scholarly journals Gastric leptin: a putative role in the short-term regulation of food intake

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina Picó ◽  
Paula Oliver ◽  
Juana Sánchez ◽  
Andreu Palou
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Endocrine Cell Type ◽  
The Brain

The discovery of the production of leptin by the stomach, in addition to its production by adipose tissue, has initiated new investigation into the possible role of this protein in the digestive physiology, in particular in the short-term control of energy balance. Leptin has been identified in the lower half of the stomach glands both in the pepsinogen granules of chief cells and in the granules of a specific endocrine cell type, suggesting that leptin action is exerted by both exocrine and endocrine pathways. Gastric leptin is sensitive to the nutritional state, being rapidly mobilized in response to food intake following fasting, or after the administration of satiety factors; this suggests a role for this protein in the short-term regulation of feeding, acting in collaboration with satiety peptides such as cholecystokinin. Leptin, produced by gastric cells and by adipocytes, could act on both acute and chronic regulation of feeding behaviour respectively, giving information to the brain on the availability of external (food) and internal (fat depots) energy resources, thus participating in short- and long-term satiation.

The Role of the Interpolated Task in Short-Term Retention

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Conrad ◽  
A. J. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Interference Theory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Single Set

It has been proposed that a single set of operations based on classical interference theory is adequate to describe the phenomena of both short- and long-term memory. An article by Keppel and Underwood (1962) argues that short-term forgetting is due to proactive interference and, by implication, not a result of trace decay. An experiment which varied retention interval and the nature of the interpolated task, gave results which indicate that when the amount forgotten and the nature of errors are considered, a decay model is supported, the proactive interference suggestion being untenable.

Response of digestive organs of Hypsiboas albopunctatus (Anura: Hylidae) to benzo[α]pyrene

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Zácari Fanali ◽  
Bruno Serra de Lacerda Valverde ◽  
Lilian Franco-Belussi ◽  
Diogo B. Provete ◽  
Classius de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
High Concentrations

Anurans are exposed to several pollutants. One of these is benzo[α]pyrene (BaP). This compound is produced by incomplete combustion and is toxic to the liver and intestine, where it is metabolized. Here, we tested how different concentrations of BaP affect the thickness of small intestine and liver melanomacrophages (MMCs) ofHypsiboas albopunctatusduring short- and long-term exposures. We conducted an experiment with a 3 × 2 factorial design to answer these two questions. Male specimens were separated into groups injected with either 3 or 7 mg/kg of BaP and euthanized after either 72 or 168 h. Then, we measured the thickness of the intestinal epithelium and the area occupied by MMCs. The thickness of intestinal epithelium decreased in both high and low concentration for short-term exposure compared to control, and increased in the long-term group in both low and high concentrations. The short-term decrease in thickness is due to the damage caused by BaP on the absorptive capacity of the epithelium, whereas the epithelium increased its thickness and recovered normal activity in the long-term. High BaP concentration decreased the area of MMCs in the short-term group. The increase in MMCs is associated with the detoxifying role of these cells, while the decrease was triggered by cellular stress due to high BaP concentration. The concentrations of BaP we used are close to those found in polluted environments. Therefore, water contaminated with BaP can potentially affect the morphology of internal organs of anurans.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Postearthquake Distress on Brain Microstructural Changes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Sekiguchi ◽  
Yuka Kotozaki ◽  
Motoaki Sugiura ◽  
Rui Nouchi ◽  
Hikaru Takeuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stressful Events ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Psychological Measures ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Left Thalamus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
The Brain

Stressful events can have both short- and long-term effects on the brain. Our recent investigation identified short-term white matter integrity (WMI) changes in 30 subjects soon after the Japanese earthquake. Our findings suggested that lower WMI in the right anterior cingulum (Cg) was a pre-existing vulnerability factor and increased WMI in the left anterior Cg and uncinate fasciculus (Uf) after the earthquake was an acquired sign of postearthquake distress. However, the long-term effects on WMI remained unclear. Here, we examined the 1-year WMI changes in 25 subjects to clarify long-term effects on the WMI. We found differential FAs in the right anterior Cg, bilateral Uf, left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and left thalamus, suggesting that synaptic enhancement and shrinkage were long-term effects. Additionally, the correlation between psychological measures related to postearthquake distress and the degree of WMI alternation in the right anterior Cg and the left Uf led us to speculate that temporal WMI changes in some subjects with emotional distress occurred soon after the disaster. We hypothesized that dynamic WMI changes predict a better prognosis, whereas persistently lower WMI is a marker of cognitive dysfunction, implying the development of anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Suppression of HIF2 signalling attenuates the initiation of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension

2019 ◽  
pp. 1900378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Jun Hu ◽  
Jens M. Poth ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Amanda Flockton ◽  
Aya Laux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecule ◽  
Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Gene Deletion ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Inducible Gene

Most published studies addressing the role of HIFs in hypoxia-induced PH development employ models that may not recapitulate the clinical setting, including the use of animals having pre-existing lung/vascular defects secondary to embryonic HIF ablation or activation. Further, critical questions including how and when HIF-signalling contributes to hypoxia-induced PH remains unanswered.Normal adult rodents in which global HIF1 or 2 was inhibited by inducible gene deletion or pharmacological inhibition (antisense oligonucleotides-ASO and small molecule inhibitors) were exposed to short-term (4 days) or chronic (4–5 weeks) hypoxia. Hemodynamic studies were performed, the animals euthanized and lungs and heart obtained for pathologic and transcriptomic analysis. Cell-type specific HIF signals for PH initiation were determined in normal pulmonary vascular cells in vitro and in mice (using cell-type specific HIF deletion).Global HIF1α deletion in mice did not prevent hypoxia-induced PH at 5 weeks. Mice with global HIF2α deletion did not survive long-term hypoxia. Partial HIF2α gene deletion, or HIF2-ASO (but not HIF1-ASO) reduced vessel muscularization, rises in pulmonary artery pressures and right ventricular hypertrophy in mice exposed to 4–5 week hypoxia. A small molecule HIF2 inhibitor (PT2567) significantly attenuated early events (monocyte recruitment and vascular cell proliferation) in rats exposed to 4-day hypoxia as well as vessel musculization, tenascin C accumulation and PH development in rats exposed to 5 week hypoxia. In vitro, HIF2 induced a distinct set of genes in normal pulmonary vascular EC, mediating inflammation and proliferation of EC and SMC. EC HIF2α knockout prevented hypoxia-induced PH in mice.Inhibition of HIF2, not HIF1 can provide a therapeutic approach to prevent the development of hypoxia-induced PH. Future studies are needed to investigate the role of HIFs in PH progression and reversal.

What Kind of Habituation is Impaired in Migraine Patients?

Cephalalgia ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Siniatchkin ◽  
P Kropp ◽  
W-D Gerber
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Gating ◽  
Orienting Response ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Cognitive Levels ◽  
Migraine Pathogenesis ◽  
Short And Long Term

The acoustically evoked cortical potentials of 20 migraine patients were investigated using a combined conditioning-testing and oddball paradigm. The short and long-term habituation results of the P50 and P300 waves were compared with 16 healthy subjects. Migraineurs were characterized by a sensory gating deficit of the P50 wave (reduced short-term habituation) in the non-target condition and a reduced long-term habituation of the P300 wave in the target condition. The study describes disturbances of information processing on the automatic and cognitive levels in migraine patients and emphasizes the role of sensory gating and orienting response in migraine pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Does Better Management of Financial Obligation Promote Productivity?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-222
Author(s):  
Pratap Singh Awadhesh
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Quantitative Technique ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Financial Obligation ◽  
Indian Industries

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of key financial obligation factors on total factor productivity (TFP) for 34 Indian industries for the period 2008 2018 using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Financial obligations are measured by short- and long-term loans, operating expenses and liabilities. The outcome of qualitative techniques does not appear to support the hypothesis that short term and long-term loans, liabilities and operating expenses influence TFP. On the contrary, the evidences arise from quantitative technique appear to suggest that short term loan and operating expenses promote TFP. The study also suggests that complimentaries exist between operating expenses and short-term loan and they together appear to boost productivity.

Targeting Microglial Disturbances to Protect the Brain From Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated With Prematurity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrée Delahaye-Duriez ◽  
Adrien Dufour ◽  
Cindy Bokobza ◽  
Pierre Gressens ◽  
Juliette Van Steenwinckel
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Developing Brain ◽  
Perinatal Brain Injury ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Critical Phases ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Microglial activation during critical phases of brain development can result in short- and long-term consequences for neurological and psychiatric health. Several studies in humans and rodents have shown that microglial activation, leading to a transition from the homeostatic state toward a proinflammatory phenotype, has adverse effects on the developing brain and neurodevelopmental disorders. Targeting proinflammatory microglia may be an effective strategy for protecting the brain and attenuating neurodevelopmental disorders induced by inflammation. In this review we focus on the role of inflammation and the activation of immature microglia (pre-microglia) soon after birth in prematurity-associated neurodevelopmental disorders, and the specific features of pre-microglia during development. We also highlight the relevance of immunomodulatory strategies for regulating activated microglia in a rodent model of perinatal brain injury. An original neuroprotective approach involving a nanoparticle-based therapy and targeting microglia, with the aim of improving myelination and protecting the developing brain, is also addressed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document