Sclerospora sorghi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kenneth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Peronosclerospora Sorghi ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Sclerospora Sorghi

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerospora sorghi[Peronosclerospora sorghi]. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum almum, Sorghum halepense, maize, teosinte and, apparently, Heteropogon contortus. DISEASE: Sorghum downy mildew (SDM); both systemic and local infections occur in sorghums, in maize usually only systemic. In systemic infections, chlorotic laciniate areas extend from bases of leaf blades (half-leaf symptoms), with successive leaves displaying greater or complete chlorotic involvement. Sporulation (white down) occurs on dewy nights; conidia, actively ejected, germinate and infect immediately, inducing local lesions on sorghum leaves but seldom on maize. Resting spores form in systemically-infected plants in immense numbers within chlorotic areas (less, or sometimes not at all in maize, according to geographic region and variety) and leaves of sorghum, but not maize, later shred. Systemically infected plants tend to be dwarfed and, on many cultivars, produce few or sterile inforescences. There may be late expression of chlorotic symptoms in some plants inoculated at seedling stage. Local lesions are elongate, yellowish, then purple, with white down, finally necrotic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 179 cd. 2, 1966, with some additions and deletions). Africa: Nigeria, Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, (?) Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Rhodesia, Zambia, South Africa. Asia: Israel, (?) Iran, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Nepal, China. N. America: USA, Mexico, Honduras. S. America: Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Argentina. TRANSMISSION: Primary infection (systemic) in USA, Israel and part of India is by resting spores (oospores) which may remain viable in soil for a number of years. Conidial-induced systemic infection in all lands occurs on plants up to 4 weeks of age. and in Thailand is apparently the principal or only mode. With oospore infection, the frst leaf is never chlorotic: with early inoculation by conidia, the frst leaf may be infected and seedlings may die. Seed-transmitted infection has been proven (49, 744), mostly by adhering oospores, but when internal hyphae are present, no transmission occurs if seed is dried before sowing (52, 1114). Local lesions are induced only by conidial inoculation. Sowing in cold soil (less than 20°C) prevents infection by oospores (50, 1765). Conidia are normally viable only a few hours after sporulation which occurs after midnight to before dawn at 18-28°C (opt. 21°C) (15-30°C with opt. 22-25°C or 24-26°C in Thailand) and transmission of disease by air-borne conidia apparently is restricted to nearby fields. Opt. for conidial infection is 21-24°C. Resting spores were reported to retain infectivity after passage through digestive tract of cattle.

Peronosclerospora sorghi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Great Abundance ◽  
Peronosclerospora Sorghi ◽  
Johnson Grass ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Yemen Arab Republic

Abstract A description is provided for Peronosclerospora sorghi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Panicum trypheron; Sorghum × almum, S. arundinaceum, S. bicolor, S. × drummondii, S. halepense, S. nitidum, S. verticilliflorum (= S. arundinaceum); Zea diploperrenis, Z. mays, Z. mexicana. DISEASE: Sorghum Downy Mildew (SDM); a biotrophic plant pathogen. The disease is systemic. The pathogen invades and colonizes the growing points of young graminiaceous plants. Symptoms are first seen at the base of the leaves which appear yellowish. Later symptoms are the very characteristic streaks of chlorotic tissue alternating with green which run the length of the leaf. Leaves developing later will be totally chlorotic. Conidiophores and conidia form on the undersurface of the green areas when conditions are suitable. Conidiophores do not usually form on the undersurface of chlorotic areas. Oospores form in great abundance in the chlorotic tissues which become dry and brittle. These leaf tissues eventually disintegrate and split. The oospores are released and the leaves assume the characteristic shredded appearance of this disease on sorghum but not on maize. Local lesions can be produced on otherwise non-diseased leaves of susceptible cultivars forming yellowish rectangular diseased lesions varying in size from small flecks to a spot ca. 20 × 5 mm. Asexual spores may be formed on the undersurface of local lesions but oospores have never been found in these lesions. On sorghum diseased panicles are brown and shrivelled and form no grain. Occasionally panicles occur with only the lower portion diseased. In maize the diseased tassles are severely malformed and distorted. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map 179, ed. 3, 1977. Add - Africa (Zimbabwe, as 'Rhodesia'); Asia (Iran (50, 5475), Yemen Arab Republic (60, 196); Australia (Queensland (58, 1220)); N. America (I11. (58, 2774), Neb. (59, 179); C. America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras; Malaguti, 1980); S. America (Bolivia, Uruguay; Malaguti, 1980) TRANSMISSION: Initial infections can occur from oospores in the soil and also from conidial showers from infected leaves. In certain regions, i.e., Venezuela, the perennial wild grasses, Johnson grass, Sorghum halepense and S. arundinaceum, are reservoirs of infection and provide primary sources of inoculum. Oospores have not been found in Thailand in the tissues of maize plants infected by the Thai maize pathotype.

scholarly journals Genome evolution and the emergence of pathogenicity in avian Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardos Mageiros ◽  
Guillaume Méric ◽  
Sion C. Bayliss ◽  
Johan Pensar ◽  
Ben Pascoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Common Birds ◽  
Systemic Infections

AbstractChickens are the most common birds on Earth and colibacillosis is among the most common diseases affecting them. This major threat to animal welfare and safe sustainable food production is difficult to combat because the etiological agent, avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), emerges from ubiquitous commensal gut bacteria, with no single virulence gene present in all disease-causing isolates. Here, we address the underlying evolutionary mechanisms of extraintestinal spread and systemic infection in poultry. Combining population scale comparative genomics and pangenome-wide association studies, we compare E. coli from commensal carriage and systemic infections. We identify phylogroup-specific and species-wide genetic elements that are enriched in APEC, including pathogenicity-associated variation in 143 genes that have diverse functions, including genes involved in metabolism, lipopolysaccharide synthesis, heat shock response, antimicrobial resistance and toxicity. We find that horizontal gene transfer spreads pathogenicity elements, allowing divergent clones to cause infection. Finally, a Random Forest model prediction of disease status (carriage vs. disease) identifies pathogenic strains in the emergent ST-117 poultry-associated lineage with 73% accuracy, demonstrating the potential for early identification of emergent APEC in healthy flocks.

scholarly journals A multicenter evaluation of viral bloodstream detections in children presenting to the Emergency Department with suspected systemic infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina A. Rostad ◽  
Neena Kanwar ◽  
Jumi Yi ◽  
Claudia R. Morris ◽  
Jennifer Dien Bard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Systemic Infections

Abstract Background Fever is a common symptom in children presenting to the Emergency Department (ED). We aimed to describe the epidemiology of systemic viral infections and their predictive values for excluding serious bacterial infections (SBIs), including bacteremia, meningitis and urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children presenting to the ED with suspected systemic infections. Methods We enrolled children who presented to the ED with suspected systemic infections who had blood cultures obtained at seven healthcare facilities. Whole blood specimens were analyzed by an experimental multiplexed PCR test for 7 viruses. Demographic and laboratory results were abstracted. Results Of the 1114 subjects enrolled, 245 viruses were detected in 224 (20.1%) subjects. Bacteremia, meningitis and UTI frequency in viral bloodstream-positive patients was 1.3, 0 and 10.1% compared to 2.9, 1.3 and 9.7% in viral bloodstream-negative patients respectively. Although viral bloodstream detections had a high negative predictive value for bacteremia or meningitis (NPV = 98.7%), the frequency of UTIs among these subjects remained appreciable (9/89, 10.1%) (NPV = 89.9%). Screening urinalyses were positive for leukocyte esterase in 8/9 (88.9%) of these subjects, improving the ability to distinguish UTI. Conclusions Viral bloodstream detections were common in children presenting to the ED with suspected systemic infections. Although overall frequencies of SBIs among subjects with and without viral bloodstream detections did not differ significantly, combining whole blood viral testing with urinalysis provided high NPV for excluding SBI.

Entomophthora grylli. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. K. Brady
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nomadacris Septemfasciata ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
East Central ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
The Dead ◽  
External Growth

Abstract A description is provided for Entomophthora grylli. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Orthoptera; nymph and adults of grasshoppers and locusts; there have also been records on Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera (MacLeod & Muller-Kogler, 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, including Britain; Canada; East, Central and South Africa. Fresenius quotes a record at 6000 ft near St. Moritz. DISEASE: The disease, causing epizootics in red locusts, Cyrtacanthacra septemfasciata (Nomadacris septemfasciata), in S. Africa is described by Skaife (1925). Infection is by germinating conidia which penetrate the integument. Dying insects characteristically climb up grass stems and die, apparently embracing the stem. The body becomes soft and easily disintegrates. The abdomen curls upward and backwards. Shortly after death a white, buff or greenish furry growth appears from the intersegmental membrane, leg joints, junction of the head and thorax and at the base of the antennae. The growth is made up of club-shaped conidiogenous cells which forcibly discharge conidia around the dead insect. Conidia, coated with the sticky contents of the conidiophore, are discharged in the evening, when the insects are clustered together and adhere to the surface of healthy individuals. A total of about 1% of locusts throughout the season die showing no external growth but are filled with resting spores; other individuals appear to be immune.

A further note on the viruses affecting Atropa belladonna and a description of a virus complex attacking Hyoscyamus niger

Parasitology ◽  
1945 ◽  
Vol 36 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 209-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Potato Virus ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Nicotiana Sylvestris ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger ◽  
Atropa Belladonna ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
Virus Complex ◽  
Solanaceous Plants

It has been shown that Atropa belladonna acts as a symptomless carrier of Hyosoyamus Virus I. Some symptoms caused by this virus on other solanaceous plants are described.A naturally occurring virus complex in Hyoscyamus niger was found to consist of Solanum Virus I (potato virus X) and Brassica Virus I. During the course of the investigation it was found that potato virus X forms local lesions on the cotyledons of ridge cucumber without systemic infection and that Brassica Virus I behaves similarly on the inoculated leaves of Nicotiana sylvestris.

scholarly journals Enhanced Asymptomatic Systemic Infection Caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides in a Captive Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Kyootae Kim ◽  
Haeseung Lee ◽  
Dongmi Kwak
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Plesiomonas Shigelloides ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Cultured Bacteria

A 7-year-old male gray wolf was found dead at a zoo during exhibition. To determine the cause of death, histological and gross necropsy diagnoses and a molecular analysis were performed. The gross necropsy revealed a swollen abdomen, hemorrhagic exudates around the mouth, splenomegaly, a discolored liver, a congested kidney, hemorrhagic ascites, and dark gray-colored membranes and air bubbles in the fundus of the stomach. Rod-shaped bacteria were found in the liver parenchyma and hemorrhagic ascites using Giemsa staining. The nucleotide sequencing of the cultured bacteria identified the causative agent as Plesiomonas shigelloides, which is rarely responsible for systemic infections. This study describes a rare case and the first reported systemic gastrointestinal infection due to P. shigelloides in a zoo animal.

Toruiopsis candida. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Yeast Flora ◽  
Torulopsis Glabrata ◽  
Systemic Infections ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation

Abstract A description is provided for Toruiopsis candida. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Torulopsis candida is one of the less common species of the commensal yeast flora in humans and has been associated with both superficial and systemic infections. The organism has occasionally been implicated in cases of fungal septicaemia and has been isolated from urine, vagina and feet. Veterinary associations of T. candida include bovine mastitis, bovine and ovine abortion and isolation from cervical swats in mares. Pathogenicity studies have been carried out by Khon et al. who found Torulopsis glabrata to be non-pathogenic to normal mice following intravenous inoculation with up to 10 cells but 50% mortality in cortisone treated mice inoculated with similar doses (Sabouraudia 18: 319-327, 1980). The diseased mice were found to have macroscopic lesions on liver, lung, kidney and spleen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Sudan); Asia (Japan, Kuwait); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Greece, Italy, UK); North America (USA); South America (Brazil, Venezuela).

Phyllachora ischaemi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South America ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New South ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Tar Spot

Abstract A description is provided for Phyllachora ischaemi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:? Andropogon amethystinus, A. micranthus, Andropogon sp., Anthistiria sp., Bothriochloa ambigua, B. decipiens, B. intermedia, Brachiaria jubata,? B. longiflora, Capillipedium assimile, C. huegelii, C. parviflorum, C. spicigerum, Cymbopogon marginatus, C. refractus, Dichanthium humilis, D. sericeum, D. tenue, Heteropogon contortus, H. triticeus, Hyparrhenia hirta, Ischaemum arcuatum, I. australe, I. latifolium, I. laxum, I. zeylanicola, Microstegium sp., Monocymbium sp., Schizachyrium sp., Sehima nervosum, Themeda australis, T. avenacea, T. triandra (Gramineae). A record on Bambusa balcooa from Assam (BORAH et al., 1998) is doubtful. DISEASE: Tar spot of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya, South Africa, Uganda. SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia. ASIA: India (Kumaon, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia, Myanmar, Taiwan. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), Papua New Guinea. TRANSMISSION: No experimental evidence is available, but related fungi are transmitted through air-dispersal and possibly also water-splash of ascospores.

Pseudoperonospora humuli. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Pseudoperonospora Humuli ◽  
Growing Crop ◽  
Curled Leaves

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudoperonospora humuli. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Humulus lupulus. DISEASE: Downy mildew of hops. The first sign of infection, seen early in the year, is the development of spindly, stunted, shoots with pale, crowded and down-curled, leaves. These are known as 'primary basal spikes' and are shoots with a systemic infection developed from mycelium which has overwintered in the rootstock. The undersurfaces of the leaves of these shoots bear large crops of sporangia which in moist and humid conditions can soon spread the disease in the growing crop. Secondary infections may occur on leaves, growing tips, flowers and cones. On the leaves they are seen either as small discrete spots or larger, more angular, brown areas. The diseased shoots arising from secondary infections and depending upon the position of the infected bud are known as 'terminal' or 'lateral' spikes. They resemble basal spikes in appearance. Infection of the flowers can inhibit cone production. If cones do develop, and become infected, the brown spots and lesions of the fungus can make them unsaleable. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map No. 14, ed. 4, 1976, with the addition of Belorussia, Estonia, India, Kinghizia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Ukraine and Uzebekistan. TRANSMISSION: Ware (1926) demonstrated the presence of mycelium in diseased rootstocks but its significance in the overwintering of the pathogen was not fully recognized until Coley Smith (1962) showed that the primary basal spikes which develop in spring originate from infected buds on the rootstocks. Oospores, which are often produced in abundance, were at one time thought to be responsible for infection of the shoots in spring but there is no convincing evidence to support this theory.

Synchytrium endobioticum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Wart Disease ◽  
Synchytrium Endobioticum ◽  
Potato Wart Disease ◽  
Water Films ◽  
Resting Spores ◽  
America South ◽  
Local Dispersal

Abstract A description is provided for Synchytrium endobioticum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Solanaceae (potato, Solanum tuberosum). Other plants infected experimentally include several species of Solanum (Karling, 1964), Petunia and Nicotiana spp. (53, 4566), Lycopersicon esculentum, Physalis and Capsicastrum spp. (59, 416). DISEASE: Potato wart disease, causing dark brown warty cauliflower-like excrescences of infected tubers, which decay to release golden-brown resting spores. On aerial shoots green galls may develop, composed of convoluted masses of tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America (CMI Map 1, ed. 5, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By the movement of infected soil or plant tissues. Local dispersal by zoospores swimming in water films may also occur.

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