequency competing responses are less likely and novel low-frequency responses have a greater probability of emission.

scholarly journals Memory resources recover gradually over time: The effects of word-frequency, presentation rate and list-composition on binding errors and mnemonic precision in source memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vencislav Popov ◽  
Matthew So ◽  
Lynne Reder
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Reproduction Task ◽  
Memory Precision ◽  
Over Time

Normative word frequency has played a key role in the study of human memory, but there is little agreement as to the mechanism responsible for its effects. To determine whether word frequency affects binding probability or memory precision, we used a continuous reproduction task to examine working memory for spatial positions of words. In three experiments, after studying a list of five words, participants had to report the spatial location of one of them on a circle. Across experiments we varied word frequency, presentation rate and the proportion of low frequency words on each trial. A mixture model dissociated memory precision, binding failure and guessing rate parameters from the continuous distribution of errors. On trials that contained only low- or only high-frequency words, low-frequency words lead to a greater degree of error in recalling the associated location. This was due to a higher word-location binding failure and not due to differences in memory precision or guessing rates. Slowing down the presentation rate eliminated the word frequency effect by reducing binding failures for low-frequency words. Mixing frequencies in a single trial hurt high-frequency and helped low-frequency words. These findings support the idea that word frequency can lead to both positive and negative mnemonic effects depending on a trade-off between a HF encoding advantage and a LF retrieval cue advantage. We suggest that 1) low-frequency words require more resources for binding, 2) that these resources recover gradually over time, and that 3) binding fails when these resources are insufficient.

How well do learners know derived words in a second language?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Batia Laufer ◽  
Stuart Webb ◽  
Su Kyung Kim ◽  
Beverley Yohanan
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Base Word ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
Custom Made

Abstract The study investigates derivational knowledge of second language (L2) learners as a function of four variables: learner proficiency, word family frequency, derived word frequency, and affix type as suggested by two affix difficulty hierarchies. Seventy-nine EFL learners at two proficiency levels received two tests, the VST – Vocabulary Size Test (Nation & Beglar, 2007) and a custom-made ‘Derivatives Test’, which included derived forms of VST base words. We performed the following within-participant comparisons: knowledge of base words and knowledge of their derived forms, knowledge of high-, medium-, and low-frequency derived forms, and knowledge of derivatives at different affix difficulty levels. Knowledge of basewords and their derivatives was statistically equivalent for advanced learners. However, a difference was found between the categories for less advanced learners. The findings also revealed learner proficiency and base word frequency effects, partial support for the two affix difficulty hierarchies, and no support for the effect of derivative frequency.

Frequency Effect of Formulaic Sequences on CAF in Academic Writing: Examples from L2 Master’s Theses

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-505
Author(s):  
Rong Ma
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Formulaic Sequences ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Student Writers ◽  
Significant Frequency ◽  
Frequency Group ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This study was conducted to explore the individual uses of formulaic sequence (FS) frequency and their effects on complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) in academic writing. Data was collected from the conclusion sections of a self-compiled corpus of 30 L2 master’s theses. Statistical analysis revealed several notable conclusions. 1) Student writers tend to make repetitive use of particular FSs in single texts. 2）FS use has a significant frequency effect on fluency, and the high-frequency group slightly outperforms the low-frequency group. 3) FS use has a certain frequency effect on accuracy, and the high-frequency group demonstrates the strongest correlation between FS frequency and accuracy. 4) FS use has a significant frequency effect on lexical complexity, and the low-frequency group slightly outperforms the high-frequency group. In the low-frequency group, FS use has a significant frequency effect on syntactic complexity as well. Finally, 5) The results support Skehan’s trade-off effect, a competition between CAF, which, to a certain degree, is affected by individual uses of FS frequency. The low-frequency group displays a greater trade-off effect than the high-frequency group.

Real Ear Sound Pressure Levels Developed by Three Portable Stereo System Earphones

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail L. MacLean ◽  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Robert Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Test System ◽  
Output Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

Differences in real ear sound pressure levels (SPLs) with three portable stereo system (PSS) earphones (supraaural [Sony Model MDR-44], semiaural [Sony Model MDR-A15L], and insert [Sony Model MDR-E225]) were investigated. Twelve adult men served as subjects. Frequency response, high frequency average (HFA) output, peak output, peak output frequency, and overall RMS output for each PSS earphone were obtained with a probe tube microphone system (Fonix 6500 Hearing Aid Test System). Results indicated a significant difference in mean RMS outputs with nonsignificant differences in mean HFA outputs, peak outputs, and peak output frequencies among PSS earphones. Differences in mean overall RMS outputs were attributed to differences in low-frequency effects that were observed among the frequency responses of the three PSS earphones. It is suggested that one cannot assume equivalent real ear SPLs, with equivalent inputs, among different styles of PSS earphones.

Experience Matters

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro S. Mendes ◽  
Karlos Luna ◽  
Pedro B. Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Word Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
Judgments Of Learning ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Actual Frequency ◽  
Actual Word ◽  
High Frequency Words

Abstract. The present study tested if word frequency effects on judgments of learning (JOLs) are exclusively due to beliefs or if the direct experience with the items also plays a role. Across four experiments, participants read prompts about the frequency of the words (high/low), which could be congruent/incongruent with the words’ actual frequency. They made pre-study JOLs (except Experiment 1b), immediate JOLs, and completed a recall test. If experience drives the effect, JOLs should be based on actual word frequency rather than the prompts. Results showed higher pre-study JOLs for prompts of high frequency, but higher immediate JOLs for high-frequency words regardless of the prompt, suggesting an effect of direct experience with the words. In Experiments 2 and 3, we manipulated participants’ beliefs, finding a small effect of beliefs on JOLs. We conclude that, regarding word frequency, direct experience with the items seems more relevant than beliefs when making immediate JOLs.

A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Word Frequency and Rime-Neighborhood Size on Beginning Readers' Rime Reading Accuracy in Words and Nonwords

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Anne Calhoon ◽  
Lauren Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Beginning Readers ◽  
Developmental Model ◽  
Neighborhood Size ◽  
Reading Accuracy ◽  
High Frequency Words

Beginning readers' rime reading accuracy was assessed over three years to examine the influence of word frequency and rime-neighborhood size (the number of single syllable words with the same rime) on words presented in lists and stories. Twenty-seven 1st- and 2nd- grade students read 54 words and 27 nonwords containing rimes from different size neighborhoods. In Year 1, children showed effects of neighborhood size in high frequency words read in stories and in low frequency words read in lists and stories. In Year 2, rimes from large neighborhoods were read more accurately than rimes from medium and small neighborhoods in high- and low-frequency words. In Year 3, no effects of rime-neighborhood size were found for high-frequency words, but effects on low-frequency words continued. These results support Leslie and Calhoon's (1995) developmental model of the effects of rime-neighborhood size and word frequency as a function of higher levels of word learning.

scholarly journals New Insights Into Vertigo Attack Frequency as a Predictor of Ischemic Stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongxu Qiu ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Jun Deng ◽  
Zhiwei Xia ◽  
Jingfeng Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Arterial Stenosis ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Ischemic Infarction ◽  
Frequency Group ◽  
Attacks Of Vertigo

Background: Recurrent attacks of vertigo account for 2.6 million emergency department visits per year in the USA, of which more than 4% are attributable to ischemic infarction. However, few studies have investigated the frequency of attacks of vertigo before an ischemic stroke.Methods: We conducted this retrospective analysis and manually screened the medical records of 231 patients who experienced recurrent attacks of vertigo prior to an ischemic stroke. Patients were divided into four different groups based on the frequency of vertigo attacks as well as the region of ischemic infarction. Those with ≤2 attacks of vertigo preceding the ischemic stroke were defined as the low-frequency group. Those with ≥3 attacks were defined as the high-frequency group. Clinical parameters, including vascular risk factors, average National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, and infarction volume, were compared between the groups.Results: On analysis, we found that patients with posterior infarction in the high-frequency group exhibited a higher prevalence of vertebral artery stenosis. However, the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) was higher in the low-frequency group. In addition, patients with posterior infarction in the low-frequency group were more active in seeking medical intervention after an attack of vertigo. Notably, the brain stem, especially the lateral medullary region, had a higher probability of being involved in posterior infarction in the high-frequency group. However, the cerebellum was more commonly involved in posterior infarction in the low-frequency group.Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the clinical parameters, including arterial stenosis, DM, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, differed between the low- and high-frequency groups. We also found that patients in the low-frequency group were more willing to seek medical intervention after the attacks of vertigo. These findings could be valuable for clinicians to focus on specific examination of the patients according to the frequency of vertigo attacks.

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