scholarly journals Effects of altitude, ambient temperature and solar radiation on fasting heat production in yellow cattle (Bos taurus)

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-Tai Han ◽  
Ao-Yun Xie ◽  
Xi-Chao Bi ◽  
Shu-Jie Liu ◽  
Ling-Hao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Yellow Cattle ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Growing yellow cattle (Bos taurus, n 30, 1·0–3·5 years old and 75–240 kg) from their native altitude (2000–2800 m) were used to evaluate the effects of altitude, ambient temperature (Ta) and solar radiation on the basal energy metabolism in this large mammal. Fasting heat production (FHP) was measured at altitudes of 2260, 3250 and 4270 m on the Tibetan plateau both in the summer and winter respectively, after a 90 d adaptation period at each experimental site. The gas exchanges of the whole animal were determined continuously for 3 (2260 and 3250 m) or 2 (4270 m) d after a 96 (2260 and 3250 m) or 48 (4270 m) h starvation period, using closed-circuit respiratory masks. Increasing altitude from 2260 to 3250 m at similar Ta in the summer significantly elevated FHP for all animals (P<0·01), and from 3250 to 4270 m for young cattle (P<0·05); increasing altitude from 2260 to 3250 m in the winter also significantly elevated FHP (P<0·05), but the increase was mainly due to the decrease of Ta and the increase in wind speed. No results were obtained at 4270 m in the winter, due to the problems of the animals, adaptating to the altitude. The magnitude of FHP elevation caused by increasing altitude was greater with summer sunshine or winter wind than without them. Increase of Ta from 10·0 to 22·0°C, in the presence of solar radiation, slightly (2260 m) or significantly (3250 and 4270 m, P<0·01) elevated FHP, but slightly reduced it in the absence of solar radiation; decrease of Ta from 0·0 to −30·0°C linearly increased FHP. At 3250 and 4270 m, FHP at the same Ta was higher with summer sunshine or winter wind (3250 m) than without them, but this did not occur at 2260 m. In conclusion, high altitude elevates FHP in yellow cattle in the warm season, and the summer solar radiation and winter wind at high altitude significantly increase metabolic rate. It may be also concluded that the effects of solar radiation on metabolic rate depend on the altitude and the environmental temperature.

scholarly journals Effects of high altitude and season on fasting heat production in the yak Bos grunniens or Poephagus grunniens

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-Tai Han ◽  
Ao-Yun Xie ◽  
Xi-Chao Bi ◽  
Shu-Jie Liu ◽  
Ling-Hao Hu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Bos Grunniens ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Thirty growing yaks Bos grunniens or Poephagus grunniens, 1·0–3·5 years and 50–230kg, from their native altitudes (3000–4000m), were used to study the basal metabolism in this species and to evaluate the effects of high altitude and season on the energy metabolism. Fasting heat production (FHP) was measured at altitudes of 2260, 3250 and 4270m on the Tibetan plateau in both the summer and the winter, after a 90d adaptation period at each experimental site. Gas exchanges of the whole animals were determined continuously for 3d (4–5 times per d, 10–12 min each time) after a 96 h starvation period, using closed-circuit respiratory masks. Increasing altitude at similar ambient temperature (Ta) did not affect (P>0·10) FHP in the summer, but decreased (P<0·05) it at different Ta in the winter. However, the decrease of FHP in the winter was mainly due to the decrease of Ta instead of the increase of altitude. In the summer, the respiratory rate, heart rate and body temperature were unaffected by altitude, except for a decrease (P<0·05) in body temperature at 4270m; in the winter, they were decreased (P<0·05) by increasing altitude. In both seasons, the RER was decreased (P<0·05) by increasing altitude. At all altitudes for all groups, the daily FHP was higher (P<0·05) in the summer (Ta 6–24°C) than in the winter (Ta 0 to -30°C), and the Ta-corrected FHP averaged on 920 kJ/kg body weight0·52 at Ta 8–14°C and on 704 kJ/kg body weight0·52 at Ta -15°C respectively. We conclude that in the yak high altitude has no effect on the energy metabolism, whereas the cold ambient temperature has a significant depressing effect. The results confirm that the yak has an excellent adaptation to both high altitude and extremely cold environments.

scholarly journals The effect of ambient temperature and activity on the daily variation in heat production of growing pigs kept in groups.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
W. van der Hel ◽  
R. Duijghuisen ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lower Temperature

In two experiments, pigs with initial weights of 20 kg were kept in climate-controlled respiration chambers. After a 7-day adaptation period at 22-24 degrees C the temperature was reduced in 4 degrees C steps to 8 degrees C and then increased to 24 degrees C. Each temperature treatment lasted 3 days. Feed contained 12 kJ metabolizable energy per g and was given at 93 and 83 g/kg0.75 per day in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Lower temperature increased 24 h heat production, but not 24 h activity. The mean activity periods moved from before and after feeding to after feeding, especially in the afternoon. During the afternoon, activity decreased at the lower ambient temperature, whereas metabolic rate remained constant. It is concluded that the effect of ambient temperature on metabolic rate depends on the time of day. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Thermosensitivity of Bos indicus cattle and their F1, crosses with three breeds of Bos taurus

1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khub Singh ◽  
N. K. Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian

ABSTRACTResting heat production (H), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (Tr) were measured at different controlled temperatures (Tt) in Hariana (Bos indicus) and its F, crosses with Jersey (JH), Brown Swiss (BH) and Holstein Friesian (FH) (Bos taurus) breeds and the values obtained were used to assess their relative thermosensitivity.The lowest Tt at which H significantly decreased from that at 17°c was 32°c for Hariana, JH and BH and 27°c for FH after exposure for 8 days. The corresponding values after exposure for 18 days were 37°c for Hariana and 32°c for all the three crossbred groups. Differences between the genetic groups were also significant. The lowest Tt at which metabolizable energy (ME) decreased significantly in comparison with those at 17CC was 32°c in all the genetic groups. The differences in ME intake between genetic groups were significant only at 32°c Tt. The lowest Tt at which RR significantly increased from those at 17°c were 32°c in Hariana, 27°c in JH, BH and FH for both 5 to 7 and 15 to 17 days of exposure. The corresponding Tt for increase in Tr was 37°c in Hariana, 32°c in JH and 27°c in BH and FH at both 5 to 7 and 15 to 17 days of exposure.The ambient temperature at which H would have significantly decreased and RR and Tr increased from the respective values at 17CC Tt were calculated curvilinearly for different genetic groups. There were differences in these values of calculated ambient temperatures between genetic groups and between exposure durations in respect of H, RR, and Tr, indicating differences in thermosensitivity.

The metabolic rate of Merino rams bred for high or low wool production

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 821 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Skeletal Size ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Five rams from a flock bred for high wool production at pasture and six rams from another flock bred for low production were studied. The two groups had also grown differing amounts of wool when rationed to 800 g food per day in pens. The high producers were somewhat larger and heavier than the low producers and had greater fat-free body weights. Both groups had higher metabolic rates (fasting heat production) than ewes and wethers of the same weight, in whatever units metabolism was expressed. The high producers were judged to have higher metabolic rates than the low producers; some of this difference may have been due to the larger skeletal size of the high producers.

The heat production of oiled mallards and scaup

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
A. F. C. Koelink
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature

A measure of the thermal conductance of the plumage of normal and oiled ducks was determined from regression analyses that related metabolic rate and ambient temperature. The heat loss of heavily oiled mallards and scaup was 1.7 and 2 times greater than their normal values, respectively. Oiling not only tended to increase the basal heat production, but also shifted the lower critical temperature from 12 to 25C. Attempts to rehabilitate the scaup after oiling and cleaning were rarely successful because of plumage deterioration and the loss of water repellency.

Effects of high altitude and season on fasting heat production in the yak Bos grunniens or Poephagus grunniens

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han X-T.* ◽  
A-Y. Xie ◽  
X-C. Bi ◽  
S-J. Liu ◽  
L-H. Hu
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Bos Grunniens ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Seasonal changes in the body surface temperature of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Y. Kim ◽  
S. J. Kim ◽  
J. H. Park ◽  
M. R. Oh ◽  
S. Y. Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Average Body

The present study aimed to gather basic information on measuring body surface temperature (BST) of cattle by using infrared thermography (IRT) and find out whether BST measurement is a useful method to detect thermal balance of livestock. Twenty-seven Hanwoo steers were examined in a field trial. The BST of five body regions (eye, nose, horn, ear, rear) was measured five times daily, with three replicates, during 3 days each season. Body surface temperature of cattle is directly affected by ambient temperature and humidity, and showed different ranges for each region. The BSTs of nose, horns and ears were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of eyes and rear area. Rear-area BST was significantly lower than eye-area BST when the ambient temperature was low (P < 0.05). Eye BST (EBST) was highest (P < 0.05) and the least variable of all BSTs measured. Therefore, the eye area of cattle was the most thermostable part of the body. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences among seasonal EBSTs of steers. The EBST range was highest in the summer (37.9–42.2°C), followed by autumn (34.3–37.4°C), spring (33.8–36.5°C) and winter (29.8–32.6°C). During extreme cold, EBST showed a large standard deviation. During conditions of extreme heat, EBST was above the average body temperature of cattle. The results of the present study indicated that BST well reflects the thermal circumstances surrounding animals and may be used as one of the effective tools for precision cattle farming.

Effects of Plane of Nutrition on Organ Size and Fasting Heat Production in Pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 112 (8) ◽  
pp. 1638-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Jung Koong ◽  
John A. Nienaber ◽  
Jerome C. Pekas ◽  
Jong-Tseng Yen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Fasting Heat Production
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