Thoracic geometry changes during equine locomotion

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Robert Colborne ◽  
Rebecca J Allen ◽  
Rosanna JR Wilson ◽  
David J Marlin ◽  
Samantha H Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ultrasonic Flowmeter ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Locomotor Pattern ◽  
Flowmeter System ◽  
Diameter Change ◽  
Left Hemi

AbstractClassic descriptions of rib motion during ventilation include three-dimensional movements that are tied to the locomotor pattern. It is still not clear how chest wall and diaphragmatic movements contribute to ventilation. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate how gait affects local thoracic geometry in horses. Hemispherical markers were placed on the skin over the ribs and spine to calculate thoracic hemi-diameter. Ventilatory airflows were recorded using an ultrasonic flowmeter system. Airflow and kinematic data were collected synchronously at walk (1.8 m s-1), trot (4 m s-1), canter and gallop (6, 8 and 10 m s-1) on the treadmill. At walk and trot, the changes in right and left hemi-diameter were approximately symmetric. At walk, mean hemi-diameter changes were 40 mm (rib 10) and 47 mm (rib 16). At trot, they were 33 mm (rib 10) and 34 mm (rib 16). Across the three canter and gallop speeds, leading (right) side hemi-diameter change increased from 25 to 30 to 35 mm (rib 10) and from 23 to 37 to 46 mm (rib 16). The trailing (left) side hemi-diameter increased from 50 to 67 to 70 mm (rib 10) and from 36 to 48 to 54 mm (rib 16) (P≪0.01). At canter and gallop, the non-lead side of the thorax is subjected to larger amplitude changes in hemi-diameter than the lead side, which tends to be more compressed overall and demonstrates smaller amplitudes of change in diameter.

scholarly journals BLOCK SLOPE IS THE MAIN DETERMINANT OF BLOCK PHASE PERFORMANCE IN SWIMMING

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Uğur ÖDEK ◽  
Feza KORKUSUZ ◽  
Sadettin KİRAZCI
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Block Height ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
Main Factor

ABSTRACT Introduction Swimming starts are an important component for decreasing the total race time, especially in short events. In this phase of swimming, the aim is to increase performance using many different techniques and starting platforms. Objectives The effects of height and slope of the starting block on kick-start performance were assessed in this study. Methods Six male competitive swimmers performed 24 kick-starts using four block settings: 65 cm & 75 cm flat and 65 cm & 75 cm sloped. Two-dimensional kinetic and three-dimensional kinematic data were analyzed, including average and maximum horizontal/vertical forces and impulses; reaction times; movement and block times; and take-off vertical/horizontal velocities. Two-way within-subject design ANOVAs were implemented to test the effects of block height and slope on the kinetic and kinematic variables. Results Block slope was the main factor affecting most of the dependent variables. Shorter block and movement times, greater average and maximum vertical forces, vertical impulse, and maximum horizontal force were found for the sloped settings. An inverse relationship was found between block height and 0-5 m times. Conclusion Based on the results, blocks with height of 75 cm and slope of 10° provided better results in swimmers’ performance in the block phase. Level of evidence II, Therapeutic Studies -Investigating the Results of Treatment

Spatial Kinematic Analysis of the Upper Extremity Using a Biplanar Videotaping Method

1981 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Langrana
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Assistive Device ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Extremity Motion ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

A biplanar videotaping system is used to generate spatial kinematic data of an upper extremity motion. The technique is based upon the characterization of each segment by four points in three-dimensional space using biplanar videotaping and subsequent analysis by computer-aided descriptive geometry. The tests were conducted to determine the system’s accuracy and repeatability. The results of the joint kinematics of the test subjects performing a diagonal reaching activity with and without an orthosis (or an assistive device) are presented.

Normal three-dimensional kinematic data for the arm during walking

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. S217-S219
Author(s):  
Frank Plasschaert ◽  
Kim Jones ◽  
Malcolm Forward
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Kinematic Data

scholarly journals The Appropriateness of the Helical Axis Technique and Six Available Cardan Sequences for the Representation of 3-D Lead Leg Kinematics During the Fencing Lunge

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sinclair ◽  
Paul J Taylor ◽  
Lindsay Bottoms
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Helical Axis ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Kinematic Data ◽  
Intraclass Correlations ◽  
Common Technique ◽  
Rotation Plane ◽  
Leg Kinematics

Cardan/Euler angles represent the most common technique for the quantification of segmental rotations. Cardan angles are influenced by their ordered sequence, and sensitive to planar-cross talk from the dominant rotation plane, which may affect the angular parameters. The International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) currently recommends a sagittal, coronal, and then transverse (XYZ) ordered sequence, although it has been proposed that when quantifying non-sagittal rotations this may not be the most appropriate technique. This study examined the influence of the helical and six available Cardan sequences on lower extremity three-dimensional (3-D) kinematics of the lead leg during the fencing lunge. Kinematic data were obtained using a 3-D motion capture system as participants completed simulated lunges. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to compare discrete kinematic parameters, and intraclass correlations were also utilized to determine evidence of planar crosstalk. The results indicate that in all three planes of rotation, peak angle and range of motion angles using the YXZ and ZXY sequences were significantly greater than the other sequences. It was also noted that the utilization of the YXZ and ZXY sequences was associated with the strongest correlations from the sagittal plane, and the XYZ sequence was found habitually to be associated with the lowest correlations. It appears that for accurate representation of 3-D kinematics of the lead leg during the fencing lunge, the XYZ sequence is the most appropriate and as such its continued utilization is encouraged.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Printing PEEK Implant: A Novel Choice for the Reconstruction of Chest Wall Defect

2019 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wang ◽  
Lijun Huang ◽  
Xiaofei Li ◽  
Daixing Zhong ◽  
Dichen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wall Defect ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Chest Wall Defect ◽  
Dimensional Printing

scholarly journals Respiratory dynamics during laughter

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1441-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Filippelli ◽  
Riccardo Pellegrino ◽  
Iacopo Iandelli ◽  
Gianni Misuri ◽  
Joseph R. Rodarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Dynamic Compression ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Abdominal Pressure ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure

Lung and chest wall mechanics were studied during fits of laughter in 11 normal subjects. Laughing was naturally induced by showing clips of the funniest scenes from a movie by Roberto Benigni. Chest wall volume was measured by using a three-dimensional optoelectronic plethysmography and was partitioned into upper thorax, lower thorax, and abdominal compartments. Esophageal (Pes) and gastric (Pga) pressures were measured in seven subjects. All fits of laughter were characterized by a sudden occurrence of repetitive expiratory efforts at an average frequency of 4.6 ± 1.1 Hz, which led to a final drop in functional residual capacity (FRC) by 1.55 ± 0.40 liter ( P < 0.001). All compartments similarly contributed to the decrease of lung volumes. The average duration of the fits of laughter was 3.7 ± 2.2 s. Most of the events were associated with sudden increase in Pes well beyond the critical pressure necessary to generate maximum expiratory flow at a given lung volume. Pga increased more than Pes at the end of the expiratory efforts by an average of 27 ± 7 cmH2O. Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) at FRC and at 10% and 20% control forced vital capacity below FRC was significantly higher than Pdi at the same absolute lung volumes during a relaxed maneuver at rest ( P < 0.001). We conclude that fits of laughter consistently lead to sudden and substantial decrease in lung volume in all respiratory compartments and remarkable dynamic compression of the airways. Further mechanical stress would have applied to all the organs located in the thoracic cavity if the diaphragm had not actively prevented part of the increase in abdominal pressure from being transmitted to the chest wall cavity.

Three-dimensional optical analysis of chest wall motion

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1224-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ferrigno ◽  
P. Carnevali ◽  
A. Aliverti ◽  
F. Molteni ◽  
G. Beulcke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Wall Motion ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Abdominal Pressure ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Online Computation ◽  
Chest Wall Motion ◽  
The Subject

A method for kinematic analysis of chest wall motion is presented, based on a television-image processor that allows a three-dimensional assessment of volume change of the trunk by automatically computing the coordinates of several passive markers placed on relevant landmarks of the thorax and abdomen. The parallel computation used for the image processing allows for a real time recognition of the passive markers with the necessary accuracy. A geometric model also allows the online computation of the contribution to the chest volume by the different parts. For this purpose, the model presented here is based on 54 tetrahedrons that can be grouped into 9 compartments and 3 sections representing 1) upper thorax (mainly reflecting the action of neck and parasternal muscles and the effect of pleural pressure), 2) lower thorax (mainly reflecting the action of diaphragm and the effect of pleural and abdominal pressure), and 3) abdomen (mainly reflecting the actions of diaphragm and abdominal muscles). By this model, the volume can also be split into three vertical sections pointing out asymmetries between the right and left sides. The method is noninvasive, nonionizing, and leaves the subject maximum freedom of movement during the test, thus being suitable for routine clinical analysis. The monitoring of the subject can be prolonged in time and can be performed in different postures: standing, sitting, and supine. The method was tested on 12 healthy subjects showing its good accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility.

scholarly journals The Flow Field Analysis and Flow Calculation of Ultrasonic Flowmeter Based on the Fluent Software

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Guo ◽  
Yue Sun ◽  
Ling Liu ◽  
Zhixi Shen ◽  
Ruizhen Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Ultrasonic Flowmeter ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Power Correction ◽  
Ideal Condition ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Fluent Software

We can build the three-dimensional structure model based on the Gambit software and achieve the distribution of flow field in the pipe and reflux flow condition at the position of transducer in regard to the real position of transducer according to the Fluent software. Under the framework, define the reflux length based on the distance of reflux along the channel and evaluate the effect of reflux on flow field. Then we can correct the power factor with the transmission speed difference method in the ideal condition and obtain the matching expression of power correction factor according to the practice model. In the end, analyze the simulation experience and produce the sample table based on the proposed model. The comparative analysis of test results and simulation results demonstrates the validity and feasibility of the proposed simulation method. The research in this paper will lay a foundation for further study on the optimization of ultrasonic flowmeter, enhance the measurement precision, and extend the application of engineering.

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