scholarly journals Carcinogenicity Evaluation: Comparison of Tumor Data from Dual Control Groups in the Sprague–Dawley Rat

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Baldrick
Keyword(s):  
Vital Role ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dual Control ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Background Data ◽  
Rat Strain ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Risk Potential ◽  
Rodent Carcinogenicity

Following recent clarification in Europe that a single control group is now acceptable for rodent carcinogenicity studies, the use of dual controls may be reduced or disappear. To date, virtually nothing has been published on whether this latter situation has improved the identification of tumorigenic risk potential in these studies. In this paper, the results of 13 rat carcinogenicity studies, performed between 1991 and 2002, with 2 control groups, are presented. Although no major differences in tumor incidences between these dual control groups were found, some interstudy variation occurred. In cases where a notable difference was seen, the use of 2 control groups, as well as robust, contemporary background data, allowed an easier interpretation of findings in drug-treated groups. Thus, the continued use of dual control groups has a vital role in the assessment of tumoriogenic risk. The paper also presents an update on survival, on the range and extent of background spontaneous neoplasms, and comments on genetic drift in this commonly used rat strain.

8 Dual Control Groups in Rodent Carcinogenicity Studies

2017 ◽  
pp. 351-362
Author(s):  
Joseph Haseman ◽  
Gerald Hajian ◽  
Kenneth Crump ◽  
Murray Selwyn ◽  
Karl Peace
Keyword(s):  
Dual Control ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Rodent Carcinogenicity

scholarly journals Evaluation of clinical, histology, TNF-α, and collagen expressions on oral ulcer in rats after treatment with areca nut and chrysanthemum oral gel

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 623
Author(s):  
Liza Meutia Sari ◽  
Zaki Mubarak ◽  
Dina Keumala Sari
Keyword(s):  
Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Positive Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Areca Nut ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Tnf Α

Background: Areca nut (Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), and F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2 and positive control group (Dependent t-test, p<0.05). There were significant increases in body weight in F2 and positive control groups. There were no significant differences between groups in histology examination (Kruskal Wallis test, p<0.05). The moderate score of TNF-α levels was seen in F2 and positive control groups (ANOVA/Tukey test). Similar results were seen in the collagenases assay. Conclusions: A balanced combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

scholarly journals Intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital is associated with pain in rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Reimer ◽  
C Schuster ◽  
CG Knight ◽  
DSJ Pang ◽  
VSY Leung
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Loss Of Righting Reflex ◽  
Righting Reflex

AbstractAn effective and pain-free killing method is required to achieve the goal of euthanasia, a “good death”. Overdose of sodium pentobarbital (PB) by intraperitoneal (IP) injection is a widely accepted technique, but questions remain regarding pain associated with administration. As PB rapidly causes sedation and loss of consciousness, most studies have relied on indirect evidence of pain. The objective of this study was to assess pain associated with IP PB using an appropriate vehicle control.Adult male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) and female Wistar rats (N = 112) were block randomised by sex and strain to receive one of four treatments: 1) 800 mg/kg PB (pH 11); 2) 800 mg/kg PB with 4 mg/kg lidocaine (PB+lido); 3) saline or 4) vehicle controls (pH 11 or 12.5). Behavior (Rat Grimace Scale [RGS], writhing, back arching) was evaluated at baseline, before loss of righting reflex (PB and PB+lido groups), 80s, 151s and 10 min post-injection (PI; saline and vehicle control groups).In the vehicle control groups, the RGS scores were increased at 151s PI (SD: p = 0.0008, 95%CI −0.731 to −0.202) from baseline, as was relative frequency of writhing (SD: p < 0.00001; Wistar; p = 0.0004). RGS scores remained elevated 10 mins PI (SD: p = 0.0070, 95%CI −0.768 to −0.118; Wistar: p = 0.0236, 95%CI −0.907 to −0.0742) but the relative frequency of writhing did not (p > 0.05). The RGS scores and the relative frequency of writhing remained low in the PB, PB+lido and saline groups (p > 0.05). Back arching increased from baseline in the PB+lido group before loss of righting reflex and in the vehicle control group (SD rats) at 151s PI (p < 0.05).These results show that IP PB results in signs associated with pain. The sedative effects of PB limit behavioral assessment.

scholarly journals Biomechanical Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), the Major Constituents of Cannabis, on Tendon to Tendon Healing in a Sprague Dawley Rat Achilles Tendon Surgical Repair Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7_suppl6) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0039
Author(s):  
Chris Stauch ◽  
Brittany Ammerman ◽  
Michael Aynardi ◽  
Matthew Garner ◽  
Greg Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Tendon Healing ◽  
Tensile Load ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Load To Failure

Objectives: Use of Cannabis is common amongst athletes and the U.S. population at large. Use of Cannabinoid Oil is being increasingly utilized for a number of different pathologies, injuries, and ailments due to anecdotal evidence of its efficacy. Due to the current United States Opioid crisis, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), the two major constituents of cannabis, are currently being evaluated as potential safer alternatives to narcotic pain medicines. The effects of recreational and/or therapeutic THC and CBD on musculoskeletal injury and healing however remain largely unknown. Our purpose was to evaluate the biomechanical effects of THC and CBD on tendon to tendon healing in a Sprague Dawley Achilles Tendon injury and surgical repair model. Methods: 33 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into control (1 ml/kg/day of vehicle containing 5% Cremaphor, 5% ethanol, and 0.9% saline n=12), THC (3 mg/kg/day n = 12), or CBD (3 mg/kg/day n=9) treatment groups. Surgical transection and repair of the Achilles tendon was performed and all rats began subcutaneous administration of their respective drug treatment the day of surgery and for 4 subsequent days, followed by sacrifice. Load to failure and stiffness were calculated from load displacement data during tensile load testing on a MTS machine. One-way ANOVA with heterogeneous variance was utilized for evaluation. Means and 95% confidence intervals were also determined. Results: The CBD group demonstrated the highest mean load to failure of 17.5 N (15.1-19.8 N), with the THC group having the second highest mean load to failure at 17.3 N (15.3-19.2 N), and the control group reporting the lowest at 15.2 N (12.1-18.3 N). No statistical difference was observed between CBD/control (p = 0.25), THC/control (p = 0.29), or CBD/THC groups (p = 0.92, Figure 1A). The THC group reported the highest mean stiffness of 3.9 N/mm (2.7-5.1 N/mm). The CBD and control groups demonstrated mean stiffness values of 3.5 N/mm (2.9-4.1 N/mm) and 3.5 N (2.7-4.3 N/mm), respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between THC/control (p = 0.51), THC/CBD (p = 0.50), or CBD/control groups (p = 0.96) for stiffness (Figure 1B). Conclusion: Our investigation demonstrates that subcutaneous administration of CBD resulted in the highest mean load to failure while THC administration resulted in the highest mean stiffness of the three groups. This did not result however in a statistically significant difference between groups. In our small animal tendon-to-tendon repair model, use of THC or CBD did not result in decreased biomechanical characteristics, and there was a trend toward improved ultimate strength and stiffness as compared to control. Further evaluation with larger numbers of animals, and evaluating the potential synergistic effects of THC and CBD administered together are warranted. [Figure: see text]

Bio-Effects of Nano-Titanium Dioxide on Lungs of Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 130-135
Author(s):  
Yan Yan Zhang ◽  
Jie Tao ◽  
Pin Ting He ◽  
Yu Xin Tang ◽  
Yue Qin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Nano Tio2 ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Nano Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Risk Potential

To evaluate the acute lung toxicity of intratracheally instilled nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) in Kunming mice, healthy adult Kunming mice were randomly grouped by their body weights (5 mice in each group). The lungs of mice were intratracheally instilled with 1 mg/kg•bw or 10 mg/kg•bw of nm-TiO2. The control group was intratracheally instilled the same volume physiological brine. After exposure of 1, 7, 14 and 28 days, the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue were collected. The indexes in BAL fluid were examined. Lung tissues were assessed by histopathology. The results showed that all indexes of 10mg/kg•bw groups were obviously higher than those of the control group and the group of nano-1mg/kg•bw. Activities of LDH on the 1st, 7th, 14th and 28th day post-exposure (pe), contents of MDA on the 1st, 7th and, 14th day pe and TP on the 1st and 7th day pe as well as the amount of leukocyte on the 1st and 7th day pe of 10mg/kg•bw groups were significantly different compared with control groups (P<0.05).There were no obvious changes observed in the activity of ATP within groups (P>0.05). Histopathology found that lungs of 10mg/kg•bw groups presented great increase in pulmonary inflammation. Many TiO2 particles were still clearly found in the interstitium at 28 days pe. In contrast, low-dose instillation had a low risk potential for producing adverse pulmonary health effects. We conclude that the inflammatory reaction gradually eased after 28 days pe. Under the same experimental condition, the effect of lung injury was severer in high-dose nano-TiO2 than low-dose nano-TiO2.

scholarly journals Evaluation of clinical, histology, TNF-α, and collagen expressions on oral ulcer in rats after treatment with areca nut and chrysanthemum oral gel

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 623
Author(s):  
Liza Meutia Sari ◽  
Zaki Mubarak ◽  
Dina Keumala Sari
Keyword(s):  
Triamcinolone Acetonide ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Positive Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Areca Nut ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Tnf Α

Background: Areca nut (Areca catechu Linn.) is the seed of the fruit of the oriental palm that is commonly used among Southeast Asian communities. Chrysanthemum (Dendrathema grandiflora) is a flowering plant originating from East Asia and dominantly grows in China. Both of these plants have strong antioxidant activities. To investigate the mechanism of their wound healing activities, we prepared areca nut and chrysanthemum polyethylene oral gel and performed several in vivo assays using Sprague–Dawley rats. Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into five groups: Negative control group (rats with base gel treatment), positive control group (rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide), F1 (treatment with 20% areca nut:80% chrysanthemum), F2 (treatment with 50% areca nut:50% chrysanthemum), and F3 (treatment with 80% areca nut:20% chrysanthemum). Traumatic ulcers were performed on the buccal mucosa of all experimental animals that received topical oral gel and triamcinolone acetonide twice a day for seven days. The clinical and histological characteristics were analyzed and scored. Results: During the six days, the ulcerated area receded linearly over time and was completely cicatrized in F2, F3, and positive control group (Dependent t-test, p<0.05). There were significant increases in body weight in F2 and positive control groups. There were no significant differences between groups in histology examination (Kruskal Wallis test, p<0.05). The moderate score of TNF-α levels was seen in F2 and positive control groups (ANOVA/Tukey test, p<0.05). In the collagenases assay, a high concentration of areca nut (F3) induced the abundance of collagen during the ulcer healing process. Conclusions: The combination of areca nut and chrysanthemum extract in the oral gel can optimize the healing of traumatic oral ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats through the increase of TNF-α and collagen deposition.

scholarly journals The variability of organ weight background data in rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ephraim Gur ◽  
Trevor Waner
Keyword(s):  
Organ Weight ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Concurrent Control ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Background Data ◽  
Weight Data

The variability of organ weight data in a series of 5 control groups of Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. Differences in body weight and organ weight data were detected between the studies. Attempts to reduce the variability of organ weights by using analysis of covariance or organ to brain weight ratios were only partially successful. Factors which may influence animals under controlled conditions and result in variability between studies are discussed. It is concluded that caution is needed when considering the use of organ weight background data as a means of comparison. The findings are in agreement with other fields of study in toxicological testing, and emphasize the importance of using a concurrent control for the purpose of comparison of data.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF VITAMIN E (α-TOCOPHEROL) ADMINISTRATION ON SPERM MOTILITY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SPRAGUE DAWLEY STRAIN RATS AFTER CISPLATIN TREATMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimas Visa Aditya ◽  
Tarmono Djojodimedjo ◽  
Doddy M Soebadi
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Spermatozoa Motility ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tocopherol Isomer

Objective: To evaluate the protective effects of vitamin E α-tocopherol isomer against the toxicity of cisplatin on sperm motility and morphology in Sprague Dawley rats. Material & Methods: Twenty-four rats were grouped into four groups (n=6). The control group (CN) was injected with normal saline, second group (CP) was injected with cisplatin, the third group (P1) was injected with cisplatin and vitamin E 50 mg/kgBW for 7 weeks P.O, the fourth group (P2) was injected with cisplatin and vitamin E 200 mg/kgBW for 7 weeks P.O. Vitamin E was given from 3 weeks before cisplatin injection and 4 weeks following cisplatin injection. At 7th week, all the samples were undergoing bilateral orchidectomy. Vitamin E that being used in this study was α-tocopherol isomer. Results: Cisplatin decreased motility and morphology of spermatozoa significantly against controls. Vitamin E 50 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW significantly increased motility of spermatozoa (p<0.05) compared to those in the cisplatin group only. Vitamin E 50 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW did not have a significant difference in spermatozoa motility compare to control groups. Vitamin E 50 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW could increase the spermatozoa morphology significantly compare to those cisplatin only group. Vitamin E 50 mg/kgBW, and 200 mg/kgBW did not have a significant difference in spermatozoa morphology compared to control groups. Conclusion: α-tocopherol 50 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW provided a same protective effect against spermatozoa damage especially in motility and morphology aspect due to cisplatin exposure. Therefore, in this study it was more recommended to use α-tocopherol in 50 mg/kgBW dose than 200 mg/kgBW.

scholarly journals Intraperitoneal injection of ketamine enhances apoptosis in urothelium via autophagy in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 205873922093566
Author(s):  
Liqin Wei ◽  
Jitao Wu ◽  
Danxia Li ◽  
Zhengfei Shan
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tunel Staining ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Bladder Epithelium ◽  
Bladder Tissue ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Ketamine abusing is associated with ulcerative cystitis, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the existence of ketamine-induced symptom in a rat model and evaluate the underlining mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley rats were chosen and randomly divided into 12 groups (n = 8), such as the control group, low dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg/day), middle dose of ketamine (30 mg/kg/day) and high dose of ketamine (50 mg/kg/day) groups. The experimental groups were administrated ketamine i.p. daily, whereas the control groups were administrated with saline. After 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment, the bladder tissues were collected. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and a transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were used to evaluate the bladder epithelium pathology and urothelial apoptosis, respectively. The protein expression levels of LC3, p62, Beclin1 were assessed by Western blotting. HE staining results of the experimental rats showed the bladder tissue denudation of the urothelial epithelium with edema and congestion compared with the control groups. TUNEL staining showed a significantly higher number of apoptotic cells in experimental groups than in the control groups. The protein LC3 and Beclin1 had significantly higher levels compared with control groups. The protein p62 had lower levels compared with control groups. The expression levels correlated with contraction of ketamine and treatment time. HE staining, TUNEL staining and Western blot results showed dose-dependent, time-dependent autophage in ketamine-treated rats. All the results suggested that autophagy proteins might be involved in inflammatory response in rats.

scholarly journals Biomechanical Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), the Major Constituents of Cannabis, in a Sprague Dawley Rat Achilles Tendon Surgical Repair Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0008
Author(s):  
Chris M. Stauch ◽  
Brittany Ammerman ◽  
Diana E. Sepulveda ◽  
Michael C. Aynardi ◽  
Matthew Garner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Tensile Load ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Load To Failure

Category: Sports; Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: Use of Cannabis is common amongst athletes and the U.S. population at large. Use of Cannabinoid Oil is being increasingly utilized for a number of different pathologies, injuries, and ailments due to anecdotal evidence of its efficacy. Due to the current United States Opioid crisis, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD), the two major constituents of cannabis, are currently being evaluated as potential safer alternatives to narcotic pain medicines. The effects of recreational and/or therapeutic THC and CBD on musculoskeletal injury and healing however remain largely unknown. Our purpose was to evaluate the biomechanical effects of THC and CBD on tendon to tendon healing in a Sprague Dawley Achilles Tendon injury and surgical repair model. Methods: 33 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into control (1 ml/kg/day of vehicle containing 5% Cremaphor, 5% ethanol, and 0.9% saline n=12), THC (3 mg/kg/day n = 12), or CBD (3 mg/kg/day n=9) treatment groups. Surgical transection and repair of the Achilles tendon was performed and all rats began subcutaneous administration of their respective drug treatment the day of surgery and for 4 subsequent days, followed by sacrifice. Load to failure and stiffness were calculated from load displacement data during tensile load testing on a MTS machine. One-way ANOVA with heterogeneous variance was utilized for evaluation. Means and 95% confidence intervals were also determined. Results: The CBD group demonstrated the highest mean load to failure of 17.5 N (15.1-19.8 N), with the THC group having the second highest mean load to failure at 17.3 N (15.3-19.2 N), and the control group reporting the lowest at 15.2 N (12.1-18.3 N). No statistical difference was observed between CBD/control (p = 0.25), THC/control (p = 0.29), or CBD/THC groups (p = 0.92, Figure 1A). The THC group reported the highest mean stiffness of 3.9 N/mm (2.7-5.1 N/mm). The CBD and control groups demonstrated mean stiffness values of 3.5 N/mm (2.9-4.1 N/mm) and 3.5 N (2.7-4.3 N/mm), respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between THC/control (p = 0.51), THC/CBD (p = 0.50), or CBD/control groups (p = 0.96) for stiffness (Figure 1B). Conclusion: Our investigation demonstrates that subcutaneous administration of CBD resulted in the highest mean load to failure, while THC administration resulted in the highest mean stiffness of the three groups. This did not result however in a statistically significant difference between groups. In our small animal tendon-to-tendon repair model, use of THC or CBD did not result in decreased biomechanical characteristics, and there was a trend toward improved ultimate strength and stiffness as compared to control. Further evaluation with larger numbers of animals, and evaluating the potential synergistic effects of THC and CBD administered together are warranted.

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