Fulvia fulva. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Major Disease ◽  
Fulvia Fulva ◽  
Severe Leaf ◽  
Olive Green

Abstract A description is provided for Fulvia fulva. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lycopersicon esculentum. DISEASE. Leaf mould of tomato is a major disease of this crop. The first symptoms are pale chlorotic spots (margins indefinite) on the upper leaf surface. Sporulation, on the lower surface beneath the spots, is downy, light grey, becoming buff to tawny brown or olive green. Defoliation may occur. Infection of blossoms and fruits is much less important. There was an interval of c. 6 weeks between the incidence of severe leaf colonization (50% leaf area) and decreases in yield (48, 1982). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide (CMI Map 77, ed. 5, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By air-dispersed conidia; these were considered to be viable for 9-12 months under adverse conditions (18, 142). Seed contamination may occur.

Peronospora manshurica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Ryukyu Islands ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
Resting Spores

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora manshurica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: soyabean (Glycine max). DISEASE: Downy mildew of soyabean. Small discrete pale to bright yellow spots (2-8 mm diam.) are formed on the upper leaf surface. The size of the spots varies both with the severity of the attack and with the race of pathogen involved (33, 525). In a heavy infection the whole leaf area is affected and shrivels and dies. The conidiophores form a greyish-purple down on the lower leaf surface beneath these spots. Pods can become infected, without showing external symptoms, and the seeds invaded. Oospores develop on the seed surface and appear as a milky white crust consisting of a mass of the hyaline spherical resting spores. Plants developing from oospore encrusted seed may be systemically infected, remain small and stunted and die early. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map No. 268, ed. 3, 1979. Latvia (Serzane, 1962), Ryukyu Islands (Nuttonson, 1952) and Sweden (Gustavsson, 1959) should be added. TRANSMISSION: Usually by seed infected with oospores which form a crust on the seed coat or, very rarely, on the cotyledons. The pathogen can also be spread by oospores remaining on plant debris in the soil. Systemically infected plants develop and the conidia which form on their leaves initiate infection in the surrounding crop. Method of detecting oospores on soyabean seed are described by Pathak et al. (57, 5214). Their studies also indicate that oospores on the seed may remain viable foe to 8 years.

Cercospora fuligena. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
New Records ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
New Hebrides ◽  
Fulvia Fulva

Abstract A description is provided for Cercospora fuligena. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lycopersicon esculentum. DISEASE: Leaf spot or leaf mould of tomato; the latter common name is best retained for the more important pathogen (Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Cif.) on the same host. Early symptoms are faint, sunken, chlorotic areas with indefinite margins; the infected areas become necrotic and have an indefinite discoloured halo on both leaf surfaces; defoliation can occur (35, 52; 53, 4592). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ivory Coast, Nigeria); Asia (Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam); Australasia & Oceania (New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands) (CMI Map 382, ed. 2, 1970). Unmapped new records are: Burundi (50, 2635), Hong Kong, Togo (Herb. IMI) and USA (Florida. ; 53, 4592). A record from Mexico (Zevada, Yerkes & Niederhauser; 36, 2) is considered doubtful. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.

Mycosphaerella fijiensis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Mycosphaerella Fijiensis ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Axis Parallel ◽  
Black Leaf Streak ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Abstract A description is provided for Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Musa spp. DISEASE: Black leaf streak of banana. A comparison of the conidial states of M. fijiensis and M. musicola (CMI Descript. 414, Sigatoka of banana) has been given, as has a detailed account of the symptoms (48, 3071; and see 44, 191, 1180; 45, 1867). Initially reddish-brown specks form on the lower leaf surface, they elongate to become streaks up to 20 × 2 mm, with the long axis parallel to the leaf veins and at this stage are more clearly visible on the lower leaf surface. The streaks can be extremely numerous; they darken, become almost black and are clearly seen on the lower surface. The streak develops into a fusiform or elliptical spot, with a light brown, water soaked margin and a dark centre. The centre dries out becoming light grey or buff, sunken, surrounded by a narrow dark brown or black border and often by a chlorotic zone beyond. Necrosis of the whole leaf can occur in 3-4 weeks. Some differences in the macroscopic leaf symptoms between black leaf streak and Sigatoka occur. In the latter disease the early stage streaks are clearly seen on the upper surface and are yellowish; in the former the streaks are darker at similar stages in development. But there are no clear macroscopic differences between the mature spots of the two diseases. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The disease was first described from Fiji in 1963 (although because of probable confusion with M. musicola there may be earlier unsubstantiated records). It is widespread in the islands of the Pacific (Oceania); it may be absent from the mainland of S.E. Asia and does not occur in Australia, Africa or America (CMI Map 500, ed. 1, 1974). TRANSMISSION: Perithecia are formed in abundance and, therefore, the ascospores are considered important in spread, perhaps more so than the conidia (44, 1180; 45, 1867). In dry weather ascospore concentration reached a max. near 0600 h as dew formed. On rainy days peak concentrations were reached shortly after rain began. Seasonal increases in ascospores were associated with those of rainfall and relative humidity (52, 4160).

Cercospora coffeicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Cercospora Coffeicola ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Brown Eye Spot

Abstract A description is provided for Cercospora coffeicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Coffea spp. DISEASE: Brown eye spot of coffee; symptoms occur on leaves and berries. On the former the small chlorotic spots expand, becoming deep brown but lighter in colour on the lower surface; the centre becomes grey white and surrounded by a ring of dark brown tissue, 5-15 mm diam., sometimes with a yellowish halo. This is most distinct on the upper leaf surface; the dark sporulation is seen in the greyish area. Leaves may be shed. On green berries lesions are brown, sunken, irregular or oval with ashy centres, rarely > 5 mm long and sometimes with a purplish surround. Infection may penetrate the berry thus causing the pulp to stick to the bean during fermentation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the tropics (CMI Map 59, ed. 4, 1973). TRANSMISSION: Conidia probably windborne mostly during the day. The possible role of any other hosts seems unimportant.

Haplobasidion musae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Axis Parallel

Abstract A description is provided for Haplobasidion musae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On living leaves of Musa causing diamond-shaped, white, pale grey or brown spots each with dark purple to black border, spots often very pale on the upper surface, darker on the lower surface. DISEASE: Diamond (or Malayan) leaf spot of banana (Musa). Although the fungus was described only in 1957 the disease, as has been pointed out (51, 1688), was first reported by Knowles from Fiji in 1916. On the upper leaf surface the spots are greyish white with straight edges, diamond shaped with a black border, 4-5.5 × 3-4 mm, longer axis parallel to the veins, border 0.5 mm wide. These lesions may be surrounded by a watersoaked area often several times their size. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Fiji, Malaysia (W.) and Samoa (W.); (CMI Map 474, ed. 1, 1971). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.

Ascosphaera apis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. K. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Ascosphaera Apis ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Leaf Cutting

Abstract A description is provided for Ascosphaera apis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Apis mellifera and Megachile spp. DISEASE: Chalkbrood of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) with a few poorly documented records on leaf cutting bees Megachile spp. (Melville & Dade, 1944) and M. internis (Baker & Torchio, 1968). The spores are ingested by young larvae and germinate in the gut, breaking out of the hind end when larvae are sealed in their cells prior to pupation. If one strain only is present this forms the typical chalkbrood. If both strains are present a layer of grey cysts forms on the surface of the larva. Larvae are most susceptible at 3-4 days old and are then chilled briefly immediately after sealing. Although fatal to the larvae, this rarely destroys a whole colony and individual dead larvae are ejected by the bees. Ascospores persist many years providing periodic trouble in adverse conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe; USA. Until 1968 chalkbrood was considered to be a European disease and it was only in 1971 that it became recognised as of economic importance in USA (Hitchcock & Christensen, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores within the cells of the comb to young larvae. From hive to hive probably by robber bees. More prevalent in cold, wet summers.

Erwinia mallotivora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Spot ◽  
Secondary Spread ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Mallotus Japonicus ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Erwinia mallotivora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Mallotus japonicus (Euphorbiaceae). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf spot. The disease starts as water-soaked spots on the newly developing leaves in May and June. The spots tend to form close to the main veins. They enlarge and become angular as they are restricted by the veins, becoming dark brown, and often with a chlorotic halo about 1 mm wide. Spots may coalesce and kill the leaf, and shoot blight may also occur. Under humid conditions bacteria may exude on to the leaf surface. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan. TRANSMISSION: Unknown, but presumably rain splash plays a part at least in secondary spread.

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Elymus Repens ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Grass Weed ◽  
Severe Leaf ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Abstract A description is provided for Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, rye, barley, Agropyrons repens, Cynodon dactylon, Elymus glaucus. DISEASES: Causes yellow leaf spot of cereals and grasses; oval to lanceolate. yellow to grey brown lesions often with a yellow halo. The lesions can be distinguished from those caused by Cochliobolus sativus because of their lighter colour. The disease results in premature death of leaves. It can also cause a seedling blight and root rot. Common and widespread on Agropyron repens[Elymus repens] and wheat, occasionally on barley and rye and recorded on many other grasses. Sometimes causes severe leaf wilt and spotting especially on durum wheat. Leaves of Agropyron repens[Elymus repens] when attacked gradually lose their colour and wither from the tips backwards; they become at first pale yellow, later grey. On wheat fusiform, oval or lanceolate spots, 0.5-2 cm long, 2-4 mm wide are formed. These are at first yellow but later turn brown or greyish brown often with a yellow halo. The leaves die prematurely from the tip backwards. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia; Asia (Japan, India, Nepal); Africa (Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia); Europe (Britain, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Cyprus); S. America (Bolivia); and N. America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: Air-borne spores (51, 1045p), seed-borne by both external contamination and internal infection (34, 24), secondary grass weed hosts (11, 695), carryover on stubble and other crop debris (43, 1225f; 52, 685).

Mycotypha microspora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Citrus Aurantium ◽  
Decaying Wood

Abstract A description is provided for Mycotypha microspora. Details of its geographical distribution (Libya, Nigeria, India (Tamil Nadu), Thailand, USA (Arizona, California, District of Columbia, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands, Poland, Turkey), and associated organisms and substrata (Equus caballus (dung), Homo sapiens, Muridae (dung), Carnegiea gigantea, Citrus aurantium, Gossypium, Lycopersicon esculentum, Pennisetum typhoideum [Pennisetum glaucum], air, bark, decaying wood, dung, leaf, paper and rhizosphere) are provided.

Cercospora duddiae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Little
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Necrotic Tissue ◽  
Leaf Base ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Cercospora duddiae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Allium ascalonicum, A. cepa, A. fistulosum, A porrum, A. sativum. DISEASE: Leaf spot or withertip on onion and garlic. The symptoms vary on the different host species. On onion circular, chlorotic spots 3-5 mm diam. form mainly on the tip of the leaf, gradually decreasing in number towards the leaf base. The lesions at the leaf tip coalesce, forming a dry greyish-brown area, and in severe cases the entire leaf tip may be killed. The base of the leaf is mottled with brown necrotic leaf spots. Eventually the necrotic tissue may spread down the leaf surface, delimited by a narrow band (3 mm) of chlorotic tissue (Welles, 1923). Rarely does the disease cause much damage (Chupp & Sherf, 1960). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Uganda; Asia: Borneo, Brunei, Burma, India, Indonesia, Oman, The Yemen; Australasia: Papua New Guinea; North America: West Indies (Barbados, Jamaica). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne or water-splash dispersed conidia, and by transportation with onion parts. The fungus is also reported to be seed borne (Chupp & Sherf, 1960).

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