scholarly journals Integrative models of nutrient balancing: application to insects and vertebrates

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Raubenheimer ◽  
S. J. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Geometrical Model ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Current State ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Nutrient Balancing ◽  
Intake Target

AbstractWe present and apply to data for insects, chickens and rats a conceptual and experimental framework for studying nutrition as a multi-dimensional phenomenon. The framework enables the unification within a single geometrical model of several nutritionally relevant measures, including: the optimal balance and amounts of nutrients required by an animal in a given time (the intake target), the animal's current state in relation to these requirements, available foods, the amounts of ingested nutrients which are retained and eliminated, and animal performance. Animals given a nutritionally balanced food, or two or more imbalanced but complementary foods, can satisfy their nutrient requirements, and hence optimize performance. However, animals eating noncomplementary imbalanced foods must decide on a suitable compromise between overingesting some nutrients and underingesting others. The geometrical models provide a means of measuring nutritional targets and rules of compromise, and comparing these among different animals and within similar animals at different developmental stages or in different environments. They also provide a framework for designing and interpreting experiments on the regulatory and metabolic mechanisms underlying nutritional homeostasis.

The me system : The biological basis

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 60-60
Author(s):  
D.J. Thomson ◽  
M.J. Haines ◽  
S.B. Cammell ◽  
M.S. Dhanoa
Keyword(s):  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
New System

The Starch Equivalent (SE) system devised by Kellner for expressing the energy requirements of ruminants and the energy value of feeds was used in Britain from 1912. Metabolizable energy (ME) was proposed (Agricultural Research Council, 1965) and adopted (MAFF, DAFS and DANI, Technical Bulletin 33, 197S), as a basis for a new system relating diet to the energy requirements of animals. Additional information was incorporated in the extensive Technical Review (The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock, 1980). Metabolizable energy was retained, and animal performance it was claimed, was predicted more precisely with ME than SE. Results presented in this paper are for the comparison, and interpretation, of observed and predicted (Technical Bulletin 33) rates of gain, and other components of the ME system, for growing lambs and cattle fed forage and mixed forage and concentrate diets.

scholarly journals Mental Imagery and its Relevance for Psychopathology and Psychological Treatment in Children and Adolescents: a Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-327
Author(s):  
Susan Schwarz ◽  
Dörte Grasmann ◽  
Franziska Schreiber ◽  
Ulrich Stangier
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Rational Emotive Therapy ◽  
Imagery Rehearsal Therapy ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract This review provides an overview of the current state of research concerning the role of mental imagery (MI) in mental disorders and evaluates treatment methods for changing MI in childhood. A systematic literature search using PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and PsycINFO from 1872 to September 2020 was conducted. Fourteen studies were identified investigating MI, and fourteen studies were included referring to interventions for changing MI. Data from the included studies was entered into a data extraction sheet. The methodological quality was then evaluated. MI in childhood is vivid, frequent, and has a significant influence on cognitions and behavior in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and depression. The imagery’s perspective might mediate the effect of MI on the intensity of anxiety. Imagery rescripting, emotive imagery, imagery rehearsal therapy, and rational-emotive therapy with imagery were found to have significant effects on symptoms of anxiety disorders and nightmares. In childhood, MI seems to contribute to the maintenance of SAD, PTSD, and depression. If adapted to the developmental stages of children, interventions targeting MI are effective in the treatment of mental disorders.

scholarly journals How Taiwanese Preschool Educators View Play and Apply It in Their Teaching

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Yen Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Learning Activity ◽  
Structured Learning ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Optimal Balance ◽  
Preschool Educators ◽  
Valuable Role

In this research I investigated the views preschool educators in Taiwan on play and the role of play in the curriculum. Adopting a qualitative methodology, I conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 educators at preschools affiliated with elementary schools. The results indicate that preschool educators generally agree that, in addition to being a source of happiness for children, play also promotes learning and development. Thus play is seen as a meaningful learning activity which has a unique and valuable role in the preschool curriculum. However, the findings also indicate that participants need to give more attention to observing and understanding their children’s abilities, interests, and developmental stages, so as to adopt a suitable role in various types of play and find the optimal balance between play and structured learning.

scholarly journals Развитие креативности учащихся и студентов как образовательная стратегия современной системы образования

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ирина А. Малахова
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
Personal Property ◽  
Current State ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Creativity Research ◽  
Wide Range

The article investigates problems with the development of creativity. It describes the main lines of creativity research, and analyzes existing scientific approaches to the study of this phenomenon: naive, contemplative, monodisciplinary and interdisciplinary. The paper presents the author’s interpretation of the essence of creativity and its structure, shows the dual nature of creativity as a personal quality, including indicators of creativity and behavioral forms of its manifestation. Based on a wide range of scientific sources the history and current state of the development of creativity are analyzed. The nature and structure of creativity, developmental stages of the creative person, creation and creativity, diagnosis of creativity as a scientific problem, age-related specifics of creativity are outlined. This article focuses on the scientific design and justification of the need for a creative educational environment for pupils and students to foster their creativity as an integrative personal property. Based on the study, the author shows the age characteristics of the development of creativity of pupils and students, levels of development and pedagogical tasks in support of this process in cultural and continuing-educational institutions.

scholarly journals Programmable RNA Targeting using CasRx in Flies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Buchman ◽  
Dan J. Brogan ◽  
Ruichen Sun ◽  
Ting Yang ◽  
Patrick Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genome Engineering ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Endogenous Expression ◽  
Current State ◽  
Rna Targeting ◽  
Transcript Cleavage ◽  
Early Developmental

AbstractCRISPR-Cas genome editing technologies have revolutionized the fields of functional genetics and genome engineering, but with the recent discovery and optimization of RNA-targeting Cas ribonucleases, we may soon see a similar revolution in the study of RNA function and transcriptome engineering. However, to date, successful proof-of-principle for Cas ribonuclease RNA targeting in eukaryotic systems has been limited. Only recently has successful modification of RNA expression by a Cas ribonuclease been demonstrated in animal embryos. This previous work, however, did not evaluate endogenous expression of Cas ribonucleases and only focused on Cas ribonuclease function in early developmental stages. A more comprehensive evaluation of this technology is needed to assess its potential impact in the field. Here we report on our efforts to develop a programmable platform for RNA-targeting using a Cas ribonuclease, CasRx, in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. By genetically encoding CasRx in flies, we demonstrate moderate transcript targeting of known phenotypic genes in addition to unexpected toxicity and lethality. We also report on the off-target effects following on-target transcript cleavage by CasRx. Taken together, our results present the current state and limitations of a genetically encoded programmable RNA-targeting Cas system in Drosophila melanogaster, paving the way for future optimization of the system.

Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Fitzgibbons ◽  
Varun Puri
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Laparoscopic Approach ◽  
Laparoscopic Herniorrhaphy ◽  
Inguinal Herniorrhaphy ◽  
Laparoscopic Operation ◽  
Therapeutic Laparoscopy ◽  
Current State ◽  
Laparoscopic Inguinal Herniorrhaphy ◽  
Laparoscopic Techniques

As a consequence of the development of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the late 1980s, diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopy has now become an integral part of the average general surgeon's practice. Many conventional operations have been successfully adapted for the laparoscopic approach. A laparoscopic operation is unquestionably the surgical procedure of choice for gastroesophageal reflux disease and removal of the gallbladder, spleen, or adrenal gland unless specific contraindications are present. However, the value of laparoscopic techniques for other operations remains controversial within the surgical community. Laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy (LIH) is a case in point. Frequent reanalysis of the controversial procedures such as laparoscopic herniorrhaphy is especially important because videoscopic operations remain in their developmental stages and thus continue to evolve. With this in mind, the purpose of this review was to examine the current state of the art of laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy in relationship to its conventional counterparts.

Deploying Knowledge Management for Effective Technologies in Higher Education Partnerships

2021 ◽  
pp. 165-179
Author(s):  
Enis Elezi ◽  
Christopher Bamber
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Organisational Learning ◽  
Institutional Performance ◽  
Current State ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Evaluation Stage ◽  
A Current

The Higher Education sector is rapidly changing and is in a current state of flux because of the changing global demand of students. To cope with this dynamism, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are entering into partnerships to combine competences and market presence. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a better understanding of Knowledge Management (KM) in HEIs and discuss the role of communication and organisational learning when working in partnerships. The authors present developmental stages of a higher education partnership so that deployment of underutilised KM technologies can be identified at each stage. The chapter then identifies KM factors specifically useful for the evaluation stage of a higher education partnership; thus, measurement of those factors could foster organisational learning more easily. The chapter also provides a discussion of underutilised technologies in HEIs and explains how improving utilisation would enhance institutional and cross-institutional performance.

scholarly journals Gene Expression Maps in Plants: Current State and Prospects

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Klepikova ◽  
Aleksey A. Penin
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Current State ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Plant Transcriptome ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Genome Wide Expression ◽  
Scale Data

For many years, progress in the identification of gene functions has been based on classical genetic approaches. However, considerable recent omics developments have brought to the fore indirect but high-resolution methods of gene function identification such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. A transcriptome map is a powerful source of functional information and the result of the genome-wide expression analysis of a broad sampling of tissues and/or organs from different developmental stages and/or environmental conditions. In plant science, the application of transcriptome maps extends from the inference of gene regulatory networks to evolutionary studies. However, only some of these data have been integrated into databases, thus enabling analyses to be conducted without raw data; without this integration, extensive data preprocessing is required, which limits data usability. In this review, we summarize the state of plant transcriptome maps, analyze the problems associated with the combined analysis of large-scale data from various studies, and outline possible solutions to these problems.

The production response by dairy cows to the inclusion of small quantities of straw in diets based on high quality grass silage and zero grazed grass

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 20-20
Author(s):  
C.P. Ferris ◽  
F.J. Gordon ◽  
D.C. Patterson ◽  
C.S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Fibre Concentration ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Production Response

To satisfy the increased nutrient requirements of high genetic merit dairy cows, diets of increased nutrient density and intake potential are required. This can be achieved through increasing the feed value of the forage component of the diet (grass silage or grazed grass) and by increasing concentrate feed levels. However both approaches tend to reduce the fibre concentration of the diet, and the physical effectiveness of the fibre in terms of its ability to stimulate ruminal processes. The incorporation of small quantities of straw into the diet has been suggested as a means of overcoming this problem and hence improving animal performance. This study was undertaken to examine the production response by dairy cows to straw inclusion in high quality grass silage and zero grazed grass diets.

Correlated Studies of Cellular Interactions Using TEM, Freeze Etching, and SEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
J. P. Revel
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Early Developmental

Movement of individual cells or of cell sheets and complex patterns of folding play a prominent role in the early developmental stages of the embryo. Our understanding of these processes is based on three- dimensional reconstructions laboriously prepared from serial sections, and from autoradiographic and other studies. Many concepts have also evolved from extrapolation of investigations of cell movement carried out in vitro. The scanning electron microscope now allows us to examine some of these events in situ. It is possible to prepare dissections of embryos and even of tissues of adult animals which reveal existing relationships between various structures more readily than used to be possible vithout an SEM.

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