Gender hierarchy or religious androgyny? Male-Female interaction in the Corinthian community – a reading of 1 Cor. 11,2–16

2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-80
Author(s):  
Birgitte Graakjær Hjort
Keyword(s):  
Gender Hierarchy

Hostility Toward Men and the Perceived Stability of Male Dominance

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Glick ◽  
Jessica Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
The Stability

Two studies examined how ambivalent gender ideologies, measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (AMI), relate to the perceived legitimacy and stability of gender hierarchy. Study 1 showed simple correlations of each ASI and AMI subscale with the perceived legitimacy of gender hierarchy, but only Hostility Toward Men (HM: A traditional, but unflattering view of men as domineering) predicted the perceived stability of gender hierarchy. In Study 2, experimentally priming HM (but not other gender ideologies) increased perceptions of the stability of gender hierarchy. Although HM derides men for acting in a domineering manner, it characterizes men as designed for dominance. By reinforcing the perceived stability of gender hierarchy, HM may undermine women’s motivation to seek change.

Muslim Reformists, Female Citizenship, and the Public Accommodation of Islam in Liberal Democracy

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Fadel
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Political Equality ◽  
The Public ◽  
European Court ◽  
Margin Of Appreciation ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
Normative Justification

AbstractThe European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), in a trilogy of cases involving Muslim claimants, has granted state parties to the European Convention on Human Rights a wide margin of appreciation with respect to the regulation of public manifestations of Islam. The ECHR has justified its decisions in these cases on the grounds that Islamic symbols, such as the ḥijāb, or Muslim commitments to the shari‘a — Islamic law — are inconsistent with the democratic order of Europe. This article raises the question of what kinds of commitments to gender equality and democratic decision-making are sufficient for a democratic order, and whether modernist Islamic teachings manifest a satisfactory normative commitment in this regard. It uses the arguments of two modern Muslim reformist scholars — Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī and ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm Abū Shuqqa — as evidence to argue that if the relevant degree of commitment to gender equality is understood from the perspective of political rather than comprehensive liberalism, doctrines such as those elaborated by these two religious scholars evidence sufficient commitment to the value of political equality between men and women. This makes less plausible the ECHR's arguments justifying a different treatment of Muslims on account of alleged Islamic commitments to gender hierarchy. It also argues that in light of Muslim modernist conceptions of the shari‘a, there is no normative justification to conclude that faithfulness to the shari‘a entails a categorical rejection of democracy as the ECHR suggested.

Borrowing from Femininity: The Caring Man, Hybrid Masculinities, and Maintaining Male Dominance

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Eisen ◽  
Liann Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Symbolic Boundaries ◽  
Cultural Representations ◽  
Gender Hierarchy

Prevalent cultural representations of masculinity depict men as aggressive, emotionally distant individuals whose hard and muscular bodies epitomize these traits. These traditional representations of masculinity have also been linked to sexism and male dominance, which has encouraged many men to distance themselves from these representations. This study employed grounded theory methods to analyze interviews with twenty-five men about their understanding and construction of their masculinity. The analysis revealed that some men construct a hybrid masculinity by describing themselves as caring or being in touch with their feminine side to create social distance between themselves and men who adhere to traditional representations of masculinity. While men incorporated what they viewed as feminine characteristics into their identities, they reinforced, rather than challenged, the symbolic boundaries of gender and the resulting gender hierarchy. Ultimately, the men in this study were able to co-opt the language of caring to gain more prestige while reinforcing gender inequality and male dominance.

The Construction of Women’s Positions in Sport: A Textual Analysis of Articles on Female Athletes in Finnish Women’s Magazines

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riitta M. Pirinen
Keyword(s):  
Textual Analysis ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Women's Magazines ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
Media Texts ◽  
Ideological Construction

This study analyzed the treatment of female athletes in Finnish women’s magazines. The purpose was to examine how media representations constructed hierarchic relations between women. Furthermore, the aim was to examine how the construction and legitimation of the hierarchy between women and the gender hierarchy are interwoven with each other. Finally, the study discussed the possibilities to challenge, resist, and transform the ideological construction of these hierarchic relations. Briefly, the study demonstrated the ways in which media texts may both construct disempowering positions and also offer recourses of empowering positions for women.

Sexism and Gender Inequality Across 57 Societies

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1413-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
And Gender

Theory predicts that individuals’ sexism serves to exacerbate inequality in their society’s gender hierarchy. Past research, however, has provided only correlational evidence to support this hypothesis. In this study, I analyzed a large longitudinal data set that included representative data from 57 societies. Multilevel modeling showed that sexism directly predicted increases in gender inequality. This study provides the first evidence that sexist ideologies can create gender inequality within societies, and this finding suggests that sexism not only legitimizes the societal status quo, but also actively enhances the severity of the gender hierarchy. Three potential mechanisms for this effect are discussed briefly.

Contexts and structures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lake
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Economic Exchange ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
Political Narratives ◽  
Institutional Structures

This introductory chapter provides an outline of some of the ideological, political, and institutional structures and contexts within which the plays under discussion in this study were produced and consumed. Shakespeare's stagings of history were peculiarly intense in their concentration on the doings of kings and princes. In an emergently absolutist personal monarchy and during a period in which issues of succession and legitimacy were much on people's minds, plays that were so insistently about kings and queens were also quintessentially political plays. As a great deal of recent work has shown, such political concerns could well structure and, in their turn, be structured by, parallel sets of concerns and beliefs about the workings of the social order and the gender hierarchy. Political narratives then became useful ways to figure and interrogate the dynamics of economic exchange and value determined by the market or the workings of the gender hierarchy.

Gender Based Violence in South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Audrey Namdiero-Walsh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Masculine Identity ◽  
Violent Behaviour ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
The Common ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

In Africa, and elsewhere, no unified masculine identity exists. However, in all societies, there are expectations about how male child and adult should act and behave. Each society determines gender roles and meanings of violent acts; and these meanings also vary depending on the context. This paper presents an overview on the common male child’s socialization practices in South Africa and how these contribute to a gender hierarchy that sees women as subordinate and even perpetuate violent behaviour against women. Using South Africa as example, where one of the world’s highest rates of violent crime and gender-based violence is recorded, this paper examines the association between apartheid’s racist and violent policies and existing masculine identities.

Reading Milton through a Feminist Jungian Lens

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Roula-Maria Dib
Keyword(s):  
Paradise Lost ◽  
Feminist Perspective ◽  
Positive View ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
Novel Reading ◽  
Initial Reading ◽  
The Way

Abstract My article re-reads John Milton’s Paradise Lost through a feminist post-Jungian perspective; the study will observe the implications of contemporary Jungian critical approaches toward Milton’s portrayal of Eve, who helps Adam find ‘a paradise within …, happier far’ (PL 12. 587). I will first highlight the negative portrayal of an evil, intellectually inferior Eve in Paradise Lost, and ultimately re-reading the poem—and the role of Eve in it—from the perspective of a feminist Jung. The initial reading of Paradise Lost, in which Eve was regarded as inferior and complementary to Adam, reflects Jung’s criticized notion that the anima’s role is to complement a man’s psychology. This, however, can be read differently through a post-Jungian feminist perspective. From this new viewpoint, Eve can be regarded as Adam’s equal, rather than an inferior company, and a catalyst in their ‘coniunctio’, in which they both individuate (rather than Eve, the anima be subservient to Adam’s individuation) in Paradise Lost. Despite the vast differences between John Milton’s and Carl Jung’s cultural and historical backgrounds, this novel reading of Paradise Lost in context of revisions to Jung’s anima theory and theory of individuation offers a more positive view on the poet’s depiction of Eve in keeping with more recent developments in Milton scholarship, which have drawn attention to the way the text questions conventions of gender hierarchy and patriarchy.

Commentary

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-54
Author(s):  
Florence E. Babb
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Scholarly Research ◽  
Rural Sector ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
And Migration

This commentary examines the pioneering research on Andean women that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. This researchtended toward two divergent poles. The first consists ofanalyses, like the author’s on the community of Vicos, that emphasized the “complementarity” of gender roles in the rural sector and suggested that a gender hierarchy was the result of externallyimposed ideas and practices, whether from colonialism or contemporary urban culture. The second pole consists of analyses that, in contrast, held that patriarchal relations were rooted in “traditional” rural communities and would be altered only with “modernization.”In many ways, the initial debates on the lives and prospects of Andean women set an agenda whose traces may be seen to extend through the present, even if the pace of scholarly research in Peru’s rural sector slowed during the 1980s as a consequence of the conflict and violence in the country that cost nearly seventy thousand lives. Babb was among a very small number of researchers who continued work on the Peruvian Andes (and migration to the coast) in that turbulent decade.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Samantha Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Women Poets ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Social Spaces ◽  
Gender Hierarchy ◽  
Cultural Interest ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Key Terms

Virginia Woolf dismissed Byron’s early poetry as ‘album stuff’ and critics have assumed album poetry is inherently unoriginal and imitative. The introduction challenges these received ideas by laying out the aesthetic and cultural interest of this neglected hybrid, protean form designed to be read and circulated in manuscript, and which developed its own poetic language, generic conventions, and common themes. Writers of album poetry range from canonical Romantic poets, women poets, society poets, to amateurs, and albums create social spaces where different views of gender, hierarchy, and poetry clash. ‘Albo-mania’ has been seen as a phenomenon of the 1820s. The introduction traces the fashion’s origins in the 1780s, defines and contextualizes key terms ‘album verse’ and ‘album’, while analysis of Byron’s ‘Written in an Album’ (1812) lays out the characteristics and creative possibilities of album poetry examined in the six case studies which follow.

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