Aspergillus flavus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Onions
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Bovine Placenta ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects

Abstract A description is provided for Aspergillus flavus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus normally occurs as a saprophyte in soil and on many kinds of decaying organic matter causing no economic damage or disease. However, on occasion it may act as a spoilage organism of stored seeds and grains, including Arachis hypogaea (groundnut), Bertholletia excelsa (Brazil nut), Cicer arietinum, Cucurbita pepo, Elaeis guineensis, Oryza sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Sorghum spp., Theobroma cacao, Triticum spp., Vigna sinensis[Vigna unguiculata] and Zea mays (Herb. IMI), or become pathogenic to seedling plants as well as to man, cattle, birds and insects. DISEASES: On man and animals: The infection is most often pulmonary as in pigeon and turkey (Ainsworth & Austwick; RMVM 2, 1721) and captive wild birds (Ainsworth & Rewell; RMVM 1, 2090) or general as in broiler chickens (Stock, Avian Dis. 5: 89-93, 1961). Other types include bronchial infections, endocarditis and infections of the ear (Wolf; RMVM 1, 1095), brain, skin, nail, eye (Fazakaz; RMVM 4, 1084) and orbit in man and infection of the bovine placenta (see Austwick, 1965, p. 101). Aspergillus flavus is regarded as an important pathogen of insects (Austwick, 1965, p. 101-102). On plants: A limited amount of invasion of unblemished, intact, immature or mature groundnut pods has been recorded in the southern U.S.A. in the field. Diener et al. (1965) found that the invasion of overmature kernels and shells before harvest was reduced when rainfall was abundant and well distributed and when temperatures were moderate. It has been found to attack germinated groundnuts in the seed bed, particularly after injury to the seed coat or cotyledon (Clinton, 1960) and has also been reported highly pathogenic to cotton seedlings (37: 662). It has been isolated from rhizospheres of Viciafaba in Egypt (Herb.IMI). Aflatoxin production. Some strains when growing on groundnuts produce a toxin, afiatoxin. Toxic groundnuts induce disease in turkeys and ducklings (RMVM 4, 908) and Lancaster et al. (1961) demonstrated carcinogenic effects on rats fed on a diet containing 20% toxic groundnut meal. Aflatoxin has a large literature, see Austwick (in Raper & Fennell 1965, p. 106-109); RMVM: numerous papers, books and symposiums particularly, RMVM 4, 1731; Austwick & Ayerst, RMVM 4, 1732; 5, 1618; Wogan, 1965. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, particularly in tropical soils.

scholarly journals Mycovirus Containing Aspergillus flavus and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Carcinogenesis beyond Mycotoxin Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron K. Tebbi ◽  
Ioly Kotta-Loizou ◽  
Robert H.A. Coutts
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Unscheduled Dna Synthesis ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Full Remission ◽  
Single Strand Breaks ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects

Carcinogenic effects of Aspergillus spp. have been well established and generally attributed to a variety of mycotoxin productions, particularly aflatoxins. It is known that most carcinogenic mycotoxins, with the exception of fumonisins, are genotoxic and mutagenic, causing chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, DNA single-strand breaks, sister chromatid exchange, unscheduled DNA synthesis etc. Some Aspergillus spp. are infected with mycoviruses which can result in loss of aflatoxin production. The effects of mycovirus containing Aspergillus on human health have not been fully evaluated. Recent studies in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in full remission, have revealed the existence of antibody to the products of a certain Aspergillus flavus isolate which harbored an unknown mycovirus. Exposure of blood mononuclear cells from these patients, but not controls, to the products of this organism had reproduced cell surface phenotypes and genetic markers, characteristic of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Carcinogenic effects of Aspergillus spp. may not always be mycotoxin related and this requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Antifungal and Anti-Aflatoxigenic Potential of Plant-Based Essential Oils against Aspergillus flavus in Peanuts

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Premila Narayana Achar ◽  
Pham Quyen ◽  
Emmanuel C. Adukwu ◽  
Abhishek Sharma ◽  
Huggins Zephaniah Msimanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ammonia Vapor

Aspergillus species are known to cause damage to food crops and are associated with opportunistic infections in humans. In the United States, significant losses have been reported in peanut production due to contamination caused by the Aspergillus species. This study evaluated the antifungal effect and anti-aflatoxin activity of selected plant-based essential oils (EOs) against Aspergillus flavus in contaminated peanuts, Tifguard, runner type variety. All fifteen essential oils, tested by the poisoned food technique, inhibited the growth of A. flavus at concentrations ranging between 125 and 4000 ppm. The most effective oils with total clearance of the A. flavus on agar were clove (500 ppm), thyme (1000 ppm), lemongrass, and cinnamon (2000 ppm) EOs. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of clove EO revealed eugenol (83.25%) as a major bioactive constituent. An electron microscopy study revealed that clove EO at 500 ppm caused noticeable morphological and ultrastructural alterations of the somatic and reproductive structures. Using both the ammonia vapor (AV) and coconut milk agar (CMA) methods, we not only detected the presence of an aflatoxigenic form of A. flavus in our contaminated peanuts, but we also observed that aflatoxin production was inhibited by clove EO at concentrations between 500 and 2000 ppm. In addition, we established a correlation between the concentration of clove EO and AFB1 production by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We demonstrate in our study that clove oil could be a promising natural fungicide for an effective bio-control, non-toxic bio-preservative, and an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic additives against A. flavus in Georgia peanuts.

Pseudospiropes elaeidis. [Distribution map].

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Pseudospiropes elaeidis (Steyaert) Deighton. Hosts: Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Sao Tome, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Zaire.

Phomopsis elaeidis. [Distribution map].

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phomopsis elaeidis Punith. Hosts: oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Guinea, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zaire, ASIA, Malaysia, E. Malaysia, India, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, NT, Solomon Islands, CENTRAL AMERICA, Dominica, SOUTH AMERICA, Ecuador.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brayford
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Vascular Wilt ◽  
West And Central Africa

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm). May also infect E. oleifera, E. madagascariensis and E. melanococca. DISEASE: Vascular wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: West and central Africa: Cameroon, Congo, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Zaire. Possibly Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Contaminated soil or plant material. Potentially by means of seed (52, 4182).

Inhibition of Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi by Welsh Onion Extracts

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. FAN ◽  
J. H. CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Welsh Onion ◽  
Extract Concentration ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Yeast Extract Sucrose

Welsh onion ethanol extracts were tested for their inhibitory activity against the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The survival of spores of A. flavus and A. parasiticus depended on both the extract concentration and the exposure time of the spores to the Welsh onion extracts. The mycelial growth of two tested fungi cultured on yeast extract–sucrose broth was completely inhibited in the presence of the Welsh onion ethanol extract at a concentration of 10 mg/ml during 30 days of incubation at 25°C. The extracts added to the cultures also inhibited aflatoxin production at a concentration of 10 mg/ml or permitted only a small amount of aflatoxin production with extract concentration of 5 mg/ml after 2 weeks of incubation. Welsh onion ethanol extracts showed more pronounced inhibitory effects against the two tested aflatoxin-producing fungi than did the same added levels of the preservatives sorbate and propionate at pH values near 6.5.

Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Seeds and Meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1040-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. KOEHLER ◽  
L. R. BEUCHAT ◽  
M. S. CHHINNAN
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Influence Of Temperature

Experiments were done to determine the influence of temperature (21, 30 and 37°C) and aw (0.76 to 0.98) on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds, meal and meal supplemented with onion. Larger quantities of aflatoxin were produced at 21 and 30°C than at 37°C. The highest amount of aflatoxin (2777 μg/20 g, dry weight basis) was observed in meal containing onion at aw 0.98 after 20 d of incubation at 21°C. A level of 870 |μg/20 g was detected in seeds at aw 0.95 after 14 d of incubation at 30°C. Meal at aw 0.96 supported production of 551 μg of aflatoxin per 20 g after 20 d at 30° C. Temperature had little influence on the optimal aw for aflatoxin production in cowpea meal. However, an increase in temperature resulted in a decreased optimal aw for aflatoxin production on whole cowpeas. When known quantities of aflatoxin were added to cowpea meal which was subsequently steamed for 5 min, only 29% was extractable using a variety of procedures, indicating that the toxin may be bound in some manner to cowpea constituents as a result of heat treatment.

Control of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production with spices in culture medium and rice

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Aiko ◽  
A. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Star Anise ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Cinnamon, cardamom, star anise and clove were studied for their effect on growth of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) synthesis. The experiments were carried out in yeast extract sucrose culture broth as well as in rice supplemented with spices. AFB1 produced was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. At a concentration of 10 mg/ml, cardamom and star anise did not exhibit any antifungal or anti-aflatoxigenic activity in culture broth, whereas cinnamon and clove inhibited A. flavus growth completely. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cinnamon and clove were 4 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Concentrations of cinnamon and clove below their minimum inhibitory concentrations showed enhanced fungal growth, while AFB1 synthesis was reduced. Clove inhibited the synthesis of AFB1 significantly up to 99% at concentrations ≥1.0 mg/ml. The spices also inhibited AFB1 synthesis in rice at 5 mg/g, although fungal growth was not inhibited. Clove and cinnamon inhibited AFB1 synthesis significantly up to 99 and 92%, respectively, and star anise and cardamom by 41 and 23%, respectively. The results of this study suggest the use of whole spices rather than their essential oils for controlling fungal and mycotoxin contamination in food grains.

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