Didymosphaeria arachidicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Net Blotch ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Irregular Pattern ◽  
Brown Blotch ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Didymosphaeria arachidicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Arachis hypogaea. DISEASE: Net blotch (55, 3822), web-blotch (Pettit, Taber & Harrison, 1973) or leaf blotch of peanut (54, 3573). At first lesions are small, diffuse specks or streaks merging in an irregular pattern covering large areas of the leaflet. Initially lesions are superficial and confined to the adaxial surface but later spreading to the lower surface. As the disease progresses the net appearance is lost and a large reddish-brown blotch results. Often several such lesions coalesce covering the entire leaflet. Severe infection leads to defoliation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Zimbabwe, formerly Rhodesia, South Africa, Mauritius); Australasia (Australia, Queensland); Europe/Asia (USSR, Caucasus, Republic of Georgia); North America (USA); South America (Argentina,? Brazil). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia and ascospores dispersed by rain splash during wet weather or heavy dews. It is also possible that conidia and ascospores could be carried over on crop residues and debris in soil.

Ascochyta desmazieresii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Irish Republic

Abstract A description is provided for Ascochyta desmazieresii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne. DISEASE: Glume and leaf spot of Italian and perennial ryegrasses. At first leaf lesions start as small purplish or chocolate-brown spots with a distinct red-purple margin. With time these enlarge, become irregular or elliptical, up to 5 mm long and distinctly visible on both sides of the leaves. Finally the centres of older lesions fade to fawn to straw yellow with numerous pycnidia immersed within the leaf tissue on both sides of the leaves but usually abundant pycnidia occur on the lower side. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); Europe (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Irish Republic, UK); N. America (USA, California, Oregon, Washington); S. America (Chile, Brazil). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; infection is presumably spread by air-borne conidia in wet weather or heavy dews. The fungus is also probably carried over on crop residues and debris in soil.

Pleospora herbarum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Net Blotch ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ring Spot ◽  
Severe Leaf

Abstract A description is provided for Pleospora herbarum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts including apple, ash, broad bean, clover, endive, gladiolus, gramineae, lettuce, lupin, muskmelon, onion, Onobrychis, Medicago sativa, mangold, tomato, Trifolium, Vicia (40: 230). DISEASES: Leaf spot of mangold, clover (Trifolium), lucerne (Medicago sativa), endive, lettuce, onion seedlings and gladiolus, net blotch of field and broad bean (Vicia), ring spot of sanfoin (Onobrychis) foot rot of tomato. Severe leaf spot on muskmelon may cause leaf fall and sun scald of fruit (37: 625). Lesions caused by other fungi may also be colonized as on lucerne (38: 11) or be associated with some other disease complex such as Pseudomonas savastanoi on ash (36: 144). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide; very common in temperate and sub-tropical regions. TRANSMISSION: Generally air-borne as ascospores or conidia. These penetrate the leaf or petiole via stomata (37: 365). May also occur on seeds (38: 146) and in soil.

Septoria cannabis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
New Records ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
White Leaf ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria cannabis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Cannabis sativa (hemp). DISEASE: White leaf spot or leaf blight of hemp. Symptoms usually appear on basal leaves as round or ellipsoidal to polygonal, whitish or ochraceous yellow lesions with a conspicuous dark brown border. Affected leaves become curled and withered up towards the edges and fall prematurely leaving much of the lower part of the stem defoliated (15, 97, 805). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe and North America (CMI Map No. 477, ed. 1, 1971). New records not mapped are: Asia (Kashmir, Pakistan). TRANSMISSION: Detailed studies have not been reported but conidia are presumed to be disseminated by rain-splash and wind blown water. The fungus could also be carried over in crop residues.

Ascochyta paspali. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Ascochyta paspali. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Paspalum dilatatum (dallis grass), (and P. floridanum var. glabratum). DISEASE: Leaf blotch or streak of Paspalum spp. The visible symptoms are yellowish brown to grey lesions developing at the leaf tip and subsequently involving the entire leaf and sometimes the sheath. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); South America (Argentina) and North America (? USA). TRANSMISSION: The fungus occurs in Paspalum as an endophyte (Buchanan, 1984). The mycelium has been reported to grow systemically in xylem vessels of roots, leaves and inflorescences. Conidia are dispersed by rain splash and the fungus has been isolated from seeds. It has been suggested that the fungus might overwinter as mycelium within roots, crowns and infected seeds.

Phytophthora ilicis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Ilex Aquifolium ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Twig Blight ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora ilicis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ilex aquifolium, I. aquifolium f. aureo-marginata. DISEASE: Produces a severe die-back disease (leaf and twig blight) of young and mature holly plants; a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. Symptoms consist of black leaf spots, defoliation, twig die-back and berry infection. Limb and trunk cankers develop inside tissues. Leaf fall begins from the lower branches and progresses upwards producing shafts or pyramids of defoliation. The disease develops well in cool, wet weather but is checked during hot, dry periods. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe; UK (England), Netherlands. North America; USA (OR, WA). TRANSMISSION: By sporangia borne on sporangiophores which emerge through stomata on the lower surface of leaves. Sporangia are dispersed by rain-splash or by wind and infect leaves via wounds, or twigs via leaf scars. Growth of the mycelium from twigs extends into branches. Berries are infected in late winter and spring. Oospores are formed in leaf spots and in the cortex of dead twigs. They may act as perennating structures, allowing the fungus to survive over the summer and then germinate in cooler weather.

Cercospora carbonacea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Little
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Cercospora carbonacea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Dioscoria spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of yams. Causes fairly large, 5-20 mm, angular leaf spots, which are usually delimited by the leaf veins. The dark brown to almost black leaf spots give an almost charred appearance to the leaves, while on the lower surface the spots are grey becoming brown with age. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Asia: Burma, India, North America: Canada (Ontario), West Indies (Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America: Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-borne and rain-splash dispersed conidia, surviving adverse periods in crop debris.

Hemileia vastatrix. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Laundon
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Rust ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Spore Dispersal ◽  
Hemileia Vastatrix ◽  
Coffee Leaf Rust ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Yellowish Orange

Abstract A description is provided for Hemileia vastatrix. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Coffea arabica, C. canephora, C. liberica, and other Coffea spp. DISEASE: Coffee leaf rust. Produces yellowish-orange, powdery, rounded blotches on the lower surface of the leaves, which may coalesce with others to form an irregularly shaped lesion, accompanied by a chlorosis of the upper surface. With age, the centre of the leaf turns dark brown and dies, followed by premature defoliation and die-back of the branches. Has also on rare occasions been recorded on berries and young shoots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, end Oceania (CMI Map 5). TRANSMISSION: Earlier workers [Ward, J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) 19: 299-335, 1882, Mayne (12: 285)] attributed spore dispersal to wind but more recent investigations have emphasised the role played by rain-splash over short distances (Bock, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 45: 289-300, 1962). Air currents may be implicated in long-range inter-continental dispersal (Wellman, 1957). Two species of thrips have been found feeding on and aiding the dispersal of urediospores in India (40: 467) and urediospores have also been observed to be mechanically transported on the bodies of two species of hymenopterous parasites of larvae of cecidomyid midges commonly found feeding on urediospores in Kenya (Crowe, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 46: 24-26, 1963).

Cordana musae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Diurnal Periodicity ◽  
Necrotic Tissue ◽  
Cape Verde Islands ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Musa Sapientum ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Cordana musae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Musa sapientum. DISEASE: Leaf blotch or spot of banana (Musa). Small brown spots enlarge to an oval or sometimes a diamond shape, a darker red-brown margin and zonation becomes quite marked with age. A chlorotic halo is conspicuous, especially on the lower surface. Necrotic tissue may occur as strips from edge to midrib, and a marginal necrosis with an uneven, zigzag, chlorotic edge separating healthy from diseased tissue may develop. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics with host (CMI Map 168, ed. 3, 1971). Additional records not mapped are: Cape Verde Islands, Cuba, US Trust Territory. TRANSMISSION: Air-dispersed; a diurnal periodicity with a peak near 0700 hr was found in Jamaica (42: 37) and spore discharge has been described in detail (41: 666).

Septoria socia. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria socia. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Chrysanthemum leucanthemum[Leucanthemum vulgare] and by inoculation on Chrysanthemum morifolium, C. maximum, C. parthenium, C. segetum and Achillea ptarmica (Punithalingam & Wheeler, 1965). DISEASE: Leaf spot of ox-eye daisy, C. leucanthemum. Lesions few, conspicuous on the upper side, rarely confluent, necrotic areas, becoming chocolate brown and later darker or even black, with a reddish purple border, 5 mm across. Lesions are confined to the lower leaves of the plant. Severe infection involving the entire leaf surface during moist conditions causes premature death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Pakistan and U.S.S.R. (Literature, Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: Not known. It is possible that, like other Septoria spp. on Chrysanthemum this species may be disseminated by rain-splash and by contact.

Septoria lycopersici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Septoria Lycopersici ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria lycopersici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Lycopersicon esculentum. Also on Datura stramonium, Solanum carolinense, S. nigrum and S. melongena. Other species of Lycopersicon and Solanum tuberosum have been reported susceptible on inoculation (MacNeill, 1950). DISEASE: Leaf spot of tomato. Lesions abundant, amphigenous, circular to irregular, rarely confluent, often vein-limited and depressed, water-soaked, becoming pale brown and later grey with dark margins, up to 2 mm. diam. All stages of growth of the plant may be attacked. Severe infection causes leaves to shrivel and produces premature defoliation, exposing the fruit to sun-scald. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide on tomato (CMI Map 108, ed. 3, 1959). TRANSMISSION: Spores are disseminated by rain-splash and wind-blown water, and may also be carried on the hands and clothing of fruit-pickers or by insects (chiefly beetles) (Martin, 1918; 20: 183). The fungus is not a soil inhabitant but may persist in a viable condition from one season to the next on debris of diseased plants incorporated in the soil (3: 615; 20: 181). Solanaceous weeds also serve as one of the main means of overwintering the pathogen (3: 615). Seed contaminated with spores can produce infected seedlings (20: 183) but there is some doubt whether the pathogen is truly seed-borne (32: 154; 43, 3324; Noble et al, 1958).

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