Cochliobolus sativus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Spot Blotch ◽  
Young Leaf ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Dark Green

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus sativus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On grasses including cereals (barley, oats, rye, wheat) and other plants. DISEASE: Spot blotch or foot and root rot of temperate cereals. On barley dark brown, lenticular spots of variable size form on the young leaf sheaths; post emergence death may occur. Surviving infected plants can be dwarfed, dark green, erect and tiller excessively. Conidia spread infection; blackish spotting occurs on the nodes, glumes and grain (black point). In foot rot, especially on wheat, the stem bases have rust brown streaks and blotches. Roots show brown spotting or a more general necrosis; their development is reduced and they may break off at the crown. Tillers are killed, survivors become stunted; the spike only partly emerges and grain is shrivelled. In the field foot rot results in patches of stunted plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 322, ed 3, 1974). TRANSMISSION: The fungus occurs on seed (49, 2834; 50, 637; 53, 2978, 3454; 56, 2458; 57, 500, 1142, 4422; 58, 220; 59, 5098). It is also soil-borne (see below) and spreads from volunteer plants and other hosts, and by air dispersed conidia(58, 1213).

Pythium intermedium. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium intermedium. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts represented by the following families: Begoniaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Moraceae, Onagraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Violaceae; also in the Equisetales and Filicales. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings, foot rot and root rot of ornamentals, occasionally of crop plants and trees. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China); Australia & Oceania (Hawaii); Europe (England, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Sweden, U.S.S.R.); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: A common soil inhabitant.

Wojnowicia hirta. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Black Spots ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

Abstract A description is provided for Wojnowicia hirta. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cereals and grasses (Agropyron, Avena, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Calamovilfa, Dacrylis, Distichlis, Elymus, Festuca, Hordeum, Koeleria, Phleum, Poa, Secale, Sorghastrum, Sorghum, Spartina, Stipa, Triticum). DISEASE: Secondary foot rot or root rot of cereals and grasses. Also referred to as rot of mature straw. Rot of cereals and grasses is very common (5, 223; 6, 272; 7, 370; 11, 503; 12, 685; 16, 242; 48, 120; 1602) and considered to be of definite economic importance (Sprague, 1950). In France infected wheat plants have been reported to become etiolated and progressively shrivelled without producing lesions (4, 662). As the disease progresses, cells at the base of the culms were claimed to collapse resulting in the breaking of the stems and general lodging of plants in infected areas (5, 223; 12, 685). Subsequently pycnidia were reported appearing on lower leaf-sheaths above and below the soil line (1, 288). Sometimes affected wheat plants have been found to show discolouration of culm bases and roots (5, 223), or dark brown to black spots and streaks on the stem which are partly superficial (7, 370, Sprague, 1935). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia); Asia (Turkey); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia); Europe (Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, Spain, Switzerland, UK, USSR); North America (Canada, Alberta, Saskatchewan; USA, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Dakota, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming). TRANSMISSION: Infected soil has been found to be the chief mode of transmission where stubble has been ploughed under (3, 191). It has also been reported that W. hirta occurs on culms overwintered in the field usually at the 2nd node (9, 639-641).

Identification of RAPD markers for common root rot and spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) resistance in barley

Genome ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Kutcher ◽  
K. L. Bailey ◽  
B. G. Rossnagel ◽  
W. G. Legge
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Rapd Marker ◽  
Spot Blotch ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Gene Manipulation ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
The Cross

The identification of RAPD markers associated with genes for resistance to Cochliobolus sativus in barley would increase the efficiency of gene manipulation by reducing the number of lines that must be evaluated from a resistant by susceptible cross and by allowing selection during the off season. Two barley crosses consisting of resistant and susceptible parent genotypes ('Virden' × 'Ellice' and Fr926-77 × 'Deuce', both 2 row × 6 row crosses) and more than 140 homozygous progeny lines were rated for their reactions in field nurseries to common root rot and in a controlled environment for spot blotch. Putative RAPD markers were identified using bulked segregant analysis followed by individual progeny line analyses. Polymorphisms associated with disease reaction were detected between bulked segregant samples as differences in the band intensity of DNA fragments. The bulked segregant samples were screened against 186 RAPD primers (decamers) using the polymerase chain reaction. For the cross Fr926-77 × 'Deuce', one RAPD marker was obtained that did not segregate as expected but was associated with both diseases. For the cross 'Virden' × 'Ellice', a single RAPD marker was obtained that did not have the expected segregation ratio but was associated with spot blotch reaction. One RAPD marker linked to 2-rowed and 6-rowed spike locus was obtained in each cross, and both the marker and row type were associated with common root rot and spot blotch reactions. For the cross 'Virden' × 'Ellice', a linkage group consisting of three RAPD markers was associated with common root rot and spot blotch reaction. The genes associated with these markers condition significant levels of resistance to C. sativus and may be used to increase the speed and precision of resistance gene manipulation in barley germplasm. Key words : common root rot, spot blotch, Cochliobolus sativus, molecular markers, barley.

scholarly journals Bipolaris sorokiniana-Induced Black Point, Common Root Rot, and Spot Blotch Diseases of Wheat: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Spot Blotch ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Parts

Wheat is among the ten top and most widely grown crops in the world. Several diseases cause losses in wheat production in different parts of the world. Bipolaris sorokiniana (teleomorph, Cochliobolus sativus) is one of the wheat pathogens that can attack all wheat parts, including seeds, roots, shoots, and leaves. Black point, root rot, crown rot and spot blotch are the main diseases caused by B. sorokiniana in wheat. Seed infection by B. sorokiniana can result in black point disease, reducing seed quality and seed germination and is considered a main source of inoculum for diseases such as common root rot and spot blotch. Root rot and crown rot diseases, which result from soil-borne or seed-borne inoculum, can result in yield losses in wheat. Spot blotch disease affects wheat in different parts of the world and cause significant losses in grain yield. This review paper summarizes the latest findings on B. sorokiniana, with a specific emphasis on management using genetic, chemical, cultural, and biological control measures.

ROLE OF CHROMOSOME 5B IN CONTROLLING BLACK POINT INCIDENCE IN HARD RED SPRING WHEAT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. CONNER ◽  
E. D. P. WHELAN
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Recessive Trait ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Chromosome 5B ◽  
Or Genes ◽  
Spring Wheat Cultivar

Tests of several wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars against Cochliobolus sativus, a causal agent of black point, showed that black point incidence was lowest in Cadet, intermediate to high in Apex, and highest in S-615 and Rescue. Inoculation of disomic substitution lines for chromosome 5B demonstrated that black point incidence in Cadet is controlled by a gene or genes located on chromosome 5B. The F1 progeny from crosses between Cadet and Rescue had a black point incidence similar to that of Rescue, indicating that resistance is a recessive trait. Resistance to black point and common root rot was not related since the moderately root rot resistant cultivar Apex did not consistently have a lower incidence of black point than the root-rot-susceptible cultivars Rescue and S-615. A test of these cultivars against black point caused by Alternaria alternata found that all cultivars were as susceptible as the soft white spring wheat cultivar Fielder.Key words: Wheat, Cochliobolus sativus, black point, chromosome 5B

scholarly journals First Report of Spot Blotch and Common Root Rot Caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana on Switchgrass in Tennessee

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1195-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Vu ◽  
M. M. Dee ◽  
K. D. Gwinn ◽  
B. H. Ownley
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Spot Blotch ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Common Root ◽  
First Report ◽  
Common Root Rot

Light-to-dark brown, irregular-shaped leaf spots, chlorosis, necrotic roots, and severe stunting were observed on ‘Alamo’ switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown on the campus of the University of Tennessee in December 2007. Symptomatic leaf and root samples were surface sterilized, air dried on sterile filter paper, and plated on 2% water agar amended with 10 mg/liter of rifampicin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and 10 μl/liter of 2,4 EC Danitol miticide (Valent Chemical, Walnut Creek, CA). Plates were incubated at 25°C in darkness for 4 days. A sporulating, dematiaceous mitosporic fungus was noted and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidia were ovate, oblong, mostly straight, and olive to brown with three to nine septa. Conidial dimensions were 12.5 × 27.5 (17.5) to 20 × 77.5 (57) μm. Conidia were produced on single, light brown, multiseptate conidiophores that were polytretic, geniculate, and sympodial. Morphological features were as described for Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker (teleomorph = Cochliobolus sativus) (2,3). Disease assays were conducted with 5-week-old ‘Alamo’ switchgrass grown from surface-sterilized seed. Ten 9 × 9-cm2 with ~20 switchgrass seedlings were sprayed with 2.4 × 105 spores/ml of sterile water. Plants were subjected to high humidity created by enclosure in a plastic bag for 45 h. The bag was removed and plants were incubated at 25/20°C with 50 to 60% relative humidity. During the incubation, plants were maintained in growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod of fluorescent and incandescent lighting. Foliar leaf spot symptoms appeared 6 to 10 days postinoculation for plants in all 10 replicates and necrotic lesions were observed on roots. Foliar lesions and diseased roots were surface sterilized, plated on water agar, and resultant fungal colonies were identified as B. sorokiniana. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial small subunit (SSU) regions of ribosomal DNA from the original isolate, and the isolate recovered from plants in the pathogenicity assay, were amplified with PCR, with primer pairs ITS4 and ITS5 and NMS1 and NMS2. PCR amplicons of ~551 and 571 bp were obtained with the two primer pairs, respectively. Both amplicons were obtained from both isolates and sequenced. Amplicon sequences from the original isolate and re-isolate were identical and the sequences were submitted to GenBank (Accession Nos. HQ611957 and HQ611958). The ITS sequences had 98% homology to 23 B. sorokiniana isolates, including B. sorokiniana strain DSM 62608 (GenBank Accession No. EF187908); SSU sequences had 99% homology to Cochliobolus sativus isolate AFTOL-ID 271 (GenBank Accession No. FJ190589). Spot blotch caused by B. sorokiniana has been reported on switchgrass in Iowa, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and Virginia (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. sorokiniana causing spot blotch or common root rot of switchgrass in Tennessee, which extends the current known distribution of these diseases. More recently, we isolated B. sorokiniana from switchgrass seed received from commercial sources in the United States, indicating a seedborne transmission. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , 15 November 2010. (2) R. F. Nyvall and J. A. Percich. Plant Dis. 83:936, 1999. (3) A. Sivanesan and P. Holliday. CMI Descr. Pathog. Fungi bact. 71:701, 1981.

The epidemiology of common root rot in Manitou wheat: disease progression during the growing season

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1757-1764 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Verma ◽  
R. A. A. Morrall ◽  
R. D. Tinline
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Common Root ◽  
Common Root Rot ◽  
Disease Rating

Common root rot in Triticum aestivum cultivar Manitou caused primarily by Cochliobolus sativus was followed during plant development in 1969, 1970, and 1971 at Matador, Saskatchewan. Plants were sampled at intervals, and three variables based mainly on the occurrence of lesions on subcrown internodes were studied: number of diseased plants per square meter; percentage of diseased plants; and disease rating which integrated percentage of diseased plants and disease severity on each plant. All variables increased with time, and the progression curves in all 3 years were hyperbolic, indicating that the increases were like those of a simple interest disease as described by Van der Plank. In two of the years, almost 100% of the plants were diseased considerably before the end of the season. The transformation proposed by Van der Plank for simple interest diseases, log10[1/(1 − x)], was applied to the percentages of diseased plants, and regressions were calculated. The slopes of these lines (infection rates) were as follows: 1969, 0.99% plants per day; 1970, 1.32%; and 1971, 1.96%. In 1969 the onset of disease was later than in 1970 and 1971, and there was correspondingly less disease at the end of the growing season.

Cochliobolus pallescens. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Black Point ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Windward Islands

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus pallescens. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Common on many graminicolous and non-graminicolous hosts. Important cereals and grasses include Eleusine, Hordeum, Oryza, Panicum, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Poa, Saccharum, Setaria, Sorghum, Triticum and Zea economically important dicot hosts include Allium (59, 4867), Arachis (53, 1647), Brassica (66, 3075), Canna, Calendula, Calotropis (44, 1832; 66, 3587), Carica (61, 5129), Cinnamomum, Citrus (68, 843), Coriandrum, Dahlia, Fagopyrum (64, 2425), Gaillardia, Hevea (56, 1257; 67, 5560), Musa (54, 4051), Solanum (50, 3484). DISEASE: Leaf spots of cereals, black point of wheat (44, 102), leaf spot and on stems of rubber (56, 1257; 67, 5560), ear rot of barley (62, 1005), rot of garlic (59, 4867). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Ghana, Guinea, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Malaysia, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad, USA, USSR, Venezuela, Windward Islands, Zambia, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne conidia and seed-borne.

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