scholarly journals Long-term programming of blood pressure by maternal dietary iron restriction in the rat

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohan M. Lewis ◽  
Alison J. Forhead ◽  
Clive J. Petry ◽  
Susan E. Ozanne ◽  
C. Nicolas Hales
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Nutritional Restriction ◽  
Old Rats

We have reported that blood pressure was elevated in 3-month-old rats whose mothers were Fe-restricted during pregnancy. These animals also had improved glucose tolerance and decreased serum triacylglycerol. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these effects of maternal nutritional restriction, present in these animals at 3 months of age, can be observed in the same animals in later life. Pulmonary and serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) concentrations were also measured to investigate whether the renin–angiotensin system was involved in the elevation of blood pressure observed in the offspring of Fe-restricted dams. Systolic blood pressure was higher in the offspring of Fe-restricted dams at 16 months of age. Heart and kidney weight were increased as a proportion of body weight in the offspring of Fe-restricted dams. The pulmonary ACE concentration was not significantly different between the groups. The serum ACE concentration was significantly elevated in the offspring of Fe-restricted dams at 3 but not 14 months of age. There was a strong correlation between serum ACE levels at 3 and 14 months of age. Glucose tolerance and serum insulin were not different between the maternal diet groups. Serum triacylglycerol tended to be lower in the offspring of Fe-restricted dams. There were no differences in serum non-esterified fatty acids or serum cholesterol between the maternal diet groups. This study provides further evidence that maternal nutrition has effects on the offspring that persist throughout life. At 16 months of age, the elevation of blood pressure in Fe-restricted offspring does not appear to be mediated via changes in ACE levels. Both cardiac hypertrophy and decreased serum triacylglycerol have also been observed in Fe-restricted fetuses, suggesting that these changes may be initiated in utero.

scholarly journals Long-term hyperglucagonaemia induces early metabolic and renal phenotypes of Type 2 diabetes in mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 114 (9) ◽  
pp. 591-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao C. Li ◽  
Tang-dong Liao ◽  
Jia L. Zhuo
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Glomerular Injury ◽  
Glucagon Receptor

Clinical studies have shown that patients with early Type 2 diabetes often have elevated serum glucagon rather than insulin deficiency. Imbalance of insulin and glucagon in favouring the latter may contribute to impaired glucose tolerance, persistent hyperglycaemia, microalbuminuria and glomerular injury. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that long-term glucagon infusion induces early metabolic and renal phenotypes of Type 2 diabetes in mice by activating glucagon receptors. Five groups of adult male C57BL/6J mice were treated with vehicle, glucagon alone (1 μg/h via an osmotic minipump, intraperitoneally), glucagon plus the glucagon receptor antagonist [Des-His1-Glu9]glucagon (5 μg/h via an osmotic minipump), [Des-His1-Glu9]glucagon alone or a high glucose load alone (2% glucose in the drinking water) for 4 weeks. Glucagon infusion increased serum glucagon by 129% (P<0.05), raised systolic BP (blood pressure) by 21 mmHg (P<0.01), elevated fasting blood glucose by 42% (P<0.01), impaired glucose tolerance (P<0.01), increased the kidney weight/body weight ratio (P<0.05) and 24 h urinary albumin excretion by 108% (P<0.01) and induced glomerular mesangial expansion and extracellular matrix deposition. These responses were associated with marked increases in phosphorylated ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and Akt signalling proteins in the liver and kidney (P<0.01). Serum insulin did not increase proportionally. Concurrent administration of [Des-His1-Glu9]glucagon with glucagon significantly attenuated glucagon-increased BP, fasting blood glucose, kidney weight/body weight ratio and 24 h urinary albumin excretion. [Des-His1-Glu9]glucagon also improved glucagon-inpaired glucose tolerance, increased serum insulin by 56% (P<0.05) and attenuated glomerular injury. However, [Des-His1-Glu9]glucagon or high glucose administration alone did not elevate fasting blood glucose levels, impair glucose tolerance or induce renal injury. These results demonstrate for the first time that long-term hyperglucagonaemia in mice induces early metabolic and renal phenotypes of Type 2 diabetes by activating glucagon receptors. This supports the idea that glucagon receptor blockade may be beneficial in treating insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetic renal complications.

Abolition of long-term vascular influence of renin-angiotensin system

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (2) ◽  
pp. H543-H553
Author(s):  
R. D. Randall ◽  
B. G. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Ace Inhibition ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Normal Controls

Rabbits were bilaterally nephrectomized for 24 h or received an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor chronically (5 days) before an acute experiment. Conductance responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) (0.25, 0.75, and 2.25 Hz) and norepinephrine (NE) administration (0.2, 0.6, and 1.8 micrograms ia) were determined from simultaneous blood pressure and iliac blood flow measurements. Conductance responses to SNS were significantly reduced in nephrectomized (44, 26, and 20%) and chronic ACE inhibition (39, 31, and 24%) groups compared with normal controls, whereas conductance responses to NE were unchanged. Continuous infusion of angiotensin II (ANG II) for 24 h restored the depressed responses to SNS in nephrectomized and chronic ACE inhibition groups compared with normal controls but did not change conductance responses to NE. Acute ACE inhibition did not affect the conductance responses to SNS or NE compared with controls. Vascular tissue ACE activity was inhibited to a similar degree (50%) in both acute and chronic ACE inhibition groups compared with normal rabbits. Sodium depletion increased the conductance responses to SNS (30 and 24% at 0.25 and 0.75 Hz, respectively), but responses to NE were not affected. Chronic ACE inhibition significantly attenuated the conductance responses to SNS and slightly decreased responses to NE in sodium-depleted rabbits. Thus, in the anesthetized rabbit, the renin-angiotensin system potentiates the effect of SNS, presumably by ANG II acting at a prejunctional site, and this effect of ANG II appears to be long term in nature. Therefore, the renin-angiotensin system exerts a physiological role in the control of blood pressure in addition to the ability of this system to support arterial pressure in pathophysiological states.

scholarly journals Long‐Term Blood Pressure Level and Variability From Midlife to Later Life and Subsequent Cognitive Change: The ARIC Neurocognitive Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichiro Yano ◽  
Michael Griswold ◽  
Wanmei Wang ◽  
Philip Greenland ◽  
Donald M. Lloyd‐Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Pressure Level ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Pressure Level

scholarly journals Dietary patterns in infancy: the importance of maternal and family influences on feeding practice

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1029-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siân Robinson ◽  
Lynne Marriott ◽  
Jason Poole ◽  
Sarah Crozier ◽  
Sharon Borland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Infant Diet ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
The Uk

It is not known what constitutes an optimal diet in infancy. There are relatively few studies of weaning practice in the UK, and there is a need for prospective data on the effects of infant diet and nutrition on health in later life. We describe the dietary patterns, defined using principal components analysis of FFQ data, of 1434 infants aged 6 and 12 months, born between 1999 and 2003. The two most important dietary patterns identified at 6 and 12 months were very similar. The first pattern was characterised by high consumption of fruit, vegetables and home-prepared foods (‘infant guidelines’ pattern). The second pattern was characterised by high consumption of bread, savoury snacks, biscuits and chips (‘adult foods’ pattern). Dietary pattern scores were correlated at 6 and 12 months (r 0·46 ‘infant guidelines’; r 0·45 ‘adult foods’). These patterns, which reflect wide variations in weaning practice, are associated with maternal and family characteristics. A key influence on the infant diet is the quality of the maternal diet. Women who comply with dietary recommendations, and who have high intakes of fruit and vegetables, wholemeal bread and rice and pasta, are more likely to have infants who have comparable diets – with high ‘infant guidelines’ pattern scores. Conversely, women whose own diets are characterised by high intakes of chips, white bread, crisps and sweets are more likely to have infants who have high ‘adult foods’ pattern scores. The effects of these patterns on growth and development, and on long-term outcomes need to be investigated.

Developmental origins of myocardial abnormalities in postnatal life

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paramjit S. Tappia ◽  
Bram Ramjiawan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Developing Heart ◽  
The Impact

Poor quality and quantity maternal nutrition during pregnancy exerts permanent and damaging effects on the heart of the developing fetus. The developmental origin of adult heart disease is considered an important and critical factor in the pathogenesis of myocardial abnormalities in later life. Low birth mass, a marker of intrauterine stress, has been linked to a predisposition to heart disease. In this article, our work on the impact of exposure to a low-protein diet, in utero, on the developing heart and its long-term consequences are discussed. Other studies providing some supportive evidence are also described. It is proposed that normal fetal nutrition, growth, and development through efficient maternal nutrition (as well as other predisposing factors) before and during pregnancy may serve as a strategy for the primary prevention of heart disease.

scholarly journals Long-term systemic angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade regulates mRNA expression of dorsomedial medulla renin-angiotensin system components

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (13) ◽  
pp. 829-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shea Gilliam-Davis ◽  
Patricia E. Gallagher ◽  
Valerie S. Payne ◽  
Sherry O. Kasper ◽  
Ellen N. Tommasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Receptor Mrna ◽  
Mas Receptor ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
F344 Rats

In Fischer 344 (F344) rats, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade for 1 yr with the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker L-158,809 prevents age-related impairments in metabolic function, similar to transgenic rats with low glial angiotensinogen (Aogen). Brain RAS regulation may contribute to the benefits of long-term systemic AT1 antagonism. We assessed the mRNA of RAS components in the dorsomedial medulla of F344 rats at 3 (young; n = 8) or 15 mo of age (old; n = 7) and in rats treated from 3 to 15 mo of age with 20 mg/l of the AT1 receptor antagonist L-158,809 (Old+L; n = 6). Aogen and renin mRNA were lower in the young compared with old group. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) mRNA was lower in the old and Old+L compared with the young group. ACE2 and neprilysin expression were significantly higher in Old+L compared with young or old rats. AT1b, AT2, and Mas receptor mRNA were higher with treatment. Leptin receptor mRNA was lower in the old rats and this was prevented by L-158,809 treatment. Dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) mRNA was highest in the Old+L group. Aggregate correlate summation revealed a positive relationship for Mas receptor mRNA with food intake. The findings provide evidence for regulation of dorsomedial medullary renin and Aogen mRNA during aging. Long-term AT1 receptor blockade increases the mRNA of the enzymes ACE2 and neprilysin and the MAS receptor, which could potentially shift the balance from ANG II to ANG-(1–7) and prevent age-related declines in the leptin receptor and its signaling pathway.

Role of the renin-angiotensin system in the development of thyroxine-induced hypertension

1997 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 656-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cipriano Garcia del Rio ◽  
María Rosario R Moreno ◽  
Antonio Osuna ◽  
Juan de Dios Luna ◽  
Joaquín García-Estañ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin

Abstract Objective: We evaluated the influence of chronic blockade of the renin-angiotensin system on hypertension induced by long-term thyroxine (T4) administration. To this end, we determined the effects of chronic treatment with captopril on blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and other renal and metabolic variables of hypertensive hyperthyroid rats. Methods: T4 was administered s.c. at 0·38 μmol/kg per day and captopril was given in the drinking water (1·38 mmol/l). Both treatments were maintained for 6 weeks. Control rats received tap water. After the treatment period, the rats were placed in metabolic cages. Later, blood pressure was measured in conscious rats by intra-arterial determination. Results: T4-treated rats showed an increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) whereas, in rats treated with T4 plus captopril, MAP was similar to that of the control group. Captopril did not affect the increased heart rate or ventricular weight/body weight ratio of hyperthyroid rats, but it improved the reduced creatinine clearance of these animals. Conclusions: The elevation in blood pressure produced by long-term T4 administration was prevented by chronic blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. Captopril improved the renal function of hyperthyroid rats, but did not affect the relative cardiac hypertrophy of these animals. European Journal of Endocrinology 136 656–660

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