Iron-fortified and unfortified cow’s milk: Effects on iron intakes and iron status in young children

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 724-731
Author(s):  
M A Virtanen, C J E Svahn, L U Viinik
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Iron Status

Effect of consumption of food cooked in iron pots on iron status and growth of young children: a randomised trial

The Lancet ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 353 (9154) ◽  
pp. 712-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz A Adish ◽  
Steven A Esrey ◽  
Theresa W Gyorkos ◽  
Johanne Jean-Baptiste ◽  
Arezoo Rojhani
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Randomised Trial

scholarly journals Iron status of young children in Europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 106 (Supplement 6) ◽  
pp. 1663S-1671S ◽  
Author(s):  
Liandré F van der Merwe ◽  
Simone R Eussen
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Iron Status

Iron-fortified and unfortified cow's milk: Effects on iron intakes and iron status in young children

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 724-731
Author(s):  
MA Virtanen ◽  
CJE Svahn ◽  
LU Viinikka ◽  
NCR Raiha ◽  
MA Siimes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk

scholarly journals 116 Association between family income, risk for food insecurity and iron deficiency in healthy young Canadian children

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. e48-e48
Author(s):  
Imaan Bayoumi ◽  
Patricia C Parkin ◽  
Catherine S Birken ◽  
Jonathon L Maguire ◽  
Cornelia M Borkhoff
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Family Risk

Abstract Background Iron deficiency peaks in prevalence (12% or higher) in early childhood and has been associated with poor developmental outcomes. Previous research examining associations between income and food insecurity (FI) with iron deficiency has been inconsistent and most did not measure iron status directly using serum ferritin or control for potential confounding variables. Objectives To examine the independent effects of family income and family risk for FI on iron status in healthy young children attending primary care. Design/Methods Healthy children ages 12–29 months were included in a cross-sectional analysis. Family income and risk for FI were collected from parents through self-reported questionnaires. Children with an affirmative response to the 1-item FI screen on the NutriSTEP (a validated screening tool of nutritional risk) or to at least one of the 2 items on the 2-item FI screen based on the 18-item Household Food Security Survey were categorized as a family at risk for FI. Iron status was assessed by serum ferritin. Children with C-reactive protein (CRP) >5 mg/L were excluded. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between both family income and family risk for FI with iron deficiency (serum ferritin <12µg/L) and IDA (serum ferritin <12 µg/L and hemoglobin <110 g/L), adjusting for age, sex, birthweight, zBMI, CRP, breastfeeding duration, bottle use, cow’s milk intake, formula feeding in the first year. Results Of 1245 children included, 131 (10.5%) of children were from households with a family income of <$40,000, 77 (6.2%) children were from families at risk for FI, 15% had iron deficiency, and 5% had IDA. The odds of children with a family income of <$40,000 having iron deficiency was 3 times (95% CI: 1.75, 5.26; P<0.0001) and having IDA was 4 times (95% CI: 1.71, 9.25; P=0.001) that for children in the highest family income group. Fully adjusted logistic regression showed weak evidence of a decreased odds of iron deficiency among children in families at risk for FI (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.19, 1.04; P=0.06) than all other children, and no association with IDA (OR 0.18, 95% CI: 0.02, 1.38; P=0.10). Conclusion A low family income of <$40,000 was associated with an increased risk for iron deficiency and IDA in young children. Risk for FI was not a risk factor for iron deficiency or IDA. Targeting income security may be more effective than targeting access to food to reduce health inequities in iron deficiency.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of an iron‐fortified milk distribution program on iron status and anemia in infants and young children in Mexico.

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A Rivera ◽  
Teresa Shamah ◽  
Salvador Villalpando ◽  
Eric A Monterrubio
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Fortified Milk ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Iron Status is Associated with Body Composition in Cambodian Infants and Young Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 780-781
Author(s):  
Frank Wieringa ◽  
Jutta Skau ◽  
Chhoun Chamnan ◽  
Henrik Friis ◽  
Marjoleine Dijkhuizen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Infants And Young Children

scholarly journals The Importance of Iron Status for Young Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Armitage ◽  
Diego Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Early childhood is characterised by high physiological iron demand to support processes including blood volume expansion, brain development and tissue growth. Iron is also required for other essential functions including the generation of effective immune responses. Adequate iron status is therefore a prerequisite for optimal child development, yet nutritional iron deficiency and inflammation-related iron restriction are widespread amongst young children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), meaning iron demands are frequently not met. Consequently, therapeutic iron interventions are commonly recommended. However, iron also influences infection pathogenesis: iron deficiency reduces the risk of malaria, while therapeutic iron may increase susceptibility to malaria, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, besides reshaping the intestinal microbiome. This means caution should be employed in administering iron interventions to young children in LMIC settings with high infection burdens. In this narrative review, we first examine demand and supply of iron during early childhood, in relation to the molecular understanding of systemic iron control. We then evaluate the importance of iron for distinct aspects of physiology and development, particularly focusing on young LMIC children. We finally discuss the implications and potential for interventions aimed at improving iron status whilst minimising infection-related risks in such settings. Optimal iron intervention strategies will likely need to be individually or setting-specifically adapted according to iron deficiency, inflammation status and infection risk, while maximising iron bioavailability and considering the trade-offs between benefits and risks for different aspects of physiology. The effectiveness of alternative approaches not centred around nutritional iron interventions for children should also be thoroughly evaluated: these include direct targeting of common causes of infection/inflammation, and maternal iron administration during pregnancy.

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