scholarly journals 24-Hour national dietary survey data: how do we interpret them most effectively?

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy Mackerras ◽  
Ingrid Rutishauser
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
The Uk

AbstractObjectiveTo illustrate the effect of common mistakes when using 24-hour national dietary survey data to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes.DesignRaw data on nutrient intake from the Australian 1995 National Nutrition Survey were adjusted for within-person variance using standard techniques and corrected for underreporting using the criteria of Goldberg et al. The distributions for six nutrients were compared with current dietary reference values from the UK, USA and Australia.SettingA national sample of the Australian population with a 61.4% response rate.ResultsAdjusting for within-person variance reduced the range of nutrient intakes to 66–80% of the raw data range and the proportion with intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) by up to 20%. Excluding underreporters further reduced the proportion below the EAR by up to 10%. Using the dietary reference values from different countries also resulted in some markedly different estimates. For example, the prevalence of low folate intakes ranged from <1 to 92% for adult women depending on the reference used. Except for vitamin A and protein, the prevalence of low intakes was invariably higher for women than for men.ConclusionsEstimates of the prevalence of low nutrient intakes based on raw 24-hour survey data are invariably misleading. However, even after adjustment for within-person variance and underreporting, estimates of the prevalence of low nutrient intakes may still be misleading unless interpreted in the light of the reference criteria used and supported by relevant biochemical and physiological measures of nutritional status.

scholarly journals Energy and nutrient intakes of young children in the UK: findings from the Gemini twin cohort

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (10) ◽  
pp. 1843-1850 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Syrad ◽  
C. H. Llewellyn ◽  
C. H. M. van Jaarsveld ◽  
L. Johnson ◽  
S. A. Jebb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
The Uk

AbstractData on the diets of young children in the UK are limited, despite growing evidence of the importance of early diet for long-term health. We used the largest contemporary dietary data set to describe the intake of 21-month-old children in the UK. Parents of 2336 children aged 21 months from the UK Gemini twin cohort completed 3-d diet diaries in 2008/2009. Family background information was obtained from questionnaires completed 8 months after birth. Mean total daily intakes of energy, macronutrients (g and %E) and micronutrients from food and beverages, including and excluding supplements, were derived. Comparisons with UK dietary reference values (DRV) were made usingttests and general linear regression models, respectively. Daily energy intake (kJ), protein (g) and most micronutrients exceeded DRV, except for vitamin D and Fe, where 96 or 84 % and 70 or 6 % of children did not achieve the reference nutrient intake or lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI), respectively, even with supplementation. These findings reflect similar observations in the smaller sample of children aged 18–36 months in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. At a population level, young children in the UK are exceeding recommended daily intakes of energy and protein, potentially increasing their risk of obesity. The majority of children are not meeting the LRNI for vitamin D, largely reflecting inadequate use of the supplements recommended at this age. Parents may need more guidance on how to achieve healthy energy and nutrient intakes for young children.

scholarly journals Non-milk extrinsic sugars in the diets of pre-school children: association with intakes of micronutrients, energy, fat and NSP

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid A. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Micronutrient Status ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Dietary Reference Values

Concern has been expressed that high dietary concentrations of non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) may potentially compromise nutrient intakes in population groups with low energy intakes (Department of Health, 1991). The objective of the present study was to examine data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Children Aged 1.5 to 4.5 years (Gregory et al. 1995) for evidence of an inverse association between energy from NMES and micronutrient intakes, and if possible to quantify a level of NMES-energy at which micronutrient intakes may, theoretically, be compromised. Energy and nutrient intakes were compared across quintiles of NMES-energy for boys (n 848) and girls (n 827). As the concentration of NMES increased, energy intake rose (in boys only) while percentage energy from fat fell from 40 to 32 % across quintiles 1 to 5. Intakes of most micronutrients also fell, while intakes of vitamin C rose. Mean intakes of most micronutrients (Ca, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate and vitamin C) were adequate in comparison with dietary reference values. However, intakes of Fe, Zn and vitamin D were low at all levels of NMES-energy and fell below the estimated average requirement for Fe and Zn for NMES concentrations exceeding 24 % of energy. Lower intakes of milk, meat, bread and vegetables, and higher intakes of fruit juice largely explain the observed trends in micronutrient intake. It is concluded that the inverse association of NMES with micronutrient intakes is of most significance for the 20 % of children with diets highest in NMES. However, further work is required to establish whether the associations observed have biological significance with regard to micronutrient status.

scholarly journals Food and nutrient intakes of a population sample of 3-year-old children in the South West of England in 1996

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Emmett ◽  
Imogen Rogers ◽  
Carol Symes ◽  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
South West ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
Avon Longitudinal Study ◽  
South West England

AbstractObjective:To investigate food and nutrient intakes in 3-year-old children.Subjects:Eight hundred and sixty-three children resident in South West England (69% of those invited at this age), a randomly selected sub-sample of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC).Methods:Diet was assessed using a 3-day descriptive food record. Food and nutrient intakes were compared with intakes at 18 months in the same children, with intakes in the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of pre-school children, and with dietary reference values (DRVs).Results:Intakes of energy and most nutrients had increased between 18 and 43 months. The macronutrient content of the diet had also changed, the percentage of energy from starch rose from 21 to 23% and from non-milk extrinsic (NME) sugar from 12 to 16%, while the polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio increased from 0.26 to 0.33. When compared with the NDNS, intakes of energy and all nutrients were higher with the exception of NME sugar. Energy intakes were below the estimated average requirements. Mean intakes of iron and vitamin D were below the Reference Nutrient Intake. Fewer children were eating beef at 43 months than at 18 months. Total daily meat consumption was lower than in the NDNS. The proportion of children consuming any vegetables dropped between 18 and 43 months, although fruit eating remained constant.Conclusions:The diets of 3-year-olds in this study were adequate in most nutrients. Our results suggest that energy requirements of pre-school children in the 1990s are less than the DRV. Nutrient and food intakes changed between 18 and 43 months. Children were eating less meat than their counterparts in the NDNS.

Dietary reference values and food-based dietary guidelines

2011 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Food Policy ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Nutritional Adequacy ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
The Uk

Dietary reference values 20 Food-based dietary guidelines 24 Dietary reference values (DRVs) are established within a population as a measure of nutritional adequacy. The first DRVs were established in the late 19th century and international values were established by the League of Nations in 1936–1938 to prevent deficiencies in population groups. Many countries have their own values and international values have been published by FAO/WHO/UNU. DRVs for food and nutrients for the UK (report of the Panel on DRVs of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA) were last revised in 1991....

scholarly journals Theoretical Impact of Replacing Whole Cow's Milk by Young-Child Formula on Nutrient Intakes of UK Young Children: Results of a Simulation Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone R.B.M. Eussen ◽  
Josephine Pean ◽  
Leanne Olivier ◽  
Fabien Delaere ◽  
Anne Lluch
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Young Child ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
The Uk

Background: Research into the role of young-child formulae (YCF) in a child's diet is limited and there is no consensual recommendation on its use. We evaluated the theoretical nutritional impact of replacing the existing practice of consuming cow's milk by YCF. Methods: From the UK Diet and Nutrition Survey of Infants and Young Children, whole cow's milk consumers, aged 12-18 months (n = 591) were selected for simulation scenarios. In Scenario 1, we tested the replacement of all whole cow's milk (434 ± 187 ml/day) by a matching volume of YCF, and in Scenario 2, all whole cow's milk was replaced by the on-pack recommended daily intake of 300 ml. Nutrient intakes before and after simulation scenarios were compared and evaluated against nutrient recommendations. Results: Intakes of protein and saturated fatty acids were significantly decreased, whereas essential fatty acid intakes were increased. The prevalence of nutrient inadequacy before simulation was 95.2% for vitamin D and 53.8% for iron. After simulation, inadequacy decreased to 4.9% (Scenario 1) and 0% (Scenario 2) for vitamin D and to 2.7% (Scenario 1) and 1.1% (Scenario 2) for iron. Conclusions: Replacement of habitual cow's milk intake by a matching volume or 300 ml of YCF may lead to nutritional intakes more in line with recommendations in young children.

scholarly journals Milk and Dairy Foods Improve Nutrient Intakes Among Children in Australia, Russia and the US (P18-097-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Eldridge ◽  
Iaroslava Semenova ◽  
Sofia Bryantseva ◽  
Arseniy Martinchik ◽  
Evelina Keshabyants ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Dairy Foods ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
The Us ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Fermented Dairy

Abstract Objectives Milk and dairy foods are typically the biggest contributors to calcium in the diets of children who consume them. Our objective was to explore consumption patterns of milk and dairy foods from children in three countries (Australia, Russia and the US) and to evaluate the nutritional impact of milk and dairy foods in these diverse geographies. Methods National survey data were used to evaluate milk and dairy consumption among 4–12 y old children. Data sources included the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS) (n = 1576), the 2013 Russian National Nutrition Survey (n = 22,410), and the 2013–2016 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (n = 3343). Food groups were created for Milk, Fermented Dairy (including yogurt and kefir), Cheese and Total Dairy. Serving sizes were standardized so comparisons could be made. Percent consuming and amounts per capita and per consumer were calculated. Usual nutrient intakes were estimated for children receiving ≥ 2 servings/d, compared to 1 to <2 servings, 0 to <1 serving and none for each of the dairy groups. Results Dairy consumption was high in Australia (83.2%), Russia (91.5%) and the US (81.6%). Milk consumption ranged from 69.5% (US) to 70.7% (Australia) and 82.5% (Russia). Fermented dairy was consumed by 10.1%, 17.7% and 29.6%, and cheese by 35.8%, 36.5% and 40.0% of children in US, Australia and Russia, respectively. While Russia reported the highest prevalence, per capita consumption (g) was highest and energy intake (kcal) was lowest in the US. Local recommendations differ, but only about 24% of children consumed ≥2 servings of dairy/d, with 14% (Australia), 6% (Russia) and 15% (US) reaching 2 servings/d from milk alone. Dairy foods provided approximately 11% of total daily energy (milk alone, 8%), but among those consuming ≥2 servings/d, dairy foods contributed 23% of total daily energy (milk alone, 20%). Nutrient intakes were consistently higher for children in the higher dairy consumption categories, especially for calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins A and D where milk is fortified. Conclusions Milk and dairy foods make important contributions to daily nutrient intakes in 4–12 y old children. Dairy consumption should be encouraged, as few children actually consume dairy foods according to local recommendations. Funding Sources Analysis of the national survey data used in this abstract was sponsored by Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland.

scholarly journals The nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating mothers of good socio-economic status in Cambridge, UK: some implications for recommended daily allowances of minor nutrients

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Black ◽  
S. J. Wiles ◽  
A. A. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
The Uk

1. Forty-two mothers from social classes I, I1 and IIInon-manual and twenty-one from social classes IIImanual (M), IV and V were studied longitudinally. The mean daily nutrient intakes in months 4–9 of pregnancy, months 2– 4 of lactation and 3 and 6 months post-lactation are presented and are compared with the UK and the US recommended daily allowances (RDA).2. The quality of the diets (nutrients per 4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) was found to be better than that of other adult female populations studied in the UK, except for a group of dietitians.3. The mean daily intakes of nutrients for which there are UK RDA were almost all greater than 100% of the RDA. The exceptions were iron, which in the manual group (social classes IIIM, IV and V) was 85% of the RDA in pregnancy and 75% post-lactation, and vitamin D.4. Among the nutrients for which there are US, but not UK RDA, only phosphorus and vitamin B,, intakes were greater than 100% of the RDA in both groups at all stages of the study. Intakes of other nutrients were below the RDA: pantothenate 7G91, vitamin B, zinc, vitamin E and copper 40–72, folate 21–44, and biotin < 20% of the RDA.5. The bases of the RDA for adult women were examined; for most nutrients the information is limited. It was concluded that the RDA for magnesium, vitamin E and pantothenate are probably higher than necessary and that deficiency is unlikely; that zinc, copper, vitamin B, and folate are probably ‘marginal’ nutrients for ‘at risk’ groups; and that information on biotin is insufficient even roughly to assess the dietary requirement.

scholarly journals Energy and nutrient intakes in a sample of 136 Edinburgh 7–8 year olds: a comparison with United Kingdom dietary reference values

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. S. Ruxton ◽  
T. R. Kirk ◽  
N. R. Belton
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Food Energy ◽  
Dietary Reference Values

AbstractEnergy and nutrient intakes were assessed in 136 children, aged 7–8 years and living in and around Edinburgh, using the 7 d weighed inventory technique. The results were compared with UK dietary reference values (DRV) for energy, macronutrients and micronutrients. NSP intakes were compared with a calculated reference value (CRV). Mean energy intakes were close to the estimated average requirement for both boys and girls. Mean percentages of food energy derived from fat and saturated fat were high in relation to DRV (37 and 14 compared with 35 and 11 respectively). Mean percentage of food energy derived from total carbohydrate was close to the DRV of 50 but intakes of starch appeared to be low and intakes of total sugars high (23 and 26% food energy respectively). Superficially, this suggests that there is a need to alter the balance of carbohydrate in favour of increasing starch and lowering total sugar. There was, however, a clear ‘fat-sugar seesaw’, i.e. children with a high percentage energy from total sugars had a low percentage energy from fat, and vice versa. In view of this finding, it is possible that efforts to reduce total sugar intake in children may result in a further increase in percentage energy from fat. Mean intakes of NSP were only 50% of the CRV, but this guideline may be set too high. Mean intakes of most micronutrients were above reference nutrient intakes. Reported low intakes of Zn and Se were treated with caution due to the perceived incompleteness of the data for these in the nutrient database. The authors concluded that targeting high intakes of total fat and saturated fat should be the health priorities in this age-group.

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