scholarly journals Can prescription of sip-feed supplements increase energy intake in hospitalised older people with medical problems?

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Roberts ◽  
Jan Potter ◽  
John McColl ◽  
John Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Geriatric Medicine ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Supplements

A blinded randomised controlled trial of prescribed oral sip-feed supplements compared with routine hospital practice was undertaken in acute admissions to a geriatric medicine department. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were admitted from home, were not obese (BMI>75th percentile), had no swallowing difficulties and were not deemed to be in the terminal stage of illness. On admission they were stratified by nutritional status (BMI<5th, >5th to <25th, >25th to <75th percentile) and randomised. The intervention group received 120 ml oral sip-feed supplement prescribed three times per d in the medicine prescription chart (22·5 g protein, 2260 kJ (540 kcal) energy/d) distributed at medication rounds for the duration of hospital stay. The control group received routine hospital care. Outcomes were patient compliance with supplement, total energy intake and nursing staff views of the method. Patients were randomised to receive supplements (n 186 of total n 381). Half had full compliance and three-quarters at least moderate compliance. Total energy intake was significantly increased, on average, in the intervention group (P=0·001). The proportion of patients meeting estimated minimum energy requirements was significantly increased (P=0·023), but was still <50 % for the sample of patients in the intervention group. The present study suggests this method is acceptable to patients and staff and improves total energy intake. However, the amount prescribed did not ensure minimum energy requirements were met in all cases.

scholarly journals The Effect of Providing Eggs Early in Complementary Feeding on Energy Intake and Dietary Diversity: The Mazira Project Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 863-863
Author(s):  
Chessa Lutter ◽  
Bess Caswell ◽  
Charles Arnold ◽  
Lora Iannotti ◽  
Elizabeth Prado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity

Abstract Objectives Complementary feeding diets in low- and middle-income countries are usually inadequate to meet requirements for healthy growth and development. Food-based interventions may prevent nutrient inadequacies provided they do not replace other nutrient-rich foods. They may also be more sustainable than manufactured food supplements. We describe the contribution of daily egg supplementation to usual energy intake, usual energy intake by food group, and minimum dietary diversity of rural Malawian infants and young children. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial in rural Malawi in which 660 children aged 6 to 9 months were randomly allocated to receive an egg a day for 6 months or to a control group. Dietary intake of foods and drinks was assessed at baseline, 3-month midline, and 6-month endline visits using a tablet-based mulitpass 24-hour recall. Up to two repeat recalls were collected at each timepoint in a subsample of 100 children per intervention group. Results The intervention resulted in an increased usual energy intake in the intervention group of 30 kcal at midline (P = 0.128) and 36 kcal at endline (P = 0.087). It also resulted in a 7 kcal displacement of legumes and nuts in children at endline (P = 0.059). At midline and endline, usual energy intake from eggs was about 30 kcal higher in the egg group compared to controls (P &lt; 0.0001). Compared to controls, children in the egg group were over 9 times more likely to consume eggs at midline and endline. At midline and endline more than 80% of children in the egg group consumed a minimally diverse diet compared to 53% at midline and 60% at endline in the control group. Conclusions Mothers in the egg group fed eggs to young children on a regular basis without substantial displacement of other nutrient-rich complementary foods. The intervention resulted in higher energy intake from eggs, greater dietary diversity, and an increased percentage of children meeting a minimum dietary diversity cutoff. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio as potential mediators for food intake among obese children: a case control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamal S. Aly ◽  
Nayera E. Hassan ◽  
Ghada M. Anwar ◽  
Hanaa H. Ahmed ◽  
Sahar A. El-Masry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Control Study

AbstractBackgroundGhrelin and obestatin are two gastric hormones encoded by the same preproghrelin gene that convey information concerning nutritional status to the central nervous system. Ghrelin has been considered as an appetite stimulating peptide that has a role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Obestatin has been described for its appetite suppressing effects opposing ghrelin’s effect on food intake. The study aimed to evaluate ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio in obese children compared to non-obese and correlate them to food macronutrients intake.MethodsThis study is a cross-sectional case control study comprising 60 obese children, in addition to 31 age- and sex-matched controls. All children were subjected to clinical examination, anthropometric assessment, and a 3-day 24-h dietary recall. Fasting serum ghrelin and obestatin levels were evaluated, the ghrelin/obestatin ratio was calculated and they were correlated to macronutrients intake.ResultsObese children had significantly lower serum fasting levels of ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio than the control group. The mean intake of total energy and macronutrients was significantly higher in obese children. Ghrelin showed positive correlation with total energy and fat intake in the obese group. Obestatin had positive correlations with total energy and fat intake while the ghrelin/obestatin ratio had a negative correlation with the total energy intake in the control group.ConclusionsGhrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio were significantly lower in obese children and significantly associated with their total energy intake. Disturbed ghrelin to obestatin balance may have a role in the etiology and pathophysiology of obesity.

scholarly journals Does the consumption of amylase-containing gruels impact on the energy intake and growth of Congolese infants?

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moursi ◽  
F Mbemba ◽  
S Trèche
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
And Control

AbstractObjective:To assess the effect of the incorporation of amylase in maize-based flours prepared as gruels on the energy intake and growth of Congolese infants.Design:A randomised controlled trial. At 18 weeks of age, infants were randomised into either an intervention group, where they were provided with a maize/soya-based flour that contained amylase, or a control group, where they were provided with a similar flour that did not contain amylase.Setting:Urban borough of Poto-Poto in Brazzaville, The Congo.Subjects:Eighty infants (40 in each group) were randomised into intervention and control groups. Three infants in the intervention group and two controls subsequently dropped out.Results:At 24 weeks, the addition of amylase resulted in a significant increase in energy intake (in kJ kg-1day-1) from gruels (P=0.02) without affecting breast milk consumption. In contrast, total energy intake (in kJ kg-1day-1) did not differ significantly between groups (P=0.08). After adjustment for morbidity and previous growth, infants in the intervention group showed better growth in length during the trial (+0.22 cm month-1;P=0.04), especially between 24 and 31 weeks of age (+0.51 cm month-1;P>0.01). There were no differences in weight velocity between groups.Conclusions:The findings of this study suggest that the consumption of amylase-treated gruels allows an increase in energy intake from these gruels without affecting breast milk consumption but has no impact on total daily energy intake. However, if started after 6 months, it could be effective in preventing faltering of infant linear growth.

scholarly journals Association of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) with the Clinical Severity of Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne Inversa)

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1997
Author(s):  
Luigi Barrea ◽  
Giovanna Muscogiuri ◽  
Gabriella Pugliese ◽  
Giulia de Alteriis ◽  
Maria Maisto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Hidradenitis Suppurativa ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acne Inversa ◽  
Lower Phase

In this case-control, cross-sectional, observational study, we evaluated circulating trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO) levels, a gut-derived metabolite associated with inflammation and cardiometabolic risk, in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), a highly disabling inflammatory skin disease associated with an elevated prevalence of comorbidities, especially cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this study, we enrolled 35 naive-treatment patients with HS and 35 controls, matched for sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). HS Sartorius score was 49.0 (33.0–75.0), while according to the Harley system 12 and 23 patients presented grade 1 and grade 2 severity, respectively. HS patients had a lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) (p = 0.002), lower phase angle (PhA) (p < 0.001), and higher circulating TMAO levels (p < 0.001) than the control group. HS patients with grade 2 rather than grade 1 of Harley grade severity showed a higher BMI (p = 0.007), waist circumference (p = 0.016), total energy intake (p = 0.005), and lower PhA (p < 0.001) and adherence to the MD (p = 0.003). Of interest, patients with Hurley grade 2 of severity exhibited higher circulating TMAO levels (p < 0.001) compared to grade 1. Circulating TMAO levels showed a positive correlation with HS Sartorius score even after adjustment for confounding covariates, including BMI, waist circumference, adherence to the MD, total energy intake, and PhA (r = 0.570, p = 0.001). Using a linear regression model, circulating TMAO levels and PhA were the main predictors of the clinical severity of HS.

No Effect of Individualized Nutrition on Quality of Life, Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease or Oral Mucositis after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 2211-2211
Author(s):  
Kristin J. Skaarud ◽  
Marianne J. Hjermstad ◽  
Asta Bye ◽  
Marit B. Veierød ◽  
Anne M. Gudmundstuen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Oral Mucositis ◽  
Graft Versus Host Disease ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Acute Graft

Abstract Introduction: Patients with hematological cancers treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) after myeloablative conditioning are at risk of malnutrition due to inadequate energy intake. This may cause or contribute to adverse outcomes. The best way to prevent and treat malnutrition and optimize nutritional status in these patients, remains unknown. We therefore conducted a randomized controlled trial to examine the effect of an individualized nutritional intervention to optimize energy intake, on quality of life (QoL), severe acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and severe oral mucositis 3 months after allo-SCT. Methods: One-hundred and seventy-one patients were eligible for the trial, of whom 117 (68%) agreed to participate and were randomized to either the intervention- (n=57) or control (n=60) group. As the primary outcome we determined QoL using the 2 item-global QoL/health of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire-30. Secondary outcomes were (i) the prevalence of aGVHD grades 3 and 4 diagnosed according to the modified Glucksberg criteria; and (ii) the prevalence and (iii) the number of days with oral mucositis. The goal of the intervention was to supply a daily minimum of 30 kcal/kg body weight from the day the patients commenced the conditioning regime and until discharge. Oral intake was monitored daily during the entire hospital stay. In addition to regular food, the intervention group also received energy-dense and low-lactose oral supplements while in hospital. A nasojejunal tube was inserted within day 5 after allo-SCT. If the energy needs were not met orally or tube feeding was not tolerated, these patients received additional parenteral nutrition. Prior to discharge the intervention group received dietary advices to optimize their nutrient- and energy intake. In the control group oral intake was not monitored while hospitalized, tube feeding was not given and a standard amount of parenteral nutrition was administered only if necessary. Three months after allo-SCT energy intake per body weight was calculated for both study groups using one-day unweighted dietary records. The study was registered in Clinical Trials (NCT01181076). Results: Median age (n=117) at inclusion was 44 (range 18 - 65) years and 61% were males. The compliance with the intervention during hospital stay (median length 36 days, range 19-93 days) was high: The median energy intake in the intervention group was of 31.2 (14.4 - 42.9) kcal/kg corresponding to about 100% of the target of 30 kcal/kg. Three months after allo-SCT energy intake was available from 72 patients. The intervention group (n=36) had a median daily energy intake of 30.0 (7.7 - 65.0) kcal/kg, whereas the corresponding value was 26.7 (9.3-75.9) kcal/kg in the control group (n=36; p=0.84). A total of 88/117 (75%) patients were eligible for analysis of global QoL scores (40 in the intervention- and 48 in the control group) 3 months after allo-HSCT. The remaining 29 patients had either died (intervention group n= 9, control group n=5), relapsed (intervention group n=4, control group n=3), or had not returned the QoL questionnaire (intervention group n=4, control group n=4). The mean difference in global QoL between the intervention- and control group was not significant: 2.7 (95% CI -7.7 to 13.2; p=0.60; intervention group mean -11.7, SD 24.1; control group mean -14.4, SD 24.8). A total of 117 patients were included in the analyses of aGVHD and oral mucositis. Twenty patients were diagnosed with aGVHD grades 3 and 4 (intervention group n=8, control group n=12), yielding an odds ratio of 0.65 (95% CI 0.25 to1.74; p=0.39). Eighty-nine patients (intervention group n=43, control group n=46) were diagnosed with oral mucositis grades 3 and 4, yielding an odds ratio of 0.93 (95% CI 0.40 to 2.19; p=0.88). The mean difference in number of days with oral mucositis grades 3 and 4 between the intervention- and control group was not significant: -0.55 (95% CI -1.92 to 0.81; p=0.42). Conclusion: In this first randomized controlled trial testing an individually tailored nutritional intervention in patients undergoing allo-SCT, we found no significant difference in global quality of life, prevalence of acute graft-versus-host disease, or prevalence or duration of oral mucositis 3 months after allo-SCT with myeloablative conditioning. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Change in Nutrient and Dietary Intake in European Children with Cystic Fibrosis after a 6-Month Intervention with a Self-Management mHealth Tool

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1801
Author(s):  
Joaquim Calvo-Lerma ◽  
Mieke Boon ◽  
Jessie Hulst ◽  
Carla Colombo ◽  
Inês Asseiceira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Food Groups

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a life-long genetic disease, causing increased energy needs and a healthy diet with a specific nutrient distribution. Nutritional status is an indicator of disease prognosis and survival. This study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a self-management mobile app in supporting patients with CF to achieve the dietary goals set by the CF nutrition guidelines. A clinical trial was conducted in pancreatic insufficient children with CF, followed in six European CF centres, where the self-management app developed within the MyCyFAPP project was used for six months. To assess secondary outcomes, three-day food records were compiled in the app at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of use. Eighty-four subjects (mean 7.8 years old) were enrolled. Compared to baseline, macronutrient distribution better approximated the guidelines, with protein and lipid increasing by 1.0 and 2.1% of the total energy intake, respectively, by the end of the study. Consequently, carbohydrate intake of the total energy intake decreased significantly (−2.9%), along with simple carbohydrate intake (−2.4%). Regarding food groups, a decrease in ultra-processed foods was documented, with a concomitant increase in meat and dairy. The use of a self-management mobile app to self-monitor dietary intake could become a useful tool to achieve adherence to guideline recommendations, if validated during a longer period of time or against a control group.

scholarly journals Reproducibility of the Online Food4Me Food-Frequency Questionnaire for Estimating Dietary Intakes across Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 146 (5) ◽  
pp. 1068-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Steven J Marshall ◽  
Katherine M Livingstone ◽  
Carlos Celis-Morales ◽  
Hannah Forster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Frequency

Abstract Background: Accurate dietary assessment is key to understanding nutrition-related outcomes and is essential for estimating dietary change in nutrition-based interventions. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the pan-European reproducibility of the Food4Me food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in assessing the habitual diet of adults. Methods: Participants from the Food4Me study, a 6-mo, Internet-based, randomized controlled trial of personalized nutrition conducted in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, Greece, and Poland, were included. Screening and baseline data (both collected before commencement of the intervention) were used in the present analyses, and participants were included only if they completed FFQs at screening and at baseline within a 1-mo timeframe before the commencement of the intervention. Sociodemographic (e.g., sex and country) and lifestyle [e.g., body mass index (BMI, in kg/m2) and physical activity] characteristics were collected. Linear regression, correlation coefficients, concordance (percentage) in quartile classification, and Bland-Altman plots for daily intakes were used to assess reproducibility. Results: In total, 567 participants (59% female), with a mean ± SD age of 38.7 ± 13.4 y and BMI of 25.4 ± 4.8, completed both FFQs within 1 mo (mean ± SD: 19.2 ± 6.2 d). Exact plus adjacent classification of total energy intake in participants was highest in Ireland (94%) and lowest in Poland (81%). Spearman correlation coefficients (ρ) in total energy intake between FFQs ranged from 0.50 for obese participants to 0.68 and 0.60 in normal-weight and overweight participants, respectively. Bland-Altman plots showed a mean difference between FFQs of 210 kcal/d, with the agreement deteriorating as energy intakes increased. There was little variation in reproducibility of total energy intakes between sex and age groups. Conclusions: The online Food4Me FFQ was shown to be reproducible across 7 European countries when administered within a 1-mo period to a large number of participants. The results support the utility of the online Food4Me FFQ as a reproducible tool across multiple European populations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01530139.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MIXED JUICE TERHADAP ASUPAN ENERGI IBU BERSALIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Sri Maharani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Uterine Muscle ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lactate Levels

The process of labor, especially the second stage of increased contraction in the uterine muscle that causes decreased blood supply and oxygen needed by muscles to convert glucose into energy. Anaerobic metabolism usually occurs in activities that require large energy and briefly.This study to analyze differences in energy intake in mothers giving birth between those who were given mixed juice and those who were given the freedom to consume food and beverages during labor. This study uses randomized controlled trial design, single blinded. There was a significant difference in control group energy intake and intervention group (p <0.05). Giving mixed juice during delivery in maternal mothers affects maternal satisfaction and the difference of maternal energy intake, but there is no difference in lactate levels of infants born.

scholarly journals Effects of Varying Avocado Intake on Energy and Nutrient Intake of Hispanic Families: A Cluster Randomized Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 815-815
Author(s):  
Ryan Bradley ◽  
Lorena Pacheco ◽  
Cheryl Anderson ◽  
Julie Denenberg ◽  
Greg Talavera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
Cluster Randomized ◽  
Energy And Nutrient Intake

Abstract Objectives Avocados are nutrient-dense and could be a favorable component of a healthy dietary pattern, yet there are limited data on the effects of avocado intake on nutritional status. To test if avocados impact energy intake, we examined the effects of two levels of avocado intake, plus a standard nutrition education intervention, on energy and nutrient intake in families of Hispanic Heritage. Methods Between April 2017 and June 2018, we conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in families consisting of at least 3 members residing in the same home, at least 5 years of age, free of severe chronic disease, not on specific diets, and self-identified of Hispanic heritage. Seventy-two (n = 72) families were randomized to one of two groups: nutrition education with low avocado allotment (3 avocados/family/week) or nutrition education with high avocado allotment (14 avocados/family/week). Community health workers (i.e., Promotoras) led 12 bi-weekly in-home nutrition education sessions per family and delivered weekly avocado allotments. Dietary patterning, energy and nutrient intake were measured at baseline, and after 3- and 6-months. The primary outcome was change in a family's total energy intake after 6 months. Secondary outcome measures included differences in macro- and micronutrients between groups. Results Over the 6-month follow-up period, the mean difference in energy intake for the high versus low avocado intervention group was −1884 kcals/family/day (95% CI −3205 to −563 kcals, P &lt; 0.01). The high avocado intake group also had significant reductions in carbohydrate, animal and vegetable protein saturated and polyunsaturated fat calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, and vitamin D intakes (P &lt; 0.05 for all). There were no significant changes in MUFA or dietary fiber intakes. Conclusions In families of Hispanic heritage, an intervention including nutrition education combined with 14 avocados/week, compared to 3 avocados per week, resulted in a significant reduction in calories and select macro- and micronutrients. This trial suggests interventions with specific plant foods, but without specific counseling on energy restriction, may lead to reductions in total energy intake. Future studies should investigate the effects of avocado intake in other populations. Funding Sources Hass Avocado Board.

Promoting the Community's Ability to Detect and Respond to Suicide Risk Through an Online Bystander Intervention Model-Informed Tool

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Karien Hill ◽  
Shawn Somerset ◽  
Ralf Schwarzer ◽  
Carina Chan
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Bystander Intervention ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intervention Model ◽  
Standard Material

Abstract. Background: The public health sector has advocated for more innovative, technology-based, suicide prevention education for the community, to improve their ability to detect and respond to suicide risk. Emerging evidence suggests addressing the bystander effect through the Bystander Intervention Model (BIM) in education material may have potential for suicide prevention. Aims: The current study aimed to assess whether BIM-informed tools can lead to improved readiness, confidence and intent in the community to detect and respond to suicide risk in others. Method: A sample of 281 adults recruited from the community participated in a randomized controlled trial comprising a factsheet designed according to the BIM (intervention group) and a standard factsheet about suicide and mental health (control group). Participants' self-reported detecting and responding to suicide risk readiness, confidence, and intent when presented with a suicidal peer was tested pre- and postintervention and compared across time and between groups. Results: The intervention group had significantly higher levels of detecting and responding to suicide risk readiness, confidence, and intent than the control group at postintervention (all p < .001) with moderate-to-large effect sizes. Limitations: The study was limited by a homogenous sample, too low numbers at follow-up to report, and self-report data only. Conclusion: This study demonstrates BIM-informed suicide prevention training may enhance the community's intervention readiness, confidence, and intent better than current standard material. Further testing in this area is recommended. While results were statistically significant, clinical significance requires further exploration.

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