scholarly journals Associations between intake of added sugars and intakes of nutrients and food groups in the diets of German children and adolescents

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Alexy ◽  
Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert ◽  
Mathilde Kersting
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Mixed Linear Model ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
German Children

The aim of the present analysis was to evaluate the effect of intake of added sugars on intakes of nutrients and food groups. We used a mixed linear model (PROC MIXED) to analyse data from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study (an ongoing longitudinal cohort study between infancy and adulthood). Between July 1985 and August 2001, 3 d weighed dietary records (n 4993) from 849 children and adolescents (416 male, 433 female) aged 2–18 years were collected and evaluated. Overall mean intake of added sugars was 12·4 (SD 5·3) (median 12·0) % energy. Fat intake (% energy) and intake of all analysed nutrients (as % reference values for nutrient intakes) fell across quintiles 1–5 of energy intake from added sugars (P<0·001). With the exception of ‘Sugary foods’ and ‘Beverages’ (significant increase, P<0·0001) and ‘Dairy’ (NS), intake of all other food groups decreased with increasing intake of added sugars (P<0·0001). In conclusion, we found a slight, but statistically significant, nutrient-dilution effect of added sugars and a significant reduction in intake of important nutrient-bearing food groups. However, the DONALD study gives no clear indicator on grounds of micronutrient dilution for a quantitative limit on intake of added sugars.

scholarly journals Time and Age Trends in Free Sugar Intake from Food Groups among Children and Adolescents between 1985 and 2016

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Perrar ◽  
Alena M. Schadow ◽  
Sarah Schmitting ◽  
Anette E. Buyken ◽  
Ute Alexy
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
German Children

Trend analyses suggest that free sugar (FS) intake—while still exceeding 10%E—has decreased among German children and adolescents since 2005, yet that intakes may shift from sugars naturally occurring in foods to added sugars as children age. Thus, we analysed time and age trends in FS intake (%E) from food groups among 3–18 year-olds (1985–2016) using 10,761 3-day dietary records from 1312 DONALD participants (660 boys, 652 girls) by use of polynomial mixed-effects regression models. Among girls, FS from sugar & sweets decreased from 1985 to 2016 (linear trend p < 0.0001), but not among boys (p > 0.05). In the total sample, FS intake from juices increased until 2000 and decreased since 2005 (linear, quadratic trend p < 0.0001). FS from sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) decreased non-linearly from 1985 to 2016 (girls: linear, quadratic, cubic trend p < 0.0001; boys: linear, quadratic, cubic trend p < 0.02). Younger children consumed more FS from juices than older ones, who had a higher FS intake from SSB. FS intake from sugar & sweets increased until early adolescence and decreased afterwards. Since sugar & sweets represent the main source of FS intake and the source with the least pronounced decline in intake, public health measures should focus on these products.

scholarly journals Two approaches to derive a proposal for added sugars intake for German children and adolescents

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 697-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Alexy ◽  
Mathilde Kersting ◽  
Verena Schultze-Pawlitschko
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Mixed Diet ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
German Children ◽  
Survey Approach

AbstractObjective:Intake of sugars is restricted in most international food guides. However, in recent recommendations quantified limits of added sugars intake have not been given, although deemed necessary by those who criticised the recommendations.Design:Two approaches to derive a scientifically based quantified limit of added sugars intake for German children and adolescents are suggested. For the first dietary survey approach, 5120 three-day weighed dietary records from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study were used. Added sugars intakes in records of high vs. low dietary quality, measured by a nutrient intake score, were compared. For the second approach, a total dietary concept for German children and adolescents developed and evaluated by the Research Institute of Child Nutrition – the Optimised Mixed Diet – was used.Results:Whereas in the latter dietary concept an added sugars intake of about 6% of energy intake is tolerated, the dietary survey approach resulted in only small differences between high and low dietary quality, with a median added sugars intake of 12% of energy in records with high dietary quality.Conclusions:A reasonable dietary quality is possible within higher ranges of added sugars intake than derived from the dietary concept approach. Therefore we suggest a range of intake of added sugars for German children and adolescents, from 6% to 12% of energy.

scholarly journals Fifteen-year time trends in energy and macronutrient intake in German children and adolescents: results of the DONALD study

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Alexy ◽  
Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert ◽  
Mathilde Kersting
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Added Sugars

The DONALD study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study) gives the opportunity to evaluate long-term food and nutrient intake data on the basis of 3 d weighed dietary records of infants, children and adolescents since 1985. In this paper, we examine changes in energy and macronutrient intakes (protein, fat, saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates and added sugars) of 795 2–18-year-old subjects between 1985 and 2000 (4483 records). No significant changes in intakes of energy and of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and added sugars (as % energy intake, E %) were found. Fat intake decreased significantly in all age groups (between -0·20 and -0·26 E %/year), as well as intake of saturated fatty acids (between -0·11 and -0·14 E %/year) and monounsaturated fatty acids (between -0·07 and -0·014 E %/year). This decline was compensated for by a significant increase in carbohydrate intake (between +0·18 and +0·27 E %/year). The changes in macronutrient intake were mainly due to a decreased consumption of fats–oils (between -0·29 and -1·26 g/year) and meat–fish–eggs (between -0·21 and -2·92 g/year), whereas consumption of bread–cereals (between +0·12 and +2·42 g/year) and potatoes–pasta–rice (between +0·15 and +2·26 g/year) increased slightly. However, since recommended fat intake and fatty acid composition was not reached at the end of the study period by far, further efforts will be necessary to improve macronutrient composition and to stabilize favourable dietary habits.

scholarly journals Dietary Sugar Intake and Its Association with Obesity in Children and Adolescents

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
Emmanuella Magriplis ◽  
George Michas ◽  
Evgenia Petridi ◽  
George P. Chrousos ◽  
Eleftheria Roma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Sweetened Beverages

Sugar intake has been associated with increased prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity; however, results remain controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the probability of overweight/obesity with higher sugar intakes, accounting for other dietary intakes. Data from 1165 children and adolescents aged ≥2–18 years (66.8% males) enrolled in the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS) were used; specifically, 781 children aged 2–11 years and 384 adolescents 12–18 years. Total and added sugar intake were assessed using two 24 h recalls (24 hR). Foods were categorized into specific food groups to evaluate the main foods contributing to intakes. A significant proportion of children (18.7%) and adolescents (24.5%) exceeded the recommended cut-off of 10% of total energy intake from added sugars. Sweets (29.8%) and processed/refined grains and cereals (19.1%) were the main sources of added sugars in both age groups, while in adolescents, the third main contributor was sugar-sweetened beverages (20.6%). Being overweight or obese was 2.57 (p = 0.002) and 1.77 (p = 0.047) times more likely for intakes ≥10% of total energy from added sugars compared to less <10%, when accounting for food groups and macronutrient intakes, respectively. The predicted probability of becoming obese was also significant with higher total and added-sugar consumption. We conclude that high consumption of added sugars increased the probability for overweight/obesity among youth, irrespectively of other dietary or macronutrient intakes.

scholarly journals Time trends in dietary fat intake in a sample of German children and adolescents between 2000 and 2010: not quantity, but quality is the issue

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Libuda ◽  
Ute Alexy ◽  
Mathilde Kersting
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Fat Quality ◽  
Dietary Fat Intake ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
German Children

Dietary fat intake in childhood may influence the risk for developing chronic diseases. The objective of the present study was to examine secular trends in the parameters of fat intake between 2000 and 2010 in a sample of German children and adolescents (n 808) participating in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study. Dietary data from 4380 3 d weighed dietary records were analysed using repeated-measures regression to determine time trends in fat quantity, i.e. the intake of total fat, and in fat quality, i.e. the ratios of SFA, MUFA and PUFA. In young children (2–3 years) and in adolescents (13–18 years), total fat intake remained stable over time, but decreased by 0·08 % of total energy (%E) per year in 4–12-year-old children. In 2010, median fat intake was at the upper end of the recommendations. SFA intake decreased slightly in 2–3- and 4–12-year-old children by 0·09 and 0·05 %E per year, respectively. MUFA and PUFA intakes remained stable in all the age groups except in adolescents. Here, PUFA intake decreased initially, but increased between 2005 and 2010. In 2010, only between 3 and 18 % of the respective age groups had an intake of SFA or PUFA within the recommendations. In conclusion, fat quantity and quality did not change substantially between 2000 and 2010. Fat quality, in particular, needs to be improved, since a large percentage of our sample did not meet the recommended intakes for SFA and PUFA.

Significance of Fortified Beverages in the Long-term Diet of German Children and Adolescents: 15-Year Results of the DONALD Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 356-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert ◽  
Mathilde Kersting
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Fortified Food ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
German Children

Fortified beverages and instant drinks are the most frequently consumed fortified products in children and adolescents in Germany. However, little is known about the contribution of these products to micronutrient intake. Between 1986 and 2000, consumption of fortified food (total and the subgroup of fortified beverages) and time trends in energy and micronutrient intake were assessed on the basis of 3 day-weighed dietary records (n = 4358) of males and females between the ages of 2 and 14 years (n = 398/408) enrolled in the DONALD Study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study). As percentage of recent references for micronutrient intake, a significant increase in intake from fortified beverages was observed for calcium (from 1 to 3%), iron (3 to 4%), vitamin A (5 to 15%), and vitamin C (5 to 60%). Significant increases in intakes were only observed from 1995–1997 for vitamin E, folate, and niacin (all 5 to 15–25%), vitamin B1 and B2 (both 10–15 to 25–30%) and vitamin B6 (20 to 55%). Thereafter significant decreases were found. Among the fortified beverages, juice was the most important for micronutrient intake, followed by soft drinks (calcium, vitamin A, E, C, folate, niacin) or by instant beverages (energy, iron, vitamin B1, B2, B6). Significant linear and nonlinear time trends in micronutrient intakes from fortified food and fortified beverages were observed in German children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Time and age trends in morning and evening protein intakes of German children and adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Roßbach ◽  
Tanja Diederichs ◽  
Christian Herder ◽  
Anette E. Buyken ◽  
Ute Alexy
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Quadratic Trend ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Age Trends ◽  
German Children ◽  
Starchy Foods

AbstractThe present study describes time and age trends in morning and evening protein intakes and sources among German children and adolescents from 1985 to 2014. A total of 9757 three-day weighed dietary records of 1246 3- to 18-year-old participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study were analysed using polynomial mixed-effects regression models. Morning protein intake increased over the study period by approximately 1 % of morning energy intake (linear trend P < 0·0001), with the youngest and the oldest children having the highest protein intake (linear, quadratic trend P < 0·0001). Evening protein intake increased over time by approximately 2 % of evening energy intake in girls (linear trend P < 0·0001) and 1 % of evening energy intake in boys (quadratic trend P = 0·0313), with decreasing intake with age (girls: linear trend P < 0·0001; boys: linear trend P = 0·0963). Time trends were largely due to increases in protein from ‘starchy foods’. In conclusion, morning and evening protein intakes increased modestly between 1985 and 2014; these increases were, however, not accompanied by increases in traditional protein sources (i.e. meat or dairy products).

scholarly journals Potential renal acid load in the diet of children and adolescents: impact of food groups, age and time trends

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ute Alexy ◽  
Mathilde Kersting ◽  
Thomas Remer
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Potential Renal Acid Load ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
German Children ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectiveThe impact of acid–base balance on health is widely accepted. Here, we describe the potential renal acid load (PRAL) in the diet of healthy German children and adolescents.DesignThe Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study is an ongoing longitudinal (open cohort) study (start 1985) collecting detailed data on diet, growth, development and metabolism in infants, children and adolescents.SettingResearch Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund.SubjectsSeven hundred and twenty children and adolescents (351 boys and 369 girls), aged 3–18 years, provided 4187 yearly collected 3-day dietary records between 1995 and 2005.ResultsMean daily PRAL was positive in all age/sex groups (6–21 mEq day−1), and significantly higher in boys than in girls after the age of 8 years, even when calculated as mEq MJ−1. Fruits, vegetables and potatoes had a negative impact on PRAL; cheese, dairy products, cereals/bread and meat/fish/eggs had a positive impact. In a mixed linear model, PRAL, expressed as mEq day−1 and mEq MJ−1, remained stable during the study period, since time trends of PRAL-relevant food groups countervail each other. PRAL intake (mEq MJ−1) was significantly positively associated (P < 0.0001) with fat intake (% of energy intake, %E), but negatively with carbohydrate intake (%E; P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe analysis of dietary habits in our sample of German children and adolescents showed a moderate excess of acidity. Especially older boys should be encouraged to eat more potatoes and vegetables as good sources of dietary alkalinity. The PRAL concept is compatible with current concepts for a healthy diet.

Food group intake of children and adolescents (6-18 years) on a vegetarian, vegan, or omnivore diet: Results of the VeChi Youth Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Ute Alexy ◽  
Morwenna Fischer ◽  
Stine Weder ◽  
Alfred Längler ◽  
Andreas Michalsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
Sweet Foods ◽  
Youth Study ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Plant-based, i.e., vegetarian (without meat and fish) or vegan (exclusively plant-based foods) diets are in trend also among children and adolescents, but data on food intake in this group are lacking. Here, we compare the consumption of food groups of vegetarian (n 145), vegan (n 110), and omnivore (n 135) children and adolescents (6-18 years) in Germany using data of the VeChi Youth Study. Each food item reported in 3day weighed dietary records was assigned to one of 18 food groups and individual mean intake per day (g/MJ) was calculated. Group differences were assessed using covariance analyses adjusted for age, sex and other covariates. For food groups with a high number of non-consumers, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis-Tests were run. Pairwise comparison of vegetarian and vegan groups indicated significantly higher intakes of legumes, nuts, milk alternatives (all P = 0.0003), and meat alternatives (P = 0.0065) among vegan subjects. Intake of these food groups of omnivore participants was low (Q3: 0.0 g/MJ for legumes, milk alternatives, and meat alternatives, 0.5 g/MJ for nuts). Dairy intake of vegetarians (11.6 g/MJ) was significantly lower than of omnivore subjects (24.7 g/MJ) (P = 0.0003). Intake of fats/oils and sweet foods was lowest in vegan compared to vegetarian and omnivore participants (p <0.05). Whole grain intake was higher in vegan participants (14.5 g/MJ) than of vegetarian (9.1 g/MJ) and omnivore (6.5 g/MJ) participants (P = 0.0003). Longitudinal studies are necessary to evaluate the long-term health consequences of vegetarian, vegan, and omnivore food patterns, especially in childhood and adolescence.

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