Effects of water‐soluble constituents of plant residues on water uptake by seeds

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1321-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Krogmeier ◽  
J. M. Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Residues

scholarly journals Secondary aerosol formation promotes water uptake by organic-rich wildfire haze particles in Equatorial Asia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chen ◽  
Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini ◽  
Takuma Miyakawa ◽  
Yuichi Komazaki ◽  
Mikinori Kuwata
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Submicron Particles ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
Soluble Organic Fraction ◽  
Haze Episode

Abstract. Diameter growth factors (GF) of 100 nm haze particles at 85 % relative humidity and chemical characteristics were simultaneously monitored at Singapore in October 2015 during a pervasive wildfire haze episode, which was caused by peatland burning in Indonesia. Non-refractory submicron particles (NR-PM1) were dominated by organics (approximating 77.1 % in total mass), whereas sulfate was the most abundant inorganic constituent (11.7 % on average). A statistical analysis of the organic mass spectra showed that most of organics (36.0 % of NR-PM1 mass) were highly oxygenated. Diurnal variations of GF, number fraction of highly hygroscopic mode particles, mass fraction of sulfate, and mass fraction of oxygenated organics (OOA) synchronized well, peaking during daytime. The mean hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of haze particles was 0.189 ± 0.087, and mean κ values of organics were 0.157 ± 0.108 (κorg, bulk organics) and 0.287 ± 0.193 (κOOA, OOA), demonstrating the important roles of both sulfate and highly oxygenated organics in hygroscopic growth of wildfire haze particles. κorg was also affected by the water-soluble organic fraction to some extent. These results show the importance of secondary formation processes in promoting water uptake properties of wildfire haze particles, including both inorganic and organic species. Further detailed size-resolved as well as molecular level chemical information of organics will be necessary for more profound exploration of water uptake by wildfire haze particles in Equatorial Asia.

scholarly journals On the implications of aerosol liquid water and phase separation for organic aerosol mass

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Havala O. T. Pye ◽  
Benjamin N. Murphy ◽  
Lu Xu ◽  
Nga L. Ng ◽  
Annmarie G. Carlton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Nitrates ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Chemical Transport Model

Abstract. Organic compounds and liquid water are major aerosol constituents in the southeast United States (SE US). Water associated with inorganic constituents (inorganic water) can contribute to the partitioning medium for organic aerosol when relative humidities or organic matter to organic carbon (OM ∕ OC) ratios are high such that separation relative humidities (SRH) are below the ambient relative humidity (RH). As OM ∕ OC ratios in the SE US are often between 1.8 and 2.2, organic aerosol experiences both mixing with inorganic water and separation from it. Regional chemical transport model simulations including inorganic water (but excluding water uptake by organic compounds) in the partitioning medium for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) when RH  >  SRH led to increased SOA concentrations, particularly at night. Water uptake to the organic phase resulted in even greater SOA concentrations as a result of a positive feedback in which water uptake increased SOA, which further increased aerosol water and organic aerosol. Aerosol properties, such as the OM ∕ OC and hygroscopicity parameter (κorg), were captured well by the model compared with measurements during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) 2013. Organic nitrates from monoterpene oxidation were predicted to be the least water-soluble semivolatile species in the model, but most biogenically derived semivolatile species in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model were highly water soluble and expected to contribute to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Organic aerosol and SOA precursors were abundant at night, but additional improvements in daytime organic aerosol are needed to close the model–measurement gap. When taking into account deviations from ideality, including both inorganic (when RH  >  SRH) and organic water in the organic partitioning medium reduced the mean bias in SOA for routine monitoring networks and improved model performance compared to observations from SOAS. Property updates from this work will be released in CMAQ v5.2.

scholarly journals Hygroscopic behavior of atmospheric aerosols containing nitrates and water-soluble organic acids

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Jing ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Fang Tan ◽  
Yucong Guo ◽  
Shengrui Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Mass Transfer Limitation ◽  
Continuous Growth

Abstract. While nitrates have critical impacts on environmental effects of atmospheric aerosols, the effects of coexisting species on hygroscopicity of nitrates remain uncertain. The hygroscopic behaviors of nitrate aerosols (NH4NO3, NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2) and their internal mixtures with water soluble organic acids at varying mass ratios were determined using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA). The nitrate/organic acid mixed aerosols exhibit varying phase behavior and hygroscopic growth depending upon the type of components in the particles. Whereas pure nitrate particles show continuous water uptake with increasing RH, the deliquescence transition is still observed for ammonium nitrate particles internally mixed with organic acids such as oxalic acid and succinic acid with a high deliquescence point. The hygroscopicity of submicron aerosols containing sodium nitrate and an organic acid is also characterized by continuous growth, indicating that sodium nitrate tends to exist in a liquid-like state under dry conditions. It is observed that in contrast to the pure components the water uptake is hindered at low and moderate RH for calcium nitrate particles containing malonic acid or phthalic acid, suggesting the potential effects of mass transfer limitation in highly viscous mixed systems. Our findings improve fundamental understanding of the phase behavior and water uptake of nitrate-containing aerosols in the atmospheric environment.

scholarly journals Size-dependent activation of aerosols into cloud droplets at a subarctic background site during the second Pallas Cloud Experiment (2nd PaCE): method development and data evaluation

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 4841-4854 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Anttila ◽  
P. Vaattovaara ◽  
M. Komppula ◽  
A.-P. Hyvärinen ◽  
H. Lihavainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Mixing State ◽  
Cloud Droplets ◽  
Important Conclusion ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Background Site

Abstract. In situ measurements of aerosol water uptake and activation of aerosols into cloud droplets provide information on how aerosols influence the microphysical properties of clouds. Here we present a computational scheme that can be used in connection with such measurements to assess the influence of the particle hygroscopicity and mixing state (in terms of the water uptake) on the cloud nucleating ability of particles. Additionally, it provides an estimate for the peak supersaturation of water vapour reached during the formation of the observed cloud(s). The method was applied in interpreting results of a measurement campaign that focused on aerosol-cloud interactions taking place at a subarctic background site located in Northern Finland (second Pallas Cloud Experiment, 2nd PaCE). A set of case studies was conducted, and the observed activation behavior could be successfully explained by a maximum supersaturation that varied between 0.18 and 0.26% depending on the case. In these cases, the diameter corresponding to the activated fraction of 50% was in the range of 110–140 nm, and the particles were only moderately water soluble with hygroscopic growth factors varying between 1.1 and 1.4. The conducted analysis showed that the activated fractions and the total number of particles acting as CCN are expected to be highly sensitive to the particle hygroscopic growth properties. For example, the latter quantity varied over a factor between 1.8 and 3.1, depending on the case, when the mean hygroscopic growth factors were varied by 10%. Another important conclusion is that size-dependent activation profiles carries information on the mixing state of particles.

Germination–lysis as a mechanism for biological control of Thielaviopsis basicola pathogenic on soybean

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (13) ◽  
pp. 1499-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sneh ◽  
B. F. Holdaway ◽  
G. R. Hooper ◽  
J. L. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Green Plant ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Chlamydospore Germination

Amending soil with alfalfa hay or other dried, green plant residues stimulated chlamydospore germination of Thielaviopsis basicola. Within 3 to 6 days the germ tubes lysed resulting in the decline in viable chlamydospores and of disease severity of soybean seedlings planted in amended soil. When chlamydospores were added immediately after the amendment, maximum germination was recorded after 2 days. The number of spores with germ tubes declined to zero after 6 days as a result of lysis. Incubation of alfalfa in soil for 1 or more days before chlamydospores were added reduced or nullified the effect of the amendment. Water-soluble substances from alfalfa hay, including carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids, were more stimulatory and caused greater decline in chlamydospore population than ether or chloroform-methanol-soluble substances.

scholarly journals Chemical composition, microstructure, and hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO), Siberia, during a summer campaign

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (15) ◽  
pp. 8847-8869 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Mikhailov ◽  
G. N. Mironov ◽  
C. Pöhlker ◽  
X. Chi ◽  
M. L. Krüger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Organic Coating ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Submicron Particles ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Accumulation Mode ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties ◽  
Coarse Mode

Abstract. In this study we describe the hygroscopic properties of accumulation- and coarse-mode aerosol particles sampled at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) in central Siberia (61° N, 89° E) from 16 to 21 June 2013. The hygroscopic growth measurements were supplemented with chemical analyses of the samples, including inorganic ions and organic/elemental carbon. In addition, the microstructure and chemical compositions of aerosol particles were analyzed by x-ray micro-spectroscopy (STXM-NEXAFS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A mass closure analysis indicates that organic carbon accounted for 61 and 38 % of particulate matter (PM) in the accumulation mode and coarse mode, respectively. The water-soluble fraction of organic matter was estimated to be 52 and 8 % of PM in these modes. Sulfate, predominantly in the form of ammoniated sulfate, was the dominant inorganic component in both size modes: ~ 34 % in the accumulation mode vs. ~ 47 % in the coarse mode. The hygroscopic growth measurements were conducted with a filter-based differential hygroscopicity analyzer (FDHA) over the range of 5–99.4 % RH in the hydration and dehydration operation modes. The FDHA study indicates that both accumulation and coarse modes exhibit pronounced water uptake approximately at the same relative humidity (RH), starting at ~ 70 %, while efflorescence occurred at different humidities, i.e., at ~ 35 % RH for submicron particles vs. ~ 50 % RH for supermicron particles. This ~ 15 % RH difference was attributed to higher content of organic material in the submicron particles, which suppresses water release in the dehydration experiments. The kappa mass interaction model (KIM) was applied to characterize and parameterize non-ideal solution behavior and concentration-dependent water uptake by atmospheric aerosol samples in the 5–99.4 % RH range. Based on KIM, the volume-based hygroscopicity parameter, κv, was calculated. The κv,ws value related to the water-soluble (ws) fraction was estimated to be ~ 0.15 for the accumulation mode and ~ 0.36 for the coarse mode, respectively. The obtained κv,ws for the accumulation mode is in good agreement with earlier data reported for remote sites in the Amazon rain forest (κv ≈ 0.15) and a Colorado mountain forest (κv ≈ 0.16 ). We used the Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson (ZSR) mixing rule to predict the chemical composition dependent hygroscopicity, κv,p. The obtained κv,p values overestimate the experimental FDHA-KIM-derived κv,ws by factors of 1.8 and 1.5 for the accumulation and coarse modes, respectively. This divergence can be explained by incomplete dissolution of the hygroscopic inorganic compounds resulting from kinetic limitations due to a sparingly soluble organic coating. The TEM and STXM-NEXAFS results indicate that aged submicron (> 300 nm) and supermicron aerosol particles possess core–shell structures with an inorganic core, and are enriched in organic carbon at the mixed particle surface. The direct FDHA kinetic studies provide a bulk diffusion coefficient of water of ~ 10−12 cm2 s−1 indicating a semi-solid state of the organic-rich phase leading to kinetic limitations of water uptake and release during hydration and dehydration cycles. Overall, the present ZOTTO data set, obtained in the growing season, has revealed a strong influence of organic carbon on the hygroscopic properties of the ambient aerosols. The sparingly soluble organic coating controls hygroscopic growth, phase transitions, and microstructural rearrangement processes. The observed kinetic limitations can strongly influence the outcome of experiments performed on multi-second timescales, such as the commonly applied HTDMA (Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer) and CCNC (Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter) measurements.

scholarly journals SINTESA DAN KARAKTERISASI HIDROGEL SUPER ABSORBEN POLIMER (SAP) BERBASIS SELULOSA MENGGUNAKAN CROSSLINKING AGENT WATER-SOLUBLE CARBODIIMIDE (WSC)

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lik Anah ◽  
Nuri Astrini
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Monomer Concentration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Cellulose ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Absorbent Polymer

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) were used as raw materials for synthesizing a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) hydrogel by solution polymerization techniques using of 2.5% water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC) as crosslinking agent and 1% citric acid as catalysator. The  ratio of CMCNa to HEC at 1 : 1; 3 : 1; 5 : 1 and 10 : 1 were used as variable of process. The effect of monomer concentration on water absorbency and water uptake was studied. The swelling test showed that the highest water retention capacity (6.58 g/g) was reached at ratio CMCNa to HEC = 5 : 1 in 100 minutes and the deswelling test ( 61.47%) was reached at ratio CMCNa to HEC = 5 :1 in 120 minutes. PPA absorb hydrogel was used as standard with equilibrium swelling 123 g/g. The SAP hydrogel were characterized by infra red spectroscopy, and the result showed that there were some of structural changes in height of few bands of hydrophylic groups such as =C-H at 2930 cm-1, C-H antisym and sym at 2875 cm-1, H-bonded –OH at 2375 cm-1, -COO- antisym at 1600 cm-1 whereas C-O at 1025 cm-1.Keywords: hydrogel, SAP, swelling, crosslinking, WSCABSTRAKSuper Absorbent Polymer (SAP) hydrogel yang disintesa melalui proses polimerisasi Carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa), Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC) menggunakan Water- soluble Carbodiimide (WSC) sebagai crosslinking agent telah dilakukan melalui teknik polimerisasi larutan (solution polimerization techniques). Pada percobaan awal telah ditetapkan konsentrasi monomer sebagai variabel proses yaitu CMCNa / HEC rasio = 1:1, 3:1, 5:1, 10:1 dan masing- masing rasio direaksikan dengan 2,5 % WSC dan 1 % asam sitrat sebagai katalisator. Pengaruh konsentrasi monomer diiuji dari kemampuan hasil gel yang terbentuk dalam menyerap dan mengikat air (water uptake) yang divisualisasikan sebagai swelling dan deswelling ratio. Hasil uji swelling menunjukkan bahwa derajat swelling tertinggi dicapai pada rasio CMCNa / HEC = 5:1 dalam waktu 100 menit dengan derajat swelling = 6,58 g/g. Hidrogel PPA absorb komersial digunakan sebagai standar pembanding dengan derajat swelling 123 g/g. Hasil uji deswelling menunjukkan bahwa persentase retensi air dalam gel adalah 61,47 % untuk rasio CMCNa / HEC = 5:1 pada 120 menit. Hasil karakterisasi gugus fungsi melalui analisis FTIR menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan nyata antara selulosa awal dengan selulosa yang direaksikan dengan WSC. Pita serapan tajam untuk gugus fungsi =C-H berada pada bilangan gelombang 2930 cm-1 dan C-H antisym dan sym terjadi pada 2875 cm-1, H-bonded-OH pada 2375 cm-1, gugus fungsi –COO- antisym berada pada bilangan gelombang 1600 cm-1, dan C-O terjadi pada 1025 cm-1.Kata kunci: hidrogel, SAP, swelling, crosslinking, WSC

scholarly journals Taxonomic structure of the southern chernozem under application of biological preparations and different farming systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (3) ◽  
pp. 032011
Author(s):  
T N Melnichuk ◽  
S F Abdurashytov ◽  
A Yu Egovtseva ◽  
E R Abdurashytova ◽  
E N Turin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Taxonomic Structure ◽  
Virgin Soil ◽  
No Till ◽  
Southern Chernozem

Abstract The study of the taxonomic structure of the southern chernozem under influence of microbial preparations and various farming systems in the conditions of the southern steppe zone has been carried out. Metagenomic analysis of the microbiome of southern chernozem showed the presence of 174 genera representatives of prokaryotes, among which 17 are dominant, representing more than 1%. Farming systems cause changes in the taxonomic structure of the microbiome in comparison with virgin soil in the steppe zone. The influence of microbial preparations of complex action on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiome of southern chernozem and increasing under no-till farming system has been established. The maximum content of water-soluble organic matter was found in virgin soil, which has higher amount of plant residues, up to 491 mg/kg of soil. Under the influence of farming systems its amount decreased in 4.2-8.5 times. The use of a complex of microbial preparations in the southern chernozem contributed to an increase in the amount of water-soluble fraction of humus depending on the farming system: 1.7 times with the conventional farming system and 3 times with no-till compared to the control without CMP.

Denitrification induced by plant residues is driven by water-soluble organic carbon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronny Surey ◽  
Corinna M. Schimpf ◽  
Leopold Sauheitl ◽  
Carsten W. Mueller ◽  
Pauline S. Rummel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Anoxic Conditions ◽  
Potential Denitrification ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Extractable Organic Matter ◽  
Water Extractable

<p>Denitrification usually takes place under anoxic conditions and over short periods of time and depends on readily available nitrate and carbon sources. Variations in CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from soils amended with plant residues have mainly been explained by differences in their decomposability. Another factor rarely considered so far is water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) released into soil during residue decomposition. Here, we examined the potential effect of plant residues on denitrification with special emphasis on WEOM. A range of fresh and leached plant residues was characterized by elemental analyses, <sup>13</sup>C-NMR spectroscopy, and extraction with ultrapure water. The obtained solutions were analyzed for the concentration of organic carbon (OC), organic nitrogen (ON), and by UV-VIS spectroscopy. To test the potential denitrification induced by plant residues or three different OM solutions, these carbon sources were added to soil suspensions and incubated for 24 hours at 20 °C in the dark under anoxic conditions; KNO<sub>3</sub> was added to ensure unlimited nitrate supply. Evolving N<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> were analyzed by gas chromatography and acetylene inhibition was used to determine denitrification and its product ratio. The production of all gases as well as the molar N<sub>2</sub>O+N<sub>2</sub>-N/CO<sub>2</sub>-C ratio was directly related to the water-extractable OC (WEOC) content of the plant residues and the WEOC increased with carboxylic/carbonyl C and decreasing OC/ON ratios of the plant residues. Incubation of OM solutions revealed that the molar N<sub>2</sub>O+N<sub>2</sub>-N/CO<sub>2</sub>-C ratio and share of N<sub>2</sub>O are influenced by the WEOM’s chemical composition. In conclusion, the effect of plant residues on potential denitrification is governed by their composition and the related production of WEOM.</p>

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