scholarly journals Energy requirements of infants

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (7a) ◽  
pp. 953-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy F Butte
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the energy requirements of infants from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during growth.DesignEnergy requirements during infancy were estimated from total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water method and energy deposition based on measured protein and fat gains.SettingDatabase on the total energy expenditure and energy deposition of infants was compiled from available studies conducted in China, Chile, Gambia, Mexico, Netherlands, UK, and USA.SubjectsHealthy, term infants.ResultsTotal energy requirements (kJ day−1) increased with age and were higher in boys than girls due to differences in weight. Energy requirements decreased from 473 kJ kg−1per day for boys and 447 kJ kg−1per day for girls at 1 month of age to 337 kJ kg−1per day for boys and 341 kJ kg−1per day for girls at 6 months of age, and thereafter tended to plateau. Energy deposition as a percentage of total energy requirements decreased from 40% at 1 month to 3% at 12 months of age. These estimates are 10–32% lower than the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU recommendations which were based on observed energy intakes of infants.ConclusionsRecommendations for the energy intake of infants should be revised based on new estimates of total energy expenditure and energy deposition.

scholarly journals Energy expenditure in early infancy

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter. S. W. Davies ◽  
G. Ewing ◽  
A. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Disease States

The measurement of energy expenditure has wide applications in clinical and scientific studies. Ethical and practical problems, however, have limited the acquisition of information on total energy expenditure in infancy. The doubly-labelled-water technique, recently validated for use in infants, has now been used to measure, non-invasively, total energy expenditure in a cohort of forty-one normal, full-term infants at or close to 1·5, 3 and 6 months of age. Mean total energy expenditure was 270, 280 and 330 kJ/kg per d at these ages. Centiles for total energy expenditure in early infancy are presented; it is suggested such data are most appropriately expressed as kJ/√ (kg body-weight per d). These findings will be of importance in the re-evaluation of energy requirements in infancy and in the study of lesions in energy metabolism in disease states at this age.

scholarly journals Validation of energy intake by 24-hour multiple pass recall: comparison with total energy expenditure in children aged 5–7 years

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 671-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colette Montgomery ◽  
John J. Reilly ◽  
Diane M. Jackson ◽  
Louise A. Kelly ◽  
Christine Slater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
School Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Multiple Pass ◽  
The Individual

Accurate measurement of energy intake (EI) is essential in studies of energy balance in all age groups. Reported values for EI can be validated against total energy expenditure (TEE) measured using doubly labelled water (DLW). Our previous work has indicated that the use of the standardized 24 h multiple pass recall (24 h MPR) method produces slight overestimates of EI in pre-school children which are inaccurate at individual level but acceptable at group level. To extend this work, the current study validated EI by 24 h MPR against TEE by DLW in sixty-three (thirty-two boys) school-aged children (median age 6 years). In both boys and girls, reported EI was higher than TEE, although this difference was only significant in the girls (median difference 420 kJ/d, P=0·05). On analysis of agreement between TEE and EI, the group bias was an overestimation of EI by 250 kJ/d with wide limits of agreement (−2880, 2380 kJ/d). EI was over-reported relative to TEE by 7 % and 0·9 % in girls and boys, respectively. The bias in the current study was lower than in our previous study of pre-school children, suggesting that estimates of EI become less inaccurate as children age. However, the current study suggests that the 24 h MPR is inaccurate at the individual level.

scholarly journals Energy requirements during pregnancy based on total energy expenditure and energy deposition

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1078-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy F Butte ◽  
William W Wong ◽  
Margarita S Treuth ◽  
Kenneth J Ellis ◽  
E O'Brian Smith
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Requirements

scholarly journals Total energy expenditure and energy intake in the pre-school child: a comparison

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. W. Davies ◽  
W. A. Coward ◽  
J. Gregory ◽  
A. White ◽  
A. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Relative Bias ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
The Mean

In a cohort (n 81) of healthy children aged 1.5–4.5 years, measurements of energy intake and energy expenditure were compared. Energy intake was calculated following a 4 d weighed record completed by the mother or guardian of the child. Total energy expenditure was measured using the doubly-labelled water technique. Mean energy intake and expenditure in the cohort were 4773 kJ/d and 4928 kJ/d respectively. The mean relative bias between the techniques was 154 kJ/d. In the older children (3.5–4.5 years) the mean relative bias was only 37 kJ/d. At the population level the measurements of energy intake and energy expenditure were extremely close, and the study has provided sufficient confidence in weighed intake methodology for it to be used in a major nationwide study of dietary intake and nutritional status of children aged 1.5–4.5 years.

scholarly journals Food intake in a West African village. Estimation of food intake from a shared bowl

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Snack Foods ◽  
Detailed Observation ◽  
Cooked Food

Novel methodology is described for the estimation of food intake in the particularly difficult circumstance where groups of people eat directly from a shared bowl of cooked food. Detailed observation and measurement of meal preparation is combined with food table values for composition to calculate the nutrient content of each meal. The distribution of food between individuals is estimated by a suitable algorithm. The ability of the algorithm to identify seasonal changes in energy intakes is demonstrated by comparison of the calculated energy intakes with values for the total energy expenditure of free-living adult male subjects, as measured by the stable isotope, doubly-labelled water technique. This comparison suggests that the energy intake calculated from detailed observation of two cooked meals per day is equivalent to approximately 80% of the total energy expenditure and, by inference, total dietary energy intake. The remaining energy intake may well be derived from uncooked ‘snack foods’, such as raw fruit and vegetables, or from cooked food obtained, by purchase or as a gift, away from the home. This is the first description of a successful method for the estimation of food intake when people eat directly from shared bowls of food.

scholarly journals Energy intake by multiple pass 24 h recall and total energy expenditure: a comparison in a representative sample of 3–4-year-olds

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Reilly ◽  
Colette Montgomery ◽  
Dian Jackson ◽  
Jane MacRitchie ◽  
Julie Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Multiple Pass ◽  
The Individual

The accuracy of the multiple pass 24 h recall for assessment of habitual energy intake in pre-school children is unclear. The primary aim of this study was to assess its accuracy by comparison with measurement of total energy expenditure by doubly-labelled water in a representative sample of forty-one 3–4-year-olds. The recall method was well tolerated by subjects and was administered quickly and easily. However, it produced estimates of energy intake which significantly exceeded measures of total energy expenditure from doubly-labelled water, mean paired difference 660 kJ/d (P<0·01). Agreement between the two methods was poor at the individual level: limits of agreement 660+/-3018 kJ/d. Error and imprecision in both methods contribute to individual differences, but the present study suggests that the multiple pass 24 h recall does not provide accurate estimates of dietary energy intake in individual children.

scholarly journals Energy requirements derived from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during the first 2 y of life

2000 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1558-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy F Butte ◽  
William W Wong ◽  
Judy M Hopkinson ◽  
Carolyn J Heinz ◽  
Nitesh R Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Requirements

scholarly journals Energy expenditure in disease: time to revisit?

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen R. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Tracer Techniques ◽  
Urea Method

Knowledge of energy expenditure is especially important in disease, and may in fact help in the understanding of the pathophysiology of wasting associated with disease. Energy requirements in a clinical setting are often ‘prescribed’ by health professionals, either directly through enteral or parenteral feeding, or perhaps controlled through a hospital diet. Studies initially suggested an increase in energy expenditure, and thus energy requirements, as a direct result of an increase in basal metabolic rate often seen in disease. However, many problems exist in the measurement of BMR in a disease situation, due to the effects of drugs, clinical practice, feeding or possibly anxiety either as a cause of the disease or the measurement itself. These problems could in themselves contribute to the rise in metabolism seen in disease. More recently, however, with the use of tracer techniques such as doubly-labelled water and the bicarbonate–urea method, more accurate estimates of energy expenditure, and thus energy requirements, have been made. Some such measurements have in fact shown that even with an elevated BMR, free-living total energy expenditure can in fact be reduced in many disease situations, suggesting a reduced rather than an increased energy requirement. The present review investigates measurements of total energy expenditure in disease to explore the hypothesis that energy expenditure in disease, even with an elevated BMR, can in fact be reduced due to a concurrent reduction in physical activity.

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