scholarly journals Excess dietary iodine intake in long-term African refugees

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J Seal ◽  
Paul I Creeke ◽  
Daniella Gnat ◽  
Fathia Abdalla ◽  
Zahra Mirghani
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Iodine Excretion

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the iodine status of long-term refugees dependent on international food aid and humanitarian assistance.DesignA series of cross-sectional two-stage cluster or systematic random sample surveys which assessed urinary iodine excretion and the prevalence of visible goitre. Salt samples were also collected and tested for iodine content by titration.SettingSix refugee camps in East, North and Southern Africa.SubjectsMale and female adolescents aged 10–19 years.Main resultsThe median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) ranged from 254 to 1200 μg l−1 and in five of the camps exceeded the recommended maximum limit of 300 μg l−1, indicating excessive iodine intake. Visible goitre was assessed in four surveys where it ranged from 0.0 to 7.1%. The camp with the highest UIC also had the highest prevalence of visible goitre. The iodine concentrations in 11 salt samples from three camps were measured by titration and six of these exceeded the production-level concentration of 20 to 40 ppm recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), but were all less than 100 ppm.ConclusionsExcessive consumption of iodine is occurring in most of the surveyed populations. Urgent revision of the level of salt iodisation is required to meet current WHO recommendations. However, the full cause of excessive iodine excretion remains unknown and further investigation is required urgently to identify the cause, assess any health impact and identify remedial action.

scholarly journals Urinary iodine excretion in urine samples among children in Dang district, Gujarat

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 2339
Author(s):  
Rahul Damor ◽  
Jatin Chhaya ◽  
Sukesha Gamit ◽  
Jayant Patel ◽  
J. K. Kosambiya
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Background: Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for normal human growth and development as it is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones produced by thyroid glands. The sicknesses occurred due to deficiencies of iodine in the nutrition are termed iodine deficiency disorders. Urinary iodine concentration is the prime indicator of a person’s nutritional iodine status. So, the aim of this study was to assess the status of iodine deficiency based on median urinary iodine excretion.Methods: Community based cross sectional study was carried out among purposively selected primary schools of the Dang district. All students between the age group of 6 to 12 years who were present on the day of visit were included in the study. A total 387 urine samples were collected during the period of August 2015 to September 2016.Results: Based on median urinary iodine excretion, among total analysed samples, about 6.5% samples confirmed severe iodine deficiency, 22% samples showed moderate iodine deficiency and about 36% samples indicated mild iodine deficiency. About one third (31.3%) samples suggested optimum iodine intake. Only few samples (4.4%) revealed more than required iodine intake.Conclusions: About one third (31.3%) of the surveyed population had adequate iodine intake while majority (64.4%) of them had inadequate iodine intake. 

Current iodine status in Japan: A cross-sectional nationwide survey of schoolchildren, 2014–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yozen Fuse ◽  
Yoshiya Ito ◽  
Yoshimasa Shishiba ◽  
Minoru Irie
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Cr Concentration

Abstract Context Japan has been regarded as a long-standing iodine sufficient country without iodine fortification; however, data on nationwide iodine status is lacking. Objective This study aimed to characterize the iodine status in Japan. Methods From 2014 through 2019 a nationwide school-based survey was conducted across all districts in Japan. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), creatinine (Cr) concentration and anthropometry were assessed in healthy school-aged children (SAC) aged 6 to 12 years. Their iodine status is regarded as generally representative of the nation's iodine status. Results A total of 32,025 children participated. The overall median UIC was 269 μg/L which was within the WHO’s adequacy range. There was a regional difference in UIC values within 14 regions, and the lowest and highest median UIC were found in Tanegashima Island (209 μg/L) and Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido (1,071 μg/L), respectively. The median UIC ≥ 300 μg/L was observed in 12 out of 46 regions. By using estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE), the prevalence of SAC exceeding the upper tolerable limit of iodine for Japanese children was from 5.2 to 13.7%. The UIC values did not change with age, BSA and BMI percentile, while the Cr concentration simultaneously increased suggesting the effect of urinary creatinine on UI/Cr and estimated 24-h UIE values. Conclusions The iodine intake of Japanese people is adequate, but in some areas it is excessive. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid disorders associated with iodine intake should be obtained especially in the areas where high amounts of iodine are consumed.

scholarly journals Iodine Excretion and Intake in Women of Reproductive Age in South Australia Eating Plant-Based and Omnivore Diets: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3547
Author(s):  
Jane S. Whitbread ◽  
Karen J. Murphy ◽  
Peter M. Clifton ◽  
Jennifer B. Keogh
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Women consuming a strictly vegan/plant-based diet may be at increased risk of low iodine intake due to avoidance of animal products containing iodine. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the iodine excretion and intake in women consuming vegan/plant based diets compared with women consuming omnivore diets. Fifty-seven women (n = 31 plant-based, n = 26 omnivores), provided two spot urine samples to assess urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Two days of dietary intake were also recorded by participants. As the data were not normally distributed results are reported as median (IQR). UIC was significantly different between groups, 44 (26–66) µg/L in the vegan/plant-based group versus 64 (40–88) µg/L in omnivores (p < 0.05). UIC did not meet the >100 µg/L level recommended by the World Health Organization. Iodine intake was also significantly different, 78 (62–91) µg/day in the vegan/plant-based group and 125 (86–175) µg/day in the omnivores (p = 0.000). Iodine intake and bread intake were correlated with iodine excretion (CC 0.410–4.11, p = 0.003). These data indicate iodine insufficiency in both groups of women as the median values were below the minimum WHO recommendation. A larger study assessing iodine excretion in the Australian women of reproductive age who are not pregnant or breastfeeding is needed to confirm these findings.

scholarly journals Chronic iodine excess does not increase the incidence of hyperthyroidism: a prospective community-based epidemiological survey in China

2007 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Yang ◽  
Zhongyan Shan ◽  
Xiaochun Teng ◽  
Yushu Li ◽  
Haixia Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Excessive Iodine Intake

Objective: An increasing incidence of hyperthyroidism has been observed when iodine supplementation has been introduced to an iodine-deficient population. Moreover, the influence of chronic more than adequate or excessive iodine intake on the epidemiological features of hyperthyroidism has not been widely and thoroughly described. To investigate the influences of different iodine intake levels on the incidence of hyperthyroidism, we conducted a prospective community-based survey in three communities with mild-deficient, more than adequate (previously mild deficient iodine intake), and excessive iodine intake. Subjects and methods: In three rural Chinese communities, a total of 3761 unselected inhabitants aged above 13 years participated in the original investigation and 3018 of them received identical examinations after 5 years. Thyroid function, levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody and urinary iodine excretion were measured and thyroid ultrasound examination was also performed. Results: In three communities, median urinary iodine excretion was 88, 214, and 634 μg/l (P<0.05) respectively. The cumulative incidence of hyperthyroidism was 1.4, 0.9, and 0.8% (P>0.05) respectively. Autoimmune hyperthyroidism was predominant in thyroid hyperfunction in all the three cohorts. Either positive TPOAb (>50 U/ml) or goiter in original healthy participants was associated with the occurrence of unsuspected hyperthyroidism in 5 years (logistic regression, OR=4.2 (95% CI 1.7–8.8) for positive TPOAb, OR=3.1 (95% CI 1.4–6.8) for goiter). Conclusion: Iodine supplementation may not induce an increase in hyperthyroidism in a previously mildly iodine-deficient population. Chronic iodine excess does not apparently increase the risk of autoimmune hyperthyroidism, suggesting that excessive iodine intake may not be an environmental factor involved in the occurrence of autoimmune hyperthyroidism.

scholarly journals Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women in a Private Clinical Practice in Northwestern Sydney before Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Blumenthal ◽  
Karen Byth ◽  
Creswell J. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aim. The primary objective of the study was to assess the iodine nutritional status, and its effect on thyroid function, of pregnant women in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney.Methods. It was a cross-sectional study undertaken between November 2007 and March 2009. Blood samples were taken from 367 women at their first antenatal visit between 7 and 11 weeks gestation for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels and spot urine samples for urinary iodine excretion were taken at the same time as blood collection.Results. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for all women was 81 μg/l (interquartile range 41–169 μg/l). 71.9% of the women exhibited a UIC of <150 μg/l. 26% of the women had a UIC <50 μg/l, and 12% had a UIC <20 μg/l. The only detectable influences on UIC were daily milk intake and pregnancy supplements. There was no statistically significant association between UIC and thyroid function and no evidence for an effect of iodine intake on thyroid function.Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in women in Western Sydney but no evidence for a significant adverse effect on thyroid function. The 6.5% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is unlikely to be due to iodine deficiency.

Urinary iodine excretion and individual iodine supplementation among elderly subjects: A cross-sectional investigation in the commune of Randers, Denmark

1995 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus M Pedersen ◽  
Eigil Iversen ◽  
Peter Laurberg
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Median Level ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Pedersen KM, Iversen E, Laurberg P. Urinary iodine excretion and individual iodine supplementation among elderly subjects. A cross-sectional investigation in the commune of Randers, Denmark. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:171–4. ISSN 0804–4643 Several studies have demonstrated that the iodine intake is relatively low in Denmark. However, the results are difficult to interpret because no information has been given on the frequency of individual iodine supplementation. We performed a cross-sectional study of elderly subjects living in the commune of Randers, Denmark. Urinary iodine excretion was measured in the 423 participants (185 males, 238 females) and a careful history was taken on any possible intake of supplementary iodine. The median urinary iodine excretion was 48.3 μg/g creatinine for the whole population (40.8 μg/g creatinine in males, 53.2 μg/g creatinine in females). In the part of the population that did not take iodine supplementation (46.7%) the median value was 36.1 μg/g creatinine (males 33.8; females 38.8). Regular iodine supplementation taken as an iodine-containing vitamin/mineral tablet was found in 30.8% of the population. This increased the urinary iodine excretion to a median level of 80.5 μg/g creatinine (males 62.0; females 88.0). The study shows that the basic iodine intake level is overestimated if individual iodine supplementation is not taken into account. Such supplementation may lead to median iodine excretion values that seem reasonable, even if the iodine intake of the part of the population not taking iodine (in this study, nearly half of the population) is low. Klaus Pedersen, Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Aalborg Hospital, Reberbansgade, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark

Intra-individual and inter-individual variations in iodine intake and excretion in adult women: implications for sampling

2019 ◽  
Vol 123 (9) ◽  
pp. 987-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Chen ◽  
Shu Gao ◽  
Wenxing Guo ◽  
Long Tan ◽  
Ziyun Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Iodine Excretion

AbstractIodine intake and excretion vary widely; however, these variations remain a large source of geometric uncertainty. The present study aims to analyse variations in iodine intake and excretion and provide implications for sampling in studies of individuals or populations. Twenty-four healthy women volunteers were recruited for a 12-d sampling period during the 4-week experiment. The duplicate-portion technique was used to measure iodine intake, while 24-h urine was collected to estimate iodine excretion. The mean intra-individual variations in iodine intake, 24-h UIE (24-h urinary iodine excretion) and 24-h UIC (24-h urinary iodine concentration) were 63, 48 and 55 %, respectively, while the inter-individual variations for these parameters were 14, 24 and 32 %, respectively. For 95 % confidence, approximately 500 diet samples or 24-h urine samples should be taken from an individual to estimate their iodine intake or iodine status at a precision range of ±5%. Obtaining a precision range of ±5% in a population would require twenty-five diet samples or 150 24-h urine samples. The intra-individual variations in iodine intake and excretion were higher than the inter-individual variations, which indicates the need for more samples in a study on individual participants.

scholarly journals Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen J. Lightowler ◽  
G. Jill Davies
Keyword(s):  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Health Organization

I intake and I deficiency were investigated in thirty vegans (eleven males and nineteen females) consuming their habitual diet. I intake was estimated using the chemical analysis of 4 d weighed duplicate diet collections. The probability of I-deficiency disorders (IDD) was judged from the measurement of urinary I excretion in 24 h urine specimens during the 4 d. There was wide variation in I intake. Mean I intake in males was lower than the reference nutrient intake (RNI; Department of Health, 1991) and mean intake in females was above the RNI, although 36% males and 63% females had I intakes below the lower RNI. Mean I intake in subjects who consumed seaweed (n 3) was in excess of the RNI, and approached the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1989). The probability of IDD in the group investigated was moderate to severe: three of five subgroups were classified as moderate and two subgroups were classified as severe IDD possibility. The findings highlight that vegans are an ‘at risk’ group for I deficiency. The I status of vegans and the subclinical effects of low I intakes and infrequent high I intakes on thyroid function in this group should be further studied. Our work has also raised the question of adequate I intakes in groups where cow's milk is not consumed, and has exposed a need for more research in this area.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency among Italian children and adolescents assessed through 24-hour urinary iodine excretion

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1080-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Campanozzi ◽  
Irene Rutigliano ◽  
Paolo E Macchia ◽  
Gianpaolo De Filippo ◽  
Antonio Barbato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Iodine Excretion

ABSTRACTBackgroundIodine is an essential micronutrient for intellectual development in children. Information on iodine intakes based on 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE) is scant, because iodine status is only assessed by the measurement of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot urine samples.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to evaluate the iodine intake of school-age children and adolescents, using UIE measurement in 24-h urine collections.MethodsThe study population included 1270 healthy subjects (677 boys, 593 girls) aged 6–18 y (mean age ± SD: 10.3 ± 2.9) from 10 Italian regions. Daily iodine intake was estimated as UIE/0.92, based on the notion that $\sim$92% of the dietary iodine intake is absorbed. The adequacy of intakes was assessed according to the Dietary Reference Values for iodine of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Body mass index (BMI) and UIC were also measured for each subject.ResultsBased on the scientific opinion of EFSA, 600 of 1270 subjects (47.2%) had a lower than adequate iodine intake, with a higher prevalence among girls (54.6%) compared with boys (40.2%) (P < 0.001). Although UIE and 24-h urinary volumes increased with age (P < 0.001), a progressive decrease in the percentage of subjects with iodine excretion <100 µg/24 h (P < 0.001) was observed, without any significant difference in the percentage of subjects with UIC <100 µg/L. No significant association was detected between BMI z-score and UIE (P = 0.603) or UIC (P = 0.869).ConclusionsA sizable proportion of our population, especially girls, appeared to be at risk of iodine inadequacy. The simple measurement of UIC could lead to underestimation of the occurrence of iodine deficiency in younger children, because of the age-related smaller urine volumes producing spuriously higher iodine concentrations.

scholarly journals Reliability of studies of iodine intake and recommendations for number of samples in groups and in individuals

2007 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig Andersen ◽  
Jesper Karmisholt ◽  
Klaus M. Pedersen ◽  
Peter Laurberg
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
And Gender

The iodine intake level in a population is determined in cross-sectional studies. Urinary iodine varies considerably and the reliability of studies of iodine nutrition and the number of samples needed is unsettled. We performed a longitudinal study of sixteen healthy men living in an area of mild to moderate iodine deficiency. Iodine and creatinine concentrations were measured in spot urine samples collected monthly for 13 months. From these data we calculated the number of urine samples needed to determine the iodine excretion level for crude urinary iodine and for 24 h iodine excretion estimated from age- and gender-specific creatinine excretions. We found that mean urinary iodine excretion varied from 30 to 87 μg/l (31 to 91 μg/24 h). Sample iodine varied from 10 to 260 μg/l (20 to 161 μg/24 h). Crude urinary iodine varied more than estimated 24 h iodine excretion (population standard deviation 32v. 26; individual standard deviation 29v. 21; Bartlett's test,P < 0·01 for both). The number of spot urine samples needed to estimate the iodine level in a population with 95 % confidence within a precision range of ± 10 % was about 125 (100 when using estimated 24 h iodine excretions), and within a precision range of ± 5 % was about 500 (400). A precision range of ± 20 % in an individual required twelve urine samples or more (seven when using estimated 24 h iodine excretions). In conclusion, estimating population iodine excretion requires 100–500 spot urine samples for each group or subgroup. Less than ten urine samples in an individual may be misleading.

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