Partitioning of limiting protein and energy in the growing pig: description of the problem, possible rules and their qualitative evaluation

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik B. Sandberg ◽  
Gerry C. Emmans ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Partitioning Problem ◽  
Animal Growth

A core part of any animal growth model is how it predicts the partitioning of dietary protein and energy to protein and lipid retention for different genotypes at different degrees of maturity. Rules of partitioning need to be combined with protein and energy systems to make predictions. The animal needs describing in relation to its genotype, live weight and, possibly, body composition. Some existing partitioning rules will apply over rather narrow ranges of food composition, animal and environment. Ideally, a rule would apply over the whole of the possible experimental space (scope). The live weight range over which it will apply should at least extend beyond the ‘slaughter weight range’, and ideally would include the period from the start of feeding through to maturity. Solutions proposed in the literature to the partitioning problem are described in detail and criticised in relation to their scope, generality and economy of parameters. They all raise the issue, at least implicitly, of the factors that affect the net marginal efficiency of using absorbed dietary protein for protein retention. This is identified as the crucial problem to solve. A problem identified as important is whether the effects of animal and food composition variables are independent of each other or not. Of the rules in the literature, several could be rejected on qualitative grounds. Those rules that survived were taken forward for further critical and quantitative analysis in the companion paper. (Sandberget al.2005)

scholarly journals Partitioning of limiting protein and energy in the growing pig: testing quantitative rules against experimental data

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik B. Sandberg ◽  
Gerry C. Emmans ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Material Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Ideal Protein

Literature solutions to the problem of protein and energy partitioning in the growing pig are quantitatively examined. Possible effects of live weight, genotype and food composition on the marginal response in protein retention to protein and energy intakes, on protein and energy-limiting foods are quantified. No evidence was found that the marginal response in protein retention to ideal protein supply, when protein intake is limiting, is affected by live weight, genotype or environmental temperature. There was good evidence that live weight does not affect the marginal response in protein retention to energy intake when protein intake is not limiting. Limited data for different genotypes suggested no effects on this response. A general quantitative partitioning rule is proposed that has two key parameters;ep* (the maximum marginal efficiency for retaining the first limiting amino acid) andR* (the maximum value ofR, the energy to protein ratio of the food, MJ metabolisable energy (ME)/kg digestible crude protein (DCP), whenep* is just achieved). WhenR<R* the material efficiency of using ideal protein is (ep*/R*)×R. The value ofep* was determined to be 0·763 (se 0·0130). There was no good experimental evidence thatep* is different for different amino acids. The best estimate ofR* was 67·9 (se 1·65) MJ ME/kg DCP. Live weight, genotype and temperature did not affect the values of either parameter. A more general understanding of partitioning, including the effects of ‘stressors’ such as disease, may be achieved by using the preferred rule as a starting point.

The description of the rate of protein and lipid growth in pigs in relation to live weight

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. WHITTEMORE ◽  
D. M. GREEN
Keyword(s):  
Simple Form ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Gompertz Function ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Cubic Polynomial ◽  
Cubic Polynomials

The paper seeks to compare the effectiveness of various functions as appropriate to express protein retention and lipid retention as a function of pig live weight. Linear descriptors were adequate for protein growth over the 20 to 120 kg live weight range, but not adequate when higher live weights were included. Linear descriptors were not adequate for lipid growth over any weight range. Quadratic and cubic polynomials, and the logistic function, were faulted on their failure to describe the known biology. Augmentation of the allometric function added nothing to the simple form. The Gompertz function was consistently effective for the description of daily protein retention rate. The Bridges and Richards functions are more flexible than the Gompertz with respect to the point of inflection, but when applied they resembled the Gompertz and therefore did not materially influence the descriptive outcome. The cubic polynomial, augmented allometric, Bridges and Richards functions, although favoured in other reports, were found to add nothing to the more simple functions. It is concluded that protein retention can be well expressed in relation to live weight by linear and Gompertz functions. Lipid retention could be well described by an allometric relationship with pig mass.

Dietary N and P levels, effluent water characteristics and performance in rainbow trout

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lanari ◽  
E. d'Agaro ◽  
R. Ballestrazzi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Feed Utilisation ◽  
And Performance

Two trials with rainbow trout have been performed to study the effect of dietary protein and phosphorus levels on growth rate and N and P balance. In the first trial, 702 rainbow trout (RT) (106.4 ± 1.26 g initial live weight) were fed for 86 days with three diets with the same ether extract (EE) content [20.45 % dry matter (DM)] but differing in protein and P content: [(36.7, 0.86 (A); 39.0, 0.97 (B) and 43.0%, 1.04% DM (C)]. Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) were 0.94 and 1.31; 0.98 and 1.27; 1.05 and 1.17, respectively for treatments A, B and C. Feeding level significantly influenced SGR but not FCE. Nitrogen released into the environment was 46.0, 47.6 and 49.7 kg/t of fish produced for diets A, B and C respectively with no significant differences between treatments. P released into the environment was significantly lower with diet A (6.5 kg/t fish produced vs 7.5 and 7.6 with diets B and C). In the second trial, 360 RT (175 ± 2.5 g initial live weight) were fed 3 extruded diets at 0.94% live weight/d for 56 days. Each diet contained 28% EE and 39.4 (D), 42.0 (E) or 45.0 (F) % crude protein (CP). SGR and FCE increased significantly as dietary protein increased (1.03 and 0.94; 1.07 and 0.90; 1.15 and 0.84, respectively for treatments D, E and F, P &lt; 0.05). N load in the effluents was not affected by dietary treatment (D: 29.9, E: 29.8 and F: 29.1 kg/t) whereas P load per t produced fell from diet E to F (D: 7.3, E: 6.7 and F: 5.9 kg, P &lt; 0.05). The results of these experiments where food intake was restricted showed that the dietary level of N and P play an important role in determining the effluent load of these nutrients. At the same time, extrusion is a valid means of controlling N and P discharge, favourably improving growth rate, feed utilisation and gross protein retention.

Sucrose as an energy source for growing pigs: a comparison of the effects of sucrose, starch and glucose on energy and protein retention

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Beech ◽  
R. Elliott ◽  
E. S. Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Blood Characteristics

AbstractThe effects of dietary sucrose, glucose and starch were compared to determine whether sucrose as an energy source affected energy or protein metabolism of growing pigs given food either frequently or once daily. Three experiments were conducted using three diets (0·8 g lysine per MJ digestible energy (DE)) containing sucrose, starch or glucose, respectively. In the first experiment, the DE contents of the diets were determined. In the second, the diets were given either once daily (08.00 h) or frequently (3-h intervals) to growing pigs (20 to 45 kg live weight) and growth responses, blood characteristics and energy, protein and fat retention measured. In the third experiment, the three diets were given to seven pigs (50 kg live weight), either once daily or frequently to monitor further the effects on plasma triglycerides, glucose, urea and insulin levels.Growth rate, on a carcass basis, was slightly lower in pigs given glucose relative to starch (P < 0·05) but there was no effect of carbohydrate source on the retention of energy, protein or fat. Plasma triglyceride levels were lower in pigs given starch (P < 0·05) whilst plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were higher immediately after feeding in pigs given food once daily (7 < 0·05, P < 0·01). All three carbohydrate sources were used less efficiently by the pigs for energy, protein and fat deposition with once daily compared with frequent feeding (V < 0·01). Overall, these results indicate that sucrose as an energy source does not effect energy or protein metabolism by the growing pig. It appears that the metabolism of fructose within sucrose had no effect on metabolism.

A note on purebred performance of Belgian Piétrain pigs

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Howard ◽  
W. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Size At Birth

SUMMARYIn an analysis of data from 211 litters in a Pietrain herd, litter size at birth and at weaning was lower than is generally found in indigenous breeds. Mortality in growing and breeding pigs was high with circulatory failure accounting for 23% and 95% of deaths respectively. Pietrains, fed ad libitum over the live-weight range 27 to 87 kg, grew more slowly by 130 g/day than contemporary Large Whites on the same feeding regime, had higher killing-out percentages (by 3 to 4 units) and larger eye muscles in cross-section (by 9·9 cm2) but tended to have higher feed conversion ratios. There was no breed difference in backfat measurements but Pietrain carcasses were shorter by 83 mm and their muscle quality was markedly inferior to that of the Large Whites.

Dietary Protein Requirements of Fishes — A Reassessment

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1995-2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Fish Physiology ◽  
Protein Retention

It is widely believed that fishes require more dietary protein than other vertebrates. Many aspects of fish physiology, nutrition, and trophic ecology have been interpreted within the context of this high protein requirement. Here, fishes are compared with terrestrial homeotherms in terms of (1) protein requirement for maintenance, (2) relative protein concentration in the diet required for maximum growth rate, (3) protein intake rate required for maximum growth rate, (4) efficiency of protein retention in growth, and (5) weight of growth achieved per weight of protein ingested. The two animal groups compared differ only in relative protein concentration in the diet required for maximum growth rate. This difference is explained in terms of homeotherms' greater requirement for energy and does not reflect absolute differences in protein requirement. The remaining measures of protein requirement suggest that fishes and terrestrial homeotherms are remarkably similar in their use of protein as a nutritional resource. Reinterpretation of the role of protein in fish physiology, nutrition, and trophic ecology is perhaps in order.

A note on the relationship between live weight and the incidence of oestrus in Hereford heifers

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. H. Cohen ◽  
D. L. Garden ◽  
J. P. Langlands
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Image Position ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThe incidence of oestrus in 603 Hereford heifers with a mean age of 545 days (range 515 to 575) was related to live weight (range 130 to 376 kg). Observations were ranked in order of ascending live weight and the percentage of heifers showing oestrus was calculated for consecutive 10 kg increments in live weight from 130 to 380 kg. The percentage showing oestrus was subjected to the probit transformation (Y, probit units) and was then related to live weight (X, kg):It was predicted that 50% of the heifers showed oestrus at 231 ± 1 kg, and that 5% and 95% showed oestrus at 187 and 280 kg respectively.

scholarly journals Increased dietary protein in the second trimester of gestation increases live weight gain and carcass composition in weaner calves to 6 months of age

animal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 991-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.G. Miguel-Pacheco ◽  
L.D. Curtain ◽  
C. Rutland ◽  
L. Knott ◽  
S.T. Norman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Live Weight Gain

A note on the response of pigs weaned at 28 days to dietary protein

1986 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

ABSTRACTThirty-six piglets were used to investigate the effect of six concentrations of dietary protein ranging from 155 to 235 g/kg, and corresponding dietary lysine concentrations from 10·1 to 15·4 g/kg, on the performance of pigs weaned at 28 days of age and growing between 7·5 and 20 kg live weight. Voluntary food intake was not significantly affected by dietary protein, and growth rate increased with increase in dietary protein and lysine up to 167 and 10·9 g/kg respectively (0·75 g lysine per MJ digestible energy (DE)). Food: gain ratio improved significantly with each increase in dietary protein and lysine up to 177 and 11·6 g/kg (0·79 g lysine per MJ DE) respectively.

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