A Referential coding Explanation for Compatibility Effects of Physically Orthogonal Stimulus and Response Dimensions

Yvonne Lippa

doi:10.1080/713755676

A Referential coding Explanation for Compatibility Effects of Physically Orthogonal Stimulus and Response Dimensions

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A ◽

10.1080/713755676 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 950-971 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Yvonne Lippa

Keyword(s):

Compatibility Effect ◽

Mental Representations ◽

Hand Posture ◽

Main Effect ◽

Response Board ◽

The Subject ◽

Referential Coding

This study addresses the dependence of compatibility effects on responding hand with horizontally oriented stimuli and vertically oriented responses (H-V effect) and with vertically oriented stimuli and horizontally oriented responses (V-H effect) reported by Bauer and Miller (1982). Experiment 1 replicated the H-V effect. In Experiment 2, the subject was instructed to respond with the hand in line with the response keys. That eliminated the H-V effect. In Experiment 3, the response board was placed to the left or right side of the subject, yielding a considerably reduced H-V effect and a novel compatibility effect dependent on board location. In Experiment 4, the V-H effect was produced when the subject was required to respond with the hand in line with the response keys. With the hand rotated through 90 in Experiment 5, the V-H effect was eliminated, and a main effect of mapping was observed. The results challenge Bauer and Miller's movement-preference hypothesis and support a referential-coding hypothesis proposed by the author. This assumes that response positions are coded in reference to hand posture, so that physically orthogonal stimulus and response dimensions can overlap with respect to their mental representations. The applicability of this hypothesis to other compatibility effects is demonstrated, and its significance for compatibility theories is briefly discussed.

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Comprehension and Eye Movements in the Processing of Subject- and Object-Relative Clauses: Evidence from Dyslexia and Individual Differences

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11070915 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 915

Author(s):

Marianna Stella ◽

Paul E. Engelhardt

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Eye Movements ◽

Relative Clauses ◽

Sentence Type ◽

Main Effect ◽

Subject And Object ◽

The Subject ◽

Processing Difficulty ◽

Object Relative

In this study, we examined eye movements and comprehension in sentences containing a relative clause. To date, few studies have focused on syntactic processing in dyslexia and so one goal of the study is to contribute to this gap in the experimental literature. A second goal is to contribute to theoretical psycholinguistic debate concerning the cause and the location of the processing difficulty associated with object-relative clauses. We compared dyslexic readers (n = 50) to a group of non-dyslexic controls (n = 50). We also assessed two key individual differences variables (working memory and verbal intelligence), which have been theorised to impact reading times and comprehension of subject- and object-relative clauses. The results showed that dyslexics and controls had similar comprehension accuracy. However, reading times showed participants with dyslexia spent significantly longer reading the sentences compared to controls (i.e., a main effect of dyslexia). In general, sentence type did not interact with dyslexia status. With respect to individual differences and the theoretical debate, we found that processing difficulty between the subject and object relatives was no longer significant when individual differences in working memory were controlled. Thus, our findings support theories, which assume that working memory demands are responsible for the processing difficulty incurred by (1) individuals with dyslexia and (2) object-relative clauses as compared to subject relative clauses.

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An fMRI Study on Self-Perception of Patients after Aesthetic Implant-Prosthetic Rehabilitation

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17020588 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 588 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francesca Cattoni ◽

Giulia Tetè ◽

Riccardo Uccioli ◽

Fabio Manazza ◽

Giorgio Gastaldi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Right Hemisphere ◽

Peak Level ◽

The Other ◽

Prosthetic Rehabilitation ◽

Self Perception ◽

Virtual Planning ◽

Fmri Study ◽

Main Effect ◽

The Subject ◽

The Right

Objectives: In this functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) study, we investigated the activation of cerebral pathways involved in the elaboration of self-retracting photos (SELF) and the same pictures of others (OTHER). Each of the photographs showed one of the participants during different stages of the rehabilitation: pre-treatment (PRE), virtual planning using “Smile-Lynx” smile design software (VIR), and post-rehabilitation (POST). Methods: We selected eighteen volunteers, both male and female, between 22 and 67 years of age, who previously underwent prosthetic rehabilitation. Each of them was subjected to an fMRI acquisition. Various stimuli were then shown to the subjects in the form of self-retracting photographs and photographs of other participants, all in pseudo-randomized order. We then carried out a two- stage mixed-effects group data analysis with statistical contrast targeting two main effects: one regarding the main effect of Identity (SELF vs. OTHER) and the other regarding the effect of the prosthetic rehabilitation phase (PRE vs. VIR vs. POS). All the effects mentioned above survived a peak-level of p < 0.05. Results: For the effect of identity, results reported the involvement of dorsolateral frontoparietal areas bilaterally. For the phase by identity effect, results reported activation in the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the right hemisphere. A stronger activation in observing self-retracting photos (SELF) post-treatment (POST) was reported compared to the other phases considered in the experiment. Conclusions: All the collected data showed differences regarding the main effect of Identity (SELF vs. OTHER). Most importantly, the present study provides some trend-wise evidence that the pictures portraying the subject in their actual physiognomy (POST) have a somewhat special status in eliciting selectively greater brain activation in the SMA. This effect was interpreted as a plausible correlate of an empathic response for beautiful and neutral faces. The present research suggests a possible way to measure self-perception of the subject after an appearance-altering procedure such an implant-prosthetic rehabilitation. However, future clinical studies are needed to investigate this matter further.

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Fatigue in Boat Operation: The Development of a Visual Alertness Stressor Test (VAST)

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193127501900419 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 494-497

Author(s):

C. Christian Stiehl

Keyword(s):

Factorial Design ◽

Secondary Task ◽

Human Performance ◽

Response Times ◽

Environmental Stressors ◽

Primary Task ◽

Future Research ◽

Main Effect ◽

The Subject ◽

Design Construction

The use of secondary task to measure degradations in the performance of a primary task is well documented in the human performance literature. This paper describes research in the design, construction, and development of the Visual Alertness Stressor Test (VAST) as a means of measuring the effects of stressors on a boat operator's performance. The VAST task required the subject to respond to particular patterns of lights displayed in a semi-circle around the cockpit of the boat while he maintained a specified course with the boat. The basic measures taken were the response times and the number of missed signals. A 2 − 2 factorial design was used where the factors were the type and amount of fatigue that the subject experienced. The results confirmed that the overall effect of “typical” exposure to the environmental stressors of boating was a significant degradation in performance. The main effect of type of fatigue was insignificant, as was the interaction of type of fatigue and amount of fatigue. Implications for boating safety as well as future research efforts and applications of VAST are discussed.

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What would happen if we strew sugar in water or oil? Predictions and drawings of pre-schoolers

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN EDUCATION METHODOLOGY ◽

10.24297/ijrem.v5i2.3902 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 579-585

Author(s):

Maria-Antonia Panagiotaki ◽

Konstantinos Ravanis

Keyword(s):

Mental Representations ◽

Solid Substance ◽

Main Subject ◽

Significant Percentage ◽

The Subject

In this article, we will present a research on the tracing of pre-school studentsâ€™ mental representations on the phenomenon of dissolution of solids in a liquid. Thirty-one children drawn out of four different kindergarten classes participate in this research. The main subject of this research was the listing and ranking of 5-6 year old childrenâ€™s representations, when called to predict problems concerning the dissolution of a solid substance in two different liquids (water or oil). The approach was qualitative and the research was carried out based on personal interviews and childrenâ€™s drawings. The results showed that a significant percentage of the subject sample does not detect differences between the dissolution of sugar in water or oil, that there are major differences when children draw or predict and that while in their drawings children seem to comprehend the preservation of sugar in the solution, in their predictions many of them view that sugar is not preserved.

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MODELING OF THE SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN COMPARATIVE STRUCTURES

Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» ◽

10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-269-272 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (9(77)) ◽

pp. 269-272

Author(s):

Tetiana Koropatnitska

Keyword(s):

Mental Representations ◽

Semantic Relations ◽

Semantic Interpretation ◽

German Language ◽

Semantic Model ◽

Formal Expression ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Quantitative Correlation ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Subject

Two universal semantic formulas are approved and confirmed for comparison-assimilation and for contrastive comparison. They are relevant for different distributive comparison models, regardless of its formal expression. Our research is the part of the analysis of the comparative structures with wie/als Markers in Contemporary German Language and aims at revealing qualitative and quantitative correlation between components of the comparative frame models with the help of symbols. We try to model universal semantic formulae for comparison-assimilation and for contrastive comparison that are suitable for various distributive models of comparison and help to enable semantic interpretation of comparison irrespectively of the variety of their formal expression. To define the components of the semantics model of comparison we have selected such terms as referent, module and correlate that, in our opinion, explicitly illustrate the vast system of comparison verbalization in the contemporary German language. Category of comparison has a wide range of means of linguistic representation – morphological, word forming, lexical, syntax. However, three first ones do not exist beyond the framework of syntagmatics and their compatibility with other language units transfers them into the components of the syntax structures with comparative semantics. Comparison as cognitive mechanism and means of controlling mental representations implies the subject of the comparison. We have singled out the means for the subject of the comparison and stated that the element “subject of the comparison” unites two possible variants: “mentioned subject of the comparison” and “addresser”. These variants are the basis for the two ways of implementation of the semantic model of comparison: comparative structures with wie/als markers with subject of the comparison and structures with wie/als markers without subject of the comparison.

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INFORMATION STRUCTURE AND SENTENCE FORM: TOPIC, FOCUS, AND THE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS OF DISCOURSE REFERENTS.Knud Lambrecht. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xvi + 388. $54.95 cloth.

Studies in Second Language Acquisition ◽

10.1017/s027226319723305x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 403-405

Author(s):

William Frawley

Keyword(s):

Information Structure ◽

Mental Representations ◽

Cambridge University ◽

Sentence Form ◽

Discourse Grammar ◽

The Subject ◽

Comprehensive Study

When I saw that this book was a comprehensive study of the relationships across discourse, grammar, and prosody, my spirits sagged. “Oh, no,” I thought. “Not this story again.” But 20 pages into the book I realized that Lambrecht had taken a new and sobering approach to the subject, tackling a very hard subject and giving convincing answers with clear data.

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Anagram Solution Time and Effects of Distraction, Sex Differences, and Anxiety

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1982.55.1.215 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 215-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

James D. Papsdorf ◽

David P. Himle ◽

Barbara S. McCann ◽

Bruce A. Thyer

Keyword(s):

Test Anxiety ◽

Improve Performance ◽

Anagram Solution ◽

Anagram Task ◽

Post Hoc Analysis ◽

Main Effect ◽

Single Solution ◽

The Subject ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Main Effects

A single-solution anagram task was administered to high and low test-anxious 32 male and 32 female undergraduates under conditions of high and low external distraction. No significant main effects were found linking solution times to either test-anxiety level or the presence or absence of distracting stimuli. Following a planned post hoc analysis which assigned the anagrams into ‘hard’ or ‘easy’ categories, a significant main effect for level of test anxiety was found for the ‘hard’ anagrams, indicating that test anxiety debilitates performance only when the criterion task is especially difficult. Difficulty of anagrams also significantly interacted with subjects' sex, test anxiety, and distraction. The results are discussed in terms of the hypotheses that distracting stimuli may produce increases in arousal during difficult tasks and that these increments may either compromise or improve performance, depending upon the level of test anxiety which is viewed as a determinant of the initial arousal level of the subject.

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The Borderline, or the Impossibility of Producing a Negotiable Form in the Social Bond for the Return of the Censored

Konturen ◽

10.5399/uo/konturen.3.1.1416 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 186 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lucie Cantin

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Social Space ◽

Mental Representations ◽

The Body ◽

Social Bond ◽

Acting Out ◽

The Public ◽

The Social ◽

The Subject

How do we think the problem of the “Borderline” within psychoanalysis and the structural conception of psychic organization it proposes? As for the notion of a border between neurosis and psychosis that the case of the Borderline would simultaneously raise and call into question, we must rather recognize the failed experience of an internal limit in the subject with regard to the management of the censored that works and disorganizes the body in a jouissance that finds no path for its expression. The Borderline grapples with the work of the unbound drive, which is free and mobilized by unconscious and censored mental representations which fail to find both their mode of expression outside of the body and their meaning for the subject, as well as their negotiable form in the social space. In the absence of this space carved out in the social bond for the expression of the drive and of desire, the symptom and acting out inscribe and stage the censored within the public space, where its dramatization inevitably leads to a breakdown.

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On intentionality of communication in terms of general cognitivity

Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin ◽

10.20323/2499-9679-2021-2-25-71-77 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (25) ◽

pp. 71-77

Author(s):

Elena A. Petrova ◽

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Cognitive Linguistics ◽

Mental Representations ◽

Point Of View ◽

Communication Tool ◽

Philosophical Theory ◽

Conceptual Base ◽

The World ◽

The Subject ◽

Linguistic Categories

The article is devoted to the issues of cognitive linguistics, which studies language as a communication tool. The article postulates that cognitive linguistics is an approach to the analysis of natural language, which has as its main goal the study of language as a tool for organizing, processing and transmitting information. The author puts forward a point of view that it is fundamentally important for cognitive linguistics to analyze the conceptual base of linguistic categories, as well as certain mechanisms of information processing. The subject of the analysis in the article is the characteristic of the ratio of linguistic and cognitive modules. The purpose of the article is to analyze the correlation of linguistic and cognitive modules. The methodological basis of the study includes theoretical works on cognitive linguistics and philosophical theory of cognition, for which the priority is the study of language as a cognitive mechanism that contributes to encoding and transforming information. The emphasis is placed on the fact that language serves cognition, which is understood as both scientific and everyday comprehention of the world, realized in the processes of its conceptualization and categorization. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of verbal and non-verbal communication using the example of mental representations formed in childhood. The results of the analysis underline the ambiguous interpretation of the problem, revealing the mechanism of perception and generation of speech. A conclusion is made that communication can be divided into intentional and non-intentional. Evidence was found that the information transmission can be carried out without intention, i.e., not all information can be intentional.

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