Toxicity of cadmium and zinc mixtures to the decaudized cercarial life span of Diplostomum spathaceum

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Morley ◽  
M. Crane ◽  
J.W. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Metal Mixtures ◽  
Diplostomum Spathaceum ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Metal Treatment ◽  
Pre Treatment

AbstractThe effects of cadmium and zinc mixtures at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10,000 μg l−1 on the life-span of decaudized cercarial bodies (cercariae that have shed their tails) of Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) was investigated. Cercariae were exposed to metal mixtures of equal and unequal concentrations, and a low-dose pre-treatment followed by a high-dose exposure mixtures. Metal mixtures demonstrated variable effects on decaudized cercariae either by increasing or reducing their life-span compared to single metal exposures dependent on concentration and the type of mixed metal treatment. Prolonged exposure to equal metal mixtures at low concentrations (0.1–100 μg l−1) resulted in a reduction in the life-span of decaudized cercariae at 0.1 and 100 μg l−1 in those individuals decaudized during the initial 24 h exposure period compared with those decaudized during the final 24 h period of cercarial survival, whilst in controls there was no significant life-span change between the two time periods. Decaudized cercariae which were exposed to low concentrations (0.1–100 μg l−1) of equal metal mixtures were also evaluated for their role as an indicator of larval ‘fitness’ for migrating through the tissues of their target fish host for those individuals decaudized during the initial 24 h exposure period, and demonstrated only a limited change in their life-span compared to control and single metal exposures. The importance of metal mixtures in parasite establishment in the fish host is discussed.

Toxicity of cadmium and zinc to the decaudised cercarial life-span of Diplostomum spathaceum (Trematoda: Diplostomidae)

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. MORLEY ◽  
M. CRANE ◽  
J. W. LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Diplostomum Spathaceum

The toxicity of cadmium and zinc at concentrations ranging from 0·1 to 10 000 μg/l to the life-span of decaudised cercarial bodies (cercariae that have shed their tails) of Diplostomum spathaceum was investigated. The effects of metal exposure at 3 temperatures (12, 20, and 25 °C) and 3 levels of water hardness (distilled water, soft water and hard water) were studied. In general, under most experimental conditions increasing metal concentrations reduced the life-span of decaudised cercariae. Increasing water hardness and decreasing water temperature caused an increase in the life-span of both control and metal exposed decaudised cercariae. However, at certain isolated metal concentrations, associated with a specific level of water hardness and temperature, increased survival above controls occurred. Differences in the relative toxicity of cadmium and zinc were dependent on the environmental conditions of exposure. The decaudised cercarial life-span under metal exposure was found to be generally independent of the overall cercarial survival and tail loss in most experimental conditions. Prolonged exposure to cadmium and zinc caused changes in the decaudised cercarial life-span when compared to individuals decaudised during the initial 24 h exposure period to those which were decaudised during the final 24 h period of cercarial survival. The validity of studying the decaudised cercarial life-span as an indicator of ‘fitness’ of larvae to migrate through the tissues of the target fish host, in terms of glycogen utilization, was assessed for those cercariae decaudised during the initial 24 h exposure period only. A limited reduction in the decaudised cercarial life-span during this period compared to controls was recorded, which may possibly indicate a reduced penetration ‘fitness’ of cercariae exposed to cadmium and zinc. The importance and relevance of these findings to parasite migration and establishment in the fish host are discussed.

Tumorigenesis in High-Dose Total Body Irradiated Rhesus Monkeys--A Life Span Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carel F. Hollander ◽  
Chris Zurcher ◽  
Johan J. Broerse
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Life Span Study ◽  
Total Body

Isolation of an Anti-fatigue Preparation from Cellulase-treated Maca by Hydroalcoholic Extraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Zheng Yue ◽  
Zhang Wen-Cheng ◽  
Wu Ze-Yu ◽  
Fu Chuan-Xiang ◽  
Gao Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Control ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue activity of maca hydroalcoholic extract (ME), which mainly contains macamides and polysaccharides. ME was prepared by circumfluence extraction with enzymatic pre-treatment. Anti-fatigue activity of ME was investigated in weight-loaded forced swimming mice, with pure macamides and commercially available maca tablet as positive control. Compared with normal group, pure macamides treatment group could prolong the swimming time to exhaustion, but there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05); while ME (middle-dose and high-dose groups) could effectively prolong the swimming durations (P < 0.05). Supplementation with pure macamides significantly decreased blood lactic acid (BLA), whereas ME significantly increased hepatic glycogen (HG), decreased BLA, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) compared with those in normal control (P < 0.05). The results suggested that the anti-fatigue effect of ME was better than that of pure macamides, which can be explained by the increase of glycogen storage and the reduction of metabolites accumulation.

scholarly journals Screening for Effects of Inhaled Nanoparticles in Cell Culture Models for Prolonged Exposure

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 606
Author(s):  
Claudia Meindl ◽  
Kristin Öhlinger ◽  
Verena Zrim ◽  
Thomas Steinkogler ◽  
Eleonore Fröhlich
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Transient Effects ◽  
Particle Uptake ◽  
Particle Accumulation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Culture Models ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Inhaled Nanoparticles

Respiratory exposure of humans to environmental and therapeutic nanoparticles repeatedly occurs at relatively low concentrations. To identify adverse effects of particle accumulation under realistic conditions, monocultures of Calu-3 and A549 cells and co-cultures of A549 and THP-1 macrophages in the air–liquid interphase culture were exposed repeatedly to 2 µg/cm2 20 nm and 200 nm polystyrene particles with different functionalization. Particle accumulation, transepithelial electrical resistance, dextran (3–70 kDa) uptake and proinflammatory cytokine secretion were determined over 28 days. Calu-3 cells showed constant particle uptake without any change in barrier function and cytokine release. A549 cells preferentially ingested amino- and not-functionalized particles combined with decreased endocytosis. Cytokine release was transiently increased upon exposure to all particles. Carboxyl-functionalized demonstrated higher uptake and higher cytokine release than the other particles in the A549/THP-1 co-cultures. The evaluated respiratory cells and co-cultures ingested different amounts and types of particles and caused small (partly transient) effects. The data suggest that the healthy cells can adapt to low doses of non-cytotoxic particles.

Changes in survival characteristics ofDiplostomum spathaceumcercariae emerged from cadmium-exposedLymnaea stagnalis

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Morley ◽  
M. Crane ◽  
J.W. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Control Population ◽  
Survival Period ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Tail Loss ◽  
Diplostomum Spathaceum ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Potential Indicator ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe effect of exposingLymnaea stagnalis(Gastropoda: Pulmonata), infected withDiplostomum spathaceum(Trematoda: Diplostomatidae), to 100 μg l−1cadmium for 7 days on survival characteristics (survival, tail loss, decaudized cercarial life-span) of emerged cercariae was investigated. Exposure ofL. stagnalisto cadmium resulted in significantly increasedD. spathaceumcercarial survival and an inhibited tail loss compared to controls. The normal parallel relationship which exists over time between decreasing cercarial survival and increasing tail loss in controls was changed in cercariae from cadmium-exposed hosts with an increased proportion of cercarial deaths occurring without tail loss. The decaudized cercarial life-span over the survival period of the cercarial population did not significantly change. However comparisons between individuals decaudized during the initial 24 h time period with those which were decaudized during the final period of cercarial survival showed a significantly altered life span which did not occur in the control population. As a potential indicator of penetration ‘fitness’ comparisons were also undertaken between control and exposed cercariae decaudized during the initial 24 h time period, which revealed that the decaudized cercarial life-span from the exposed hosts was significantly different from controls. This may have important implications for the ability of cercariae to migrate through the tissues of their target host. The importance and relevance of these results to parasite transmission are discussed.

scholarly journals Three month inhalation exposure to low-level PM2.5 induced brain toxicity in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0254587
Author(s):  
Sheng-Han Lee ◽  
Yi-Hsuan Chen ◽  
Chu-Chun Chien ◽  
Yuan-Horng Yan ◽  
Hsin-Chang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Subchronic Exposure

Although numerous epidemiological studies revealed an association between ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the PM2.5-induced neuron toxicity and associated mechanisms were not fully elucidated. The present study assessed brain toxicity in 6-month-old female triple-transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice following subchronic exposure to PM2.5 via an inhalation system. The treated mice were whole-bodily and continuously exposed to real-world PM2.5 for 3 months, while the control mice inhaled filtered air. Changes in cognitive and motor functions were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze and rotarod tests. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis was used to record gross brain volume alterations, and tissue staining with hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, and immunohistochemistry methods were used to monitor pathological changes in microstructures after PM2.5 exposure. The levels of AD-related hallmarks and the oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed using Western blot analysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. Our results showed that subchronic exposure to environmental levels of PM2.5 induced obvious neuronal loss in the cortex of exposed mice, but without significant impairment of cognitive and motor function. Increased levels of phosphorylated-tau and MDA were also observed in olfactory bulb or hippocampus after PM2.5 exposure, but no amyloid pathology was detected, as reported in previous studies. These results revealed that a relatively lower level of PM2.5 subchronic exposure from the environmental atmosphere still induced certain neurodegenerative changes in the brains of AD mice, especially in the olfactory bulb, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, which is consistent with the nasal entry and spreading route for PM exposure. Systemic factors may also contribute to the neuronal toxicity. The effects of PM2.5 after a more prolonged exposure period are needed to establish a more comprehensive picture of the PM2.5-mediated development of AD.

Temperature-dependent survival and reproduction within populations of the ectoparasitic digenean Transversotrema patialense on the fish host

Parasitology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
Adult Parasite ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
Brachydanio Rerio ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Increasing Temperature

SUMMARYThe reproduction and survival of the ectoparasitic digenean Transversotrema patialense on the fish host Brachydanio rerio are shown to be temperature-dependent. Survival is reduced by any deviation from an optimum temperature of approximately 23°C. With increasing temperature the rate of egg production per surviving fluke rises progressively faster to a higher peak up to 29°C but falls to zero by 35°C. The span of egg production varies closely with the life-span of the parasite at each temperature. The optimum temperature for the total number of eggs produced by each cohort of parasites is also 23°C. This number is a function of both adult parasite survival and the rate of egg output.

scholarly journals Basal anti-inflammatory responses in cultured endothelial cells exposed to two conjugated linoleic acids

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Valenzuela ◽  
Elizabeth Miles ◽  
Philip Calder
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Adhesion Assay ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Pathways ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pre Treatment

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been shown to possess anti-atherosclerotic properties, which may be related to the downregulation of inflammatory pathways. Whether low concentrations of CLAs are able to affect basal, unstimulated endothelial cell (EC) responses is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two CLAs (cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) on basal inflammatory responses by ECs.EA.hy926 cells (HUVEC lineage) were cultured under standard conditions and exposed to CLAs (1 and 10 μM) for 48 hours. MTT assay was performed to determine cell viability; incorporation of FA was confirmed by gas chromatography; inflammatory mediators were assessed by multiplex immunoassay; the relative expression of genes encoding transcription factors and inflammatory cytokines was assessed through real-time PCR and static adhesion assay was used to evaluate monocyte attachment to the EC monolayer.CLAs were incorporated into ECs in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment with CLA9,11 (1 uM) significantly reduced unstimulated, basal concentrations of MCP-1 (p < 0.05), and CLA10,12 at 10 uM had the same effect (p < 0.05). Both CLAs at 10 uM increased the relative expression of NFκβ (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively), while decreasing the relative expression of PPARα (p < 0.0001), COX-2 (p < 0.0001) and IL-6 (p < 0.0001). In contrast, no effect was observed in the adhesion assay for either CLA.These results suggest that both CLAs at a low concentration have a neutral or modest anti-inflammatory effect in basal conditions, which may influence endothelial function and risk of vascular disease. Interestingly, at these low CLA concentrations some pro-inflammatory genes are upregulated while others are down regulated. This suggests complex effects of CLAs on inflammatory pathways.

Cadmium toxicity and snail–digenean interactions in a population of Lymnaea spp.

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Morley ◽  
M. Crane ◽  
J.W. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Cadmium Toxicity ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Diplostomum Spathaceum ◽  
Lymnaea Peregra

AbstractThe toxicity of cadmium to a population of Lymnaea peregra and L. stagnalis naturally infected with a range of digeneans and collected from a number of sites in the lower Thames Valley, UK was investigated. Lymnaeid snails were exposed to 100 μg l-1 cadmium and the effects on host survival and emergence of cercariae recorded. Overwintered L. peregra, but not L. stagnalis, showed significantly reduced survival compared to seasonally infected snails, i.e. snails which have acquired an infection during the spring or summer. A significant increase in survival with increasing snail size was demonstrated for L. stagnalis and for seasonally infected L. peregra only. Only L. stagnalis infected with Diplostomum spathaceum and L. peregra infected individually with D. spathaceum, Sanguinicola inermis, Echinoparyphium recurvatum and Notocotylus attenuatus demonstrated a significantly reduced survival compared to laboratory-bred controls. The exposure of L. stagnalis to cadmium resulted in a significant reduction in the emergence of D. spathaceum over a 5-day period but cadmium-exposed L. peregra showed no difference in the emergence of E. recurvatum cercariae over a 3-day exposure period. The mechanisms and importance of metal toxicity to snail–digenean interactions are discussed.

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