scholarly journals EPIC–Oxford:lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwyneth K Davey ◽  
Elizabeth A Spencer ◽  
Paul N Appleby ◽  
Naomi E Allen ◽  
Katherine H Knox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk

AbstractObjective:To describe the lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes of the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).Design:Cohort of men and women recruited through general practices or by post to include a high proportion of non meat-eaters. Dietary, anthropometric and lifestyle data were collected at baseline and four diet groups were defined.Setting:United Kingdom.Participants:In total, 65 429 men and women aged 20 to 97 years, comprising 33 883 meat-eaters, 10 110 fish-eaters, 18 840 lacto-ovo vegetarians and 2596 vegans.Results:Nutrient intakes and lifestyle factors differed across the diet groups, with striking differences between meat-eaters and vegans, and fish-eaters and vegetarians usually having intermediate values. Mean fat intake in each diet group was below the UK dietary reference value of 33% of total energy intake. The mean intake of saturated fatty acids in vegans was approximately 5% of energy, less than half the mean intake among meat-eaters (10–11%). Vegans had the highest intakes of fibre, vitamin B1, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, magnesium and iron, and the lowest intakes of retinol, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium and zinc.Conclusions:The EPIC–Oxford cohort includes 31 546 non meat-eaters and is one of the largest studies of vegetarians in the world. The average nutrient intakes in the whole cohort are close to those currently recommended for good health. Comparisons of the diet groups show wide ranges in the intakes of major nutrients such as saturated fat and dietary fibre. Such variation should increase the ability of the study to detect associations of diet with major cancers and causes of death.

scholarly journals The nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating mothers of good socio-economic status in Cambridge, UK: some implications for recommended daily allowances of minor nutrients

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Black ◽  
S. J. Wiles ◽  
A. A. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
The Uk

1. Forty-two mothers from social classes I, I1 and IIInon-manual and twenty-one from social classes IIImanual (M), IV and V were studied longitudinally. The mean daily nutrient intakes in months 4–9 of pregnancy, months 2– 4 of lactation and 3 and 6 months post-lactation are presented and are compared with the UK and the US recommended daily allowances (RDA).2. The quality of the diets (nutrients per 4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) was found to be better than that of other adult female populations studied in the UK, except for a group of dietitians.3. The mean daily intakes of nutrients for which there are UK RDA were almost all greater than 100% of the RDA. The exceptions were iron, which in the manual group (social classes IIIM, IV and V) was 85% of the RDA in pregnancy and 75% post-lactation, and vitamin D.4. Among the nutrients for which there are US, but not UK RDA, only phosphorus and vitamin B,, intakes were greater than 100% of the RDA in both groups at all stages of the study. Intakes of other nutrients were below the RDA: pantothenate 7G91, vitamin B, zinc, vitamin E and copper 40–72, folate 21–44, and biotin < 20% of the RDA.5. The bases of the RDA for adult women were examined; for most nutrients the information is limited. It was concluded that the RDA for magnesium, vitamin E and pantothenate are probably higher than necessary and that deficiency is unlikely; that zinc, copper, vitamin B, and folate are probably ‘marginal’ nutrients for ‘at risk’ groups; and that information on biotin is insufficient even roughly to assess the dietary requirement.

scholarly journals Nutritional methods in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer in Norfolk

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila A Bingham ◽  
Ailsa A Welch ◽  
Alison McTaggart ◽  
Angela A Mulligan ◽  
Shirley A Runswick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Food And Nutrient Intake ◽  
The Uk

AbstractObjective:To describe methods and dietary habits of a large population cohort.Design:Prospective assessment of diet using diet diaries and food-frequency questionnaires, and biomarkers of diet in 24-h urine collections and blood samples.Setting:Free living individuals aged 45 to 75 years living in Norfolk, UK.Subjects:Food and nutrient intake from a food-frequency questionnaire on 23 003 men and women, and from a 7-day diet diary from 2117 men and women. Nitrogen, sodium and potassium excretion was obtained from single 24-h urine samples from 300 individuals in the EPIC cohort. Plasma vitamin C was measured for 20 846 men and women.Results:The food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the food diary were able to determine differences in foods and nutrients between the sexes and were reliable as judged by repeated administrations of each method. Plasma vitamin C was significantly higher in women than men. There were significant (P<0.001) differences in mean intake of all nutrients measured by the two different methods in women but less so in men. The questionnaire overestimated dairy products and vegetables in both men and women when compared with intakes derived from the diary, but underestimated cereal and meat intake in men. There were some consistent trends with age in food and nutrient intakes assessed by both methods, particularly in men. Correlation coefficients between dietary intake assessed from the diary and excretion of nitrogen and potassium in a single 24-h urine sample ranged from 0.36 to 0.47. Those comparing urine excretion and intake assessed from the FFQ were 0.09 to 0.26. The correlations between plasma vitamin C and dietary intake from the first FFQ, 24-h recall or diary were 0.28, 0.35 and 0.40.Conclusions:EPIC Norfolk is one of the largest epidemiological studies of nutrition in the UK and the largest on which plasma vitamin C has been obtained. Methods for obtaining food and nutrient intake are described in detail. The results shown here for food and nutrient intakes can be compared with results from other population studies utilising different methods of assessing dietary intake. The utility of different methods used in different settings within the main EPIC cohort is described. The FFQ is to be used particularly in pooled analyses of risk from diet in relation to cancer incidence within the larger European EPIC study, where measurement error is more likely to be overcome by large dietary heterogeneity on an international basis. Findings in the UK, where dietary variation between individuals is smaller and hence the need to use a more accurate individual method greater, will be derived from the 7-day diary information on a nested case–control basis. 24-h recalls can be used in the event that diary information should not be forthcoming from some eventual cases. Combinations of results utilising all dietary methods and biomarkers may also be possible.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns in middle-aged Irish men and women defined by cluster analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1017-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Villegas ◽  
A Salim ◽  
MM Collins ◽  
A Flynn ◽  
IJ Perry
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Irish Population ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Prudent Diet

AbstractObjectives:To identify and characterise dietary patterns in a middle-aged Irish population sample and study associations between these patterns, sociodemographic and anthropometric variables and major risk factors for cardiovascular disease.Design:A cross-sectional study.Subjects and methods:A group of 1473 men and women were sampled from 17 general practice lists in the South of Ireland. A total of 1018 attended for screening, with a response rate of 69%. Participants completed a detailed health and lifestyle questionnaire and provided a fasting blood sample for glucose, lipids and homocysteine. Dietary intake was assessed using a standard food-frequency questionnaire adapted for use in the Irish population. The food-frequency questionnaire was a modification of that used in the UK arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer study, which was based on that used in the US Nurses' Health Study. Dietary patterns were assessed primarily by K-means cluster analysis, following initial principal components analysis to identify the seeds.Results:Three dietary patterns were identified. These clusters corresponded to a traditional Irish diet, a prudent diet and a diet characterised by high consumption of alcoholic drinks and convenience foods. Cluster 1 (Traditional Diet) had the highest intakes of saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and percentage of total energy from fat, and the lowest polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) intake and ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat (P:S). Cluster 2 (Prudent Diet) was characterised by significantly higher intakes of fibre, PUFA, P:S ratio and antioxidant vitamins (vitamins C and E), and lower intakes of total fat, MUFA, SFA and cholesterol. Cluster 3 (Alcohol & Convenience Foods) had the highest intakes of alcohol, protein, cholesterol, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folate, iron, phosphorus, selenium and zinc, and the lowest intakes of PUFA, vitamin A and antioxidant vitamins (vitamins C and E). There were significant differences between clusters in gender distribution, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference and serum homocysteine concentrations.Conclusion:In this general population sample, cluster analysis methods yielded two major dietary patterns: prudent and traditional. The prudent dietary pattern is associated with other health-seeking behaviours. Study of dietary patterns will help elucidate links between diet and disease and contribute to the development of healthy eating guidelines for health promotion.

scholarly journals Theoretical Impact of Replacing Whole Cow's Milk by Young-Child Formula on Nutrient Intakes of UK Young Children: Results of a Simulation Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone R.B.M. Eussen ◽  
Josephine Pean ◽  
Leanne Olivier ◽  
Fabien Delaere ◽  
Anne Lluch
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Young Child ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
The Uk

Background: Research into the role of young-child formulae (YCF) in a child's diet is limited and there is no consensual recommendation on its use. We evaluated the theoretical nutritional impact of replacing the existing practice of consuming cow's milk by YCF. Methods: From the UK Diet and Nutrition Survey of Infants and Young Children, whole cow's milk consumers, aged 12-18 months (n = 591) were selected for simulation scenarios. In Scenario 1, we tested the replacement of all whole cow's milk (434 ± 187 ml/day) by a matching volume of YCF, and in Scenario 2, all whole cow's milk was replaced by the on-pack recommended daily intake of 300 ml. Nutrient intakes before and after simulation scenarios were compared and evaluated against nutrient recommendations. Results: Intakes of protein and saturated fatty acids were significantly decreased, whereas essential fatty acid intakes were increased. The prevalence of nutrient inadequacy before simulation was 95.2% for vitamin D and 53.8% for iron. After simulation, inadequacy decreased to 4.9% (Scenario 1) and 0% (Scenario 2) for vitamin D and to 2.7% (Scenario 1) and 1.1% (Scenario 2) for iron. Conclusions: Replacement of habitual cow's milk intake by a matching volume or 300 ml of YCF may lead to nutritional intakes more in line with recommendations in young children.

scholarly journals Food and nutrient intakes of French frequent seafood consumers with regard to fish consumption recommendations: results from the CALIPSO study

2010 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 1369-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Sirot ◽  
Céline Dumas ◽  
Jean-Charles Leblanc ◽  
Irène Margaritis
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Seafood Consumption ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Vitamin D Intake ◽  
Upper Limit

Besides providing n-3 fatty acids with nutritional and health benefits, seafood consumption may contribute to the reduction of nutrient prevalences of inadequacy. To evaluate the contributions of seafood and other food groups to nutrient intakes of frequent seafood consumers, food consumption was evaluated through an FFQ on 991 French men and women (18–81 years) consuming seafood at least twice a week. Intakes, prevalence of inadequacies, risks of upper limit excess and food contributions to intakes were assessed for thirty-three nutrients. Mean fat contributions to total energy intakes (38·3 and 39·0 % for men and women, respectively) met French recommendations, but mean carbohydrate intakes (40·9 and 39·7 %, respectively) were insufficient. Micronutrient inadequacies were lower than in the French general population, the highest being for vitamin C (41·3 and 40·1 % for men and women, respectively), vitamin E (35·0 and 35·3 % for men and women, respectively) and Mg (37·5 and 25·5 % for men and women, respectively). Upper safety limits (USL) were exceeded mostly for Zn (6·2 %), Ca (3·7 %), retinol (2·0 %) and Cu (0·9 %). Mean contributions of seafood to vitamin D, B12, I and Se intakes ranged 40–65 %. Molluscs and crustaceans significantly contributed to vitamin B12 (13·7 %), Cu (11·4 %), Fe (11·5 %), Zn (8·4 %) and I (6·1 %) intakes, and canned fish contributed to vitamin D intake (13·4 %). Besides fish, contributions of mollusc and crustacean consumption to nutrient intakes should be considered from a public health viewpoint. Consuming seafood at least twice a week induces moderate inadequacies and risks of exceeding USL for some micronutrients, whereas macronutrient intakes remained imbalanced.

scholarly journals Analytical Assessment and Nutritional Adequacy of School Lunches in Sintra’s Public Primary Schools

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1946
Author(s):  
Telma Nogueira ◽  
Raquel J. Ferreira ◽  
Vitória Dias da Silva ◽  
Mariana Liñan Pinto ◽  
Carlos Damas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Schools ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
School Lunches ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean

School meals present several cost benefits overtime at the short, medium, and long term for individuals and society. This cross-sectional study aims to analyse the nutritional composition and evaluate the adequacy of school lunches. One hundred and fifty-eight samples were collected and analysed from 10 primary schools in Sintra’s municipality, served during one week. On average, energy (27.7% daily energetic requirements and carbohydrate (48.1%) contents did not reach the reference values, and the content of protein (19.5%) exceeded the reference value (p < 0.05). The mean total fat (28.8%) and saturated fatty acids (5.4%) content complied with the recommendations. The mean salt (1.7 g) and dietary fibre (8.3 g) content exceeded the reference value but did not differ significantly from the recommendations. Addressing school canteens is crucial, not only in a nutritional approach, but also as an opportunity to achieve healthier, sustainable, and accessible food systems, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals 2030. We highlighted the importance of evaluating evidence-based practices and disseminated practice-based evidence regarding the adequacy of school lunches.

scholarly journals Energy and nutrient intakes in a sample of 136 Edinburgh 7–8 year olds: a comparison with United Kingdom dietary reference values

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. S. Ruxton ◽  
T. R. Kirk ◽  
N. R. Belton
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Health Priorities ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Food Energy ◽  
Dietary Reference Values

AbstractEnergy and nutrient intakes were assessed in 136 children, aged 7–8 years and living in and around Edinburgh, using the 7 d weighed inventory technique. The results were compared with UK dietary reference values (DRV) for energy, macronutrients and micronutrients. NSP intakes were compared with a calculated reference value (CRV). Mean energy intakes were close to the estimated average requirement for both boys and girls. Mean percentages of food energy derived from fat and saturated fat were high in relation to DRV (37 and 14 compared with 35 and 11 respectively). Mean percentage of food energy derived from total carbohydrate was close to the DRV of 50 but intakes of starch appeared to be low and intakes of total sugars high (23 and 26% food energy respectively). Superficially, this suggests that there is a need to alter the balance of carbohydrate in favour of increasing starch and lowering total sugar. There was, however, a clear ‘fat-sugar seesaw’, i.e. children with a high percentage energy from total sugars had a low percentage energy from fat, and vice versa. In view of this finding, it is possible that efforts to reduce total sugar intake in children may result in a further increase in percentage energy from fat. Mean intakes of NSP were only 50% of the CRV, but this guideline may be set too high. Mean intakes of most micronutrients were above reference nutrient intakes. Reported low intakes of Zn and Se were treated with caution due to the perceived incompleteness of the data for these in the nutrient database. The authors concluded that targeting high intakes of total fat and saturated fat should be the health priorities in this age-group.

Nutrient content of milk and milk products: water soluble vitamins in baby milk formulae

1985 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. John Scott ◽  
Dinah R. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Recommended Level

SUMMARYA study of the content of water soluble vitamins in the 12 baby milk formulae available in the UK in April 1983 showed that levels of vitamins in the individual brands were generally in excess of those declared by the manufacturer. For cows' milk based formulae the mean excess of vitamins over the declared level was 94%. Vitamin levels in prepared formulae averaged three times the minimum recommended level. The average level of B vitamins in prepared cows' milk based formulae was six times higher than in mature human milk. For the two soya based products, the levels of vitamins were generally in excess of the declared level and levels of vitamin B12, biotin and, in one sample, vitamin B6 were considerably in excess of those found in mature human milk.

scholarly journals Dietary assessment of a population of pregnant women in Sheffield, UK

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 929-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Mouratidou ◽  
Fiona Ford ◽  
Foteini Prountzou ◽  
Robert Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Dietary Assessment ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Study Participants

The present study examined the dietary intakes of a population of pregnant women living in the North of England. The objectives of the paper were to assess and describe the dietary intakes of the population and relate the findings to existing data on the diet of pregnant and non-pregnant women in the UK. A total of 250 pregnant women attending their first antenatal appointment at the Jessop Wing Hospital, Sheffield, UK were recruited. Information on their diet was assessed by an interviewer-administered semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The mean intakes as assessed by the FFQ were similar to other studies of UK pregnant population; however Sheffield pregnant women had lower intakes of calcium and folate. Study findings were also related to the National Diet and Nutrition Survey and to the Estimated Nutrient Intakes (EAR). Of the study participants, 40 % did not meet the EAR for calcium, 67 % for iron and 69 % for folate. Subgroup comparisons suggested lower nutrient intakes of participants living in the 40 % most deprived electoral wards. The study findings suggest that the diet of pregnant women in Sheffield is characterised by low intakes of important nutrients for pregnancy such as folate and nutrient variations by electoral wards.

scholarly journals Nutrient intakes of different social-class groups: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study (SHHS)

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bolton-Smith ◽  
W. C. S. Smith ◽  
M. Woodward ◽  
H. Tunstall-Pedoe
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamin ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Chd Risk Factors ◽  
Β Carotene

AbstractFood frequency questionnaire and socio-demographic data were collected from over 10000 Scottish men and women aged 40–59 years in a cross-sectional study of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors. Dietary intake, including the antioxidant vitamins C and E and β-carotene, was assessed for different socio-economic groups. Trends in nutrient intakes were found with social-class (occupational) groups I–V. The non-manual-manual distinctions were clear even after standardizing for serum cotinine, and alternative classification by housing tenure and level of education did not confound the social-class effect. Total energy intake was significantly higher in the manual (men 10363 KJ, women 7507 KJ) than in the non-manual (men 9156 KJ, women 7169 KJ) groups, and all nutrient amounts except for vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and fiber were significantly higher in the manual than the non-manual groups. Alcohol intake was lower in manual women, but higher in manual men compared with their respective non-manual groups. Sex and social-class differences were maintained after adjusting for total energy. Women in general, and manual women in particular, had the highest percentage energy from total fat (40.2) and saturated fat (18.2), while the percentage energy from polyunsaturated fat was lower in men than women, and lowest in manual men (4.4). The polyunsaturated: saturated fat (P:S) ratios were, for non-manual and manual men 0.32 and 0.31, and for non-manual and manual women 0.31 and 0.28. Fibre and antioxidant vitamin intakes, when expressed as nutrient densities, were lower in men than women, and lowest in manual men. Overall, men and women in manual occupations had a poorer-quality diet than did those in non-manual occupations. The coincident low P:S ratios and low antioxidant vitamin intakes in manual groups may contribute to an increased risk of CHD. Thus, the findings are compatible with the view that poor diet may be a contributory factor to the higher mortality rates for CHD which occur in the lower socio-economic groups.

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