Differences and similarities of nurse cells in cysts of Trichinella spiralis and T. pseudospiralis

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Boonmars ◽  
Z. Wu ◽  
I. Nagano ◽  
T. Nakada ◽  
Y. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Nurse Cell ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Intermediate Filament Protein ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Trichinella Pseudospiralis ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
Filament Protein

AbstractThe nurse cell in the cyst of Trichinella spiralis comprises at least two kinds of cytoplasm, derived from muscle or satellite cells, as indicated by the pattern of staining using regular dye (haematoxylin and eosin, or toluidine blue), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, acid phosphatase (ACP) expression and immunostaining with an anti-intermediate filament protein (desmin or keratin). Muscle cells undergo basophilic changes following a T. spiralis infection and transform to the nurse cells, accompanied by an increase in ACP activity and the disappearance of desmin. Satellite cells are activated, transformed and joined to the nurse cells but remain eosinophilic. The eosinophilic cytoplasm is accompanied by an increase in desmin and ALP expression but not an increase in ACP activity. Differences in the staining results for ALP or ACP suggest that the two kinds of cytoplasm have different functions. Trichinella pseudospiralis infection results in an increase of ACP activity at a later stage than T. spiralis. There is also a difference in the location pattern of ACP in the cyst of T. spiralis compared with T. pseudospiralis. In T. spiralis, ACP is diffused within the cell, but in T. pseudospiralis, ACP distribution is spotty corresponding to the location of the nucleus. Trichinella pseudospiralis infection is accompanied by a slight increase in ALP activity. Activated satellite cells following a T. pseudospiralis infection exhibit an increase in desmin expression. The present study therefore reveals that nurse cell cytoplasm differs between the two Trichinella species and between the two origins of cytoplasm in the cyst of T. spiralis.

Evidence against electrophoresis as the principal mode of protein transport in vitellogenic ovarian follicles of Drosophila

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-288
Author(s):  
J. Bohrmann ◽  
H. Gutzeit
Keyword(s):  
Nurse Cell ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Electrophoretic Transport ◽  
Indicator Dyes

Charged cell constituents in polytrophic insect follicles are thought to be transported in the nurse cell-oocyte syncytium by way of electrophoresis. This concept, proposed by Woodruff & Telfer (1980) was based on electrophysiological data and microinjection of heterologous proteins using Hyalophora follicles. By microinjecting fluorescently labelled acidic and basic proteins into the nurse cells or oocyte of vitellogenic Drosophila follicles, we failed to obtain evidence for charge-dependent migration of these molecules. We have also analyzed the proteins of nurse cells and oocyte on isoelectric focusing gels, by means of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and by ion exchange chromatography to see if basic or acidic proteins accumulate in vivo in nurse cells and oocyte, respectively. For the bulk of the follicular proteins we found no accumulation. Further evidence against an electrophoretic transport system in Drosophila was obtained by estimating the intracellular pH from the colour of indicator dyes microinjected into the follicles; the results indicate that the pH in the nurse cell cytoplasm is lower than that in the ooplasm. According to the model developed for Hyalophora, electrophoretic transport would be favoured by high pH in the nurse cell cytoplasm.

Comparison of microfilament patterns in nurse cells of different insects with polytrophic and telotrophic ovarioles

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-301
Author(s):  
Herwig O. Gutzeit ◽  
Erwin Huebner
Keyword(s):  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata ◽  
Nurse Cell ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Oryzaephilus Surinamensis ◽  
Actin Network ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Microfilament Bundles ◽  
Apis Mellifica

The localization of F-actin (microfilaments) in the nurse cells of ovarian follicles has been studied in 12 different insect species by fluorescence microscopy after specifically staining F-actin with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin. In the analysed species with polytrophic ovaries (Apis mellifica, Pimpla turionellae, Bradysia tritici, Ephestia kuehniella, Protophormia terraenovae) a dense F-actin network was found to be associated with the nurse cell membranes. Only in Protophormia were microfilament bundles seen to extend from the cell membrane into the nurse cell cytoplasm and in a few cases appeared to make contact with the nuclear membrane. In the analysed coleopteran species with telotrophic ovarioles (Strangalia melanura, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Oryzaephilus surinamensis) the fluorescence was also concentrated at the nurse cell membranes only. However, in all analysed hemipteran species (Lygus pratensis, Calocoris affinis, Graphosoma lineatum, Euscelis plebejus) the microfilament pattern was very different: while the nurse cells stained only weakly, we always found a characteristic (in some species massive) microfilament network surrounding the trophic core, a central area in the germarium from where material is transported through the trophic cords into the oocytes. The observed differences in the microfilament patterns are likely to reflect different mechanisms for transporting macromolecules and organelles within the ovariole.

Time-lapse film analysis of cytoplasmic streaming during late oogenesis of Drosophila

Development ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-111
Author(s):  
Herwigo Gutzeit ◽  
Roswitha Koppa
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Nurse Cell ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Film Analysis ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Oocyte Stage

Cytoplasmic streaming in follicles of Drosophila has been analysed in vitro by means of time-lapse films. Late vitellogenic follicles develop normally in vitro as judged by morphological criteria. Furthermore, follicles (stage 10 and younger) which were cultured in vitro for the same length of time as follicles which were filmed, developed normally in vivo after injection into a host fly. The recorded cytoplasmic movements are, therefore, unlikely to be an in vitro artefact. At early vitellogenic stages (up to stage 9; King, 1970) no cytoplasmic streaming can be detected, but at stage 10A cytoplasmic movements are initiated within the oocyte. At stage 10B, when the nurse cells start degenerating, nurse cell cytoplasm can be seen to flow into the growing oocyte. At stage 11 a central stream of nurse-cell cytoplasm reaches the oocyte within a minute. The ooplasmic streaming is most rapid at stage 10B and stage 11 and only an oocyte cortex up to 7 μm thick remains stationary. Once the bulk of the nurse-cell cytoplasm has poured into the oocyte (stage 12) the cytoplasmic movement ceases, first in the nurse cells and later in the ooplasm. In mature oocytes no cytoplasmic streaming can be detected.

Subcellular localization of an intermediate filament protein and its mRNA in glial cells

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 4556-4559
Author(s):  
P V Sarthy ◽  
M Fu ◽  
J Huang
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cell ◽  
Intermediate Filament ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Mrna Localization ◽  
Intermediate Filament Protein ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Distal Process ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Actin Mrna ◽  
Filament Protein

Eucaryotic mRNAs are generally localized in the cell body, where most protein synthesis occurs. We have found that mRNAs encoding the glial intermediate filament protein are spatially distributed in the glial cell cytoplasm close to the location of the glial filaments. Whereas the glial filament protein mRNA was located predominantly in the distal process, actin mRNA was found almost exclusively in the apical portion of the glial cell. This pattern of mRNA localization might provide a mechanism for synthesis of proteins in specific subcellular compartments by mRNA translation locally.

Expression of apoptosis-related factors in muscles infected withTrichinella spiralis

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. BOONMARS ◽  
Z. WU ◽  
I. NAGANO ◽  
Y. TAKAHASHI
Keyword(s):  
Nurse Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Caspase 9 ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
Infected Muscle ◽  
Newborn Larva ◽  
Polymerase Chain

We found that the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis related genes (Bcl-2 associated protein X, BAX; apoptotic protease activating factor 1, Apaf-1; Caspase 9 and serine/threonine protein kinase, PKB) is elevated inTrichinella spiralis-infected muscles during encapsulation. Micro-dissection of the capsule and subsequent reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed that the expressions of these genes are restricted to the nurse cell. Immunocytochemistry revealed that pro-apoptosis factor (BAX, Apaf-1 and Caspase 9) are predominantly expressed in the basophilic cytoplasm (infected muscle cell origin) and anti-apoptosis factor (PKB) in the eosinophilic cytoplasm (satellite cell origin) of the nurse cell. Electron microscopy revealed that the pre-existing mitochondria in the muscle cells became swollen and disappeared immediately after newborn larva invasion, but new mitochondria of smaller size appeared in the cytoplasm. Nuclear fragmentation and condensation were observed in basophilic cytoplasm which is known to die. Together, the results suggest that the infected muscle cells transform but die through the process of apoptosis which is triggered by factors from the newly formed mitochondria. The anti-apoptosis factor may help the eosinophilic cytoplasm with its survival to ensure nurse cell function.

The role of microfilaments in cytoplasmic streaming in Drosophila follicles

1986 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.O. Gutzeit
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Nuclear Membrane ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Nurse Cell ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Nurse Cells ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm

During the last phase of oogenesis in Drosophila, nurse cell cytoplasm can be seen to be streaming into the growing oocyte when visualized in time-lapse films. This process can be reversibly inhibited by cytochalasins. The distribution of F-actin filaments in the nurse cells has been studied by staining with rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin. At the beginning of cytoplasmic streaming (stage 10B) increasingly thick bundles of microfilaments formed, many of which spanned the nurse cell cytoplasm from the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane. The association of F-actin with the nuclear membrane persisted when nurse cell nuclei were isolated mechanically. The experimental evidence suggests that microfilament contraction in the nurse cells leads to cytoplasmic streaming by pressure flow.

Different response of satellite cells in the kinetics of myogenic regulatory factors and ultrastructural pathology after Trichinella spiralis and T. pseudospiralis infection

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. WU ◽  
A. MATSUO ◽  
T. NAKADA ◽  
I. NAGANO ◽  
Y. TAKAHASHI
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Satellite Cells ◽  
Nurse Cell ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Myogenic Regulatory Factors ◽  
Regulatory Factors ◽  
Infected Muscle ◽  
Kinetics Of

Infection of an intracellular parasitic nematode, Trichinella spiralis, resulted in severe damage in muscle cells which was followed by activation and proliferation of satellite cells. The repairing process, shortly after the damage, histopathologically resembled those seen after mechanical injury. Resemblance was also true for kinetics of expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, myogenin and MRF4). The difference resided in the next step where the muscle cell infected with T. spiralis transformed to a unique cell which is parasitologically known as the nurse cell, and the proliferated satellite cells did not differentiate to the muscle cell but to the nurse cell (misdifferentiation). Thus the nurse cell was a fusion of the transformed infected muscle cell and misdifferentiated satellite cells. Infection with another species of Trichinella, T. pseudospiralis, also caused cell damage, but more extensively involving the entire length of the infected muscle cells because no septum was formed to minimize the affected area. Therefore, a large number of satellite cells were activated and proliferated. The myogenic regulatory factors such as MyoD and myogenin were activated for a longer period than in the case with T. spiralis infection. The infected muscle cell transformed to the nurse cell, whose cytoplasm was characterized by extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Satellite cells misdifferentiated to the nurse cell, whose cytoplasm was amorphous, void of distinct cell organelles. The two kinds of cytoplasm did not fuse as examined thus far. Thus infection with T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis caused misdifferentiation of satellite cells, but in a different way.

scholarly journals Subcellular localization of an intermediate filament protein and its mRNA in glial cells.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 4556-4559 ◽  
Author(s):  
P V Sarthy ◽  
M Fu ◽  
J Huang
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cell ◽  
Intermediate Filament ◽  
Mrna Translation ◽  
Mrna Localization ◽  
Intermediate Filament Protein ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Distal Process ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Actin Mrna ◽  
Filament Protein

Eucaryotic mRNAs are generally localized in the cell body, where most protein synthesis occurs. We have found that mRNAs encoding the glial intermediate filament protein are spatially distributed in the glial cell cytoplasm close to the location of the glial filaments. Whereas the glial filament protein mRNA was located predominantly in the distal process, actin mRNA was found almost exclusively in the apical portion of the glial cell. This pattern of mRNA localization might provide a mechanism for synthesis of proteins in specific subcellular compartments by mRNA translation locally.

Immunocytochemical localization of desmin and vimentin in chick embryonic myocardial cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-449
Author(s):  
Yukiko Sugi
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Methoxide ◽  
Intermediate Filament Protein ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Immunocytochemical Localization ◽  
Myocardial Cells ◽  
Immunofluorescence Study ◽  
Immunofluorescent Localization ◽  
Rabbit Igg ◽  
Semithin Sections ◽  
Filament Protein

In cultured skeletal muscle cells of chick, one intermediate filament protein, vimentin, is primarily formed and then synthesis of desmin follows. Coexistence of vimentin and desmin has been immunocytochemically confirmed in chick embryonic skeletal musclecells. Immunofluorescent localization of vimentin and desmin has been described in developing myocardial cells of hamster. However, initial localization of desmin and vimentin in early embryonic heart has not been reported in detail. By quick-freeze deep-etch method a loose network of intermediate filaments was revealed to exist surrounding myofibrils. In this report, immunocytochemical localization of desmin and vimentin is visualized in early stages of chick embryonic my ocardium.Chick embryos, Hamburger-Hamilton (H-H) stage 8 to hatch, and 1 day old postnatal chicks were used in this study. For immunofluorescence study, each embryo was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in Epon 812. De-epoxinized with sodium methoxide, semithin sections were stained with primary antibodies (rabbit anti-desmin antibody and anti-vimentin antibody)and secondary antibody (RITC conjugated goat-anti rabbit IgG).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document