scholarly journals Variation in fat, lactose and protein in human milk over 24h and throughout the first year of lactation

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon R. Mitoulas ◽  
Jacqueline C. Kent ◽  
David B. Cox ◽  
Robyn A. Owens ◽  
Jillian L. Sherriff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
First Year ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Daily Milk

Fat in human milk is extremely variable and can represent up to 50 % of infant energy intake. To accurately determine milk composition and infant intake at 1 (n 17), 2 (n 17), 4 (n 17), 6 (n 15), 9 (n 6) and 12 (n 5) months of lactation, samples of fore- and hind-milk were collected from each breast at each feed over 24 h periods from an initial group of seventeen women. The content of fat in milk varied over 24 h, with a mean CV of 47·6 (SE 2·1) % (N 76) AND 46·7 (se 1·7) % (n 76) for left and right breasts respectively. The 24 h amounts of fat, lactose and protein in milk differed between women (P=0·0001), but were consistent between left and right breasts. Daily milk production differed between breasts (P=0·0001) and women (P=0·0001). Accordingly, amounts of fat (P=0·0008), lactose (P=0·0385) and protein (P=0·0173) delivered to the infant over 24 h also differed between breasts and women (P=0·0001). The energy content of milk and the amount of energy delivered to the infant over 24 h were the same between breasts, but differed between women (P=0·0001). The growth rate of a group of only six infants in the present study was not related to either the concentrations or amounts of fat, lactose, protein and energy in milk over the first 6 months of life. These results show the individuality of milk composition and suggest that only a rigorous sampling routine that takes into account all levels of variation will allow the accurate determination of infant intake of fat, lactose, protein and energy.

Lactational performance, nursing and maternal behavior of Upton-Meishan and Large White sows

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
M. F. Palin ◽  
M. T. Sorensen ◽  
S. Robert
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Sample ◽  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Large White ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

The growth of litters from 19 Upton-Meishan (UM) and 16 Large White (LW) sows was recorded from birth to weaning (25 d of age). Water and feed intake of sows were recorded. Suckling behavior was studied on days 5 and 20 of lactation. Milk yield was measured on day 22 and a milk sample was obtained the next day. Water intakes were similar (P = 0.947) for both breeds, yet UM sows consumed less feed throughout lactation (P = 0.0002). Average piglet (P < 0.05) and total litter (P < 0.001) weights were greater as of day 7 in UM compared to LW sows. Mean piglet weight on day 24 was 6.13 ± 0.16 kg for UM litters and 5.33 ± 0.33 kg for LW litters. Suckling interval was similar for UM and LW litters on day 5 (P = 0.533), but was shorter for UM litters on day 20 (41.4 ± 1.2 vs. 48.3 ± 2.8 min; P= 0.060). On day 22, daily milk yield corrected for actual suckling interval was greater (10.59 ± 0.47 vs. 8.03 ± 0.65 kg; P = 0.003) in UM sows. Milk from UM sows contained more fat (P= 0.042) and lactose (P = 0.005). In conclusion, the greater growth rate of piglets from UM sows is mainly due to a higher frequency of nursings and to greater energy content of milk. Key words: Sows, lactation, breed, Meishan, behavior, nursing

scholarly journals Analysis of production traits and microclimate parameters on dairy cattle farms

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-334
Author(s):  
Goran Vuckovic ◽  
Tina Bobic ◽  
Pero Mijic ◽  
Mirna Gavran ◽  
Klemen Potocnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Cattle Farms ◽  
Daily Milk

Aiming determination of the variability of production traits (daily milk yield and composition) and microclimate parameters (ambient temperature and humidity) in the barns; as well as the correlation between the analyzed groups of traits, 1,636,192 test-day records from Simmentals and 1,275,713 test-day records from Holsteins were analysed. Performed analysis indicate high variability of production traits due to cow?s breed, parity as well as breeding region. Also, high variability of microclimate parameters in the barns due to season and breeding region was found. Furthermore, statistically highly significant (p < 0.001) correlations between the production traits and microclimate parameters were determined. Finally, the negative effect of inadequate microclimate on daily milk production was determined in both breeds in all breeding regions. Since genetic evaluation and selection of dairy cattle for heat resistance is only long-term method for heat stress managing, determined effect will be taken into account in the statistical model for estimation of genetic parameters and breeding values.

scholarly journals Impact of Infant and Maternal Factors on Energy and Macronutrient Composition of Human Milk

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2591
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura ◽  
Piotr Sobieraj ◽  
Dorota Szostak-Węgierek ◽  
Aleksandra Wesołowska
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Maternal Factors ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Before And After ◽  
In Pregnancy

The present study investigates the influence of selected infant and maternal factors on the energy and macronutrient composition of mature human milk (HM). The study enrolled 77 mothers at 4–8 weeks postpartum. Each mother provided 1 sample of HM. Each extracted HM sample was formed by mixing four subsamples of HM, each of which were obtained in one predefined 6-h periods of the day. Among maternal factors, the analysis included: anthropometric data before and after pregnancy; weight gain in pregnancy; body composition, assessed using the Maltron BioScan 920-II to analyze bioimpedance; and dietary intake, assessed with three-day dietary records. Among the neonatal factors, birth weight and length, number of daily feedings and type of delivery were included. The composition of HM, including energy content, protein, fat and carbohydrate concentrations, was analyzed using the Miris human milk analyzer. Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients and multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between the selected maternal and infant factors and HM milk composition. It was found that total protein content of HM was correlated with pre-pregnancy BMI (Spearman rho = 0.238; p = 0.037), current lean body mass (Spearman rho = −0.293, p = 0.01) and total water content (Spearman rho = −0.315, p = 0.005). Carbohydrates were the only macronutrients whose composition was significantly affected by the infant factors. It was reported that higher carbohydrate content was associated with male sex (OR = 4.52, p = 0.049). Our results show that maternal and infant factors, especially maternal pre-pregnancy and current nutritional status and infant sex, interact and affect HM composition, suggesting that macronutrient and energy content in HM may be determined in pregnancy and may have unique compositional profile for every mother–infant dyad.

Calibration Adjustment of the Mid-infrared Analyzer for an Accurate Determination of the Macronutrient Composition of Human Milk

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. NP19-NP27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Billard ◽  
Laure Simon ◽  
Emmanuelle Desnots ◽  
Agnès Sochard ◽  
Cécile Boscher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Infrared Analyzer

Approach to Assessment of Corrosion Growth in Pipelines

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Gu ◽  
Richard Kania ◽  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Ming Gao
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Corrosion Condition ◽  
Preliminary Corrosion ◽  
Corrosion Defects ◽  
Growth Assessment

Two key components of corrosion growth assessment in pipelines are accurate determination of corrosion growth rate and application of corrosion growth to future integrity of a pipeline. PII has developed a corrosion growth assessment tool, Run Comparison (RunCom) software that allows accurate determination of corrosion growth. RunCom compares the raw signals of the same defect present in two inspection runs to report the real active corrosion defects and their growth with less error. Since variations in corrosion growth along the pipeline can be significant, a single value of average or maximum corrosion growth rate does not represent the corrosion condition of the pipeline and could result in a conservative or non-conservative conclusion for future integrity. PII introduces a Decision Tree Analysis method to categorize the corroded regions along the pipeline and calculate the mean corrosion growth rates in these specific areas. Relationships between corrosion growth rate and defect geometry are also identified. The influence of soil, drainage, and topography on corrosion rates is examined to determine representative corrosion growth rates along the pipeline. A systematic approach incorporating statistical analysis with mechanistic understanding of corrosion for preliminary corrosion assessment of pipeline systems is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of omitting one or two milkings weekly on lactational performance in dairy ewes

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Hervás ◽  
Jorge L Ramella ◽  
Secundino López ◽  
Jesús S González ◽  
Ángel R Mantecón
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Daily Milk

We investigated the effects of omitting one or two milkings weekly on milk yield and milk composition in dairy sheep. Ninety Spanish Assaf ewes were allocated to three experimental treatments: T0 (no milking omission; 14 milkings/week), T1 (omission of one evening milking per week; 13 milkings/week) and T2 (omission of two evening milkings per week; 12 milkings/week). The experiment was extended for 11 weeks, from week 7 after lambing to week 17 of lactation. Once a week, daily milk production was recorded just before and after the omission. Milk quality and composition was analysed in lactation weeks 9, 13 and 16. Omission of one or two evening milkings each week resulted in an increase in milk production recorded the day immediately after the omission (27% for T1 and 16% for T2), which can be attributed to accumulation of milk in the udder cisterns. This increase did not compensate completely for the loss of yield in the omitted milking. The lack of significant differences among the three milking strategies in milk production (on average 1903, 2062 and 1833 ml/d for T0, T1 and T2, respectively) recorded before omission throughout the trial, would indicate the absence of residual effects of the omission on production in subsequent weeks. Treatment T2 resulted in a loss of milk production of approximately 39% during those days when milkings were omitted, representing a decrease of approximately 10% of the estimated weekly milk production. In relation to milk composition, milking omission led to significant increases in the fat and protein concentrations of the milk collected after the omission, whereas differences were not significant for the milk obtained before the omission. Despite the slight increase observed in treatment T2 after the milking omission, the somatic cell count was always far below that considered as indicative of possible pathologies. In conclusion, at least one evening milking could be omitted each week in high-producing dairy sheep without adversely affecting milk yield and milk composition.

Association of production factors with milk IgA and IgM concentrations in normal lactating cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengguo Zhao ◽  
Chungang Zhang ◽  
Jiaqi Wang ◽  
Dengpan Bu ◽  
Guanglei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Chinese Holstein Cows ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Daily Milk

Concentrations of IgA and IgM in milk from normal lactating cows were measured to determine whether they were affected by lactation number, lactation stage, daily milk production, milk composition and somatic cell score (SCS). A total of 284 Chinese Holstein cows showing no signs of mastitis were selected from more than 1600 cows from one farm. Concentrations of IgA and IgM in normal milk were determined by ELISA. Results revealed that average milk IgA and IgM concentrations were 235±11 and 32±3 μg/ml, respectively. IgA and IgM concentrations in milk were found to have an association with lactation number, stage of lactation, daily milk production and SCS. Both SCS and daily milk production were found to be strong significant (P<0·01) direct factors correlating to IgA concentration. Stage of lactation and SCS were found to be strong significant (P<0·01) direct factors correlating to IgM concentration.

scholarly journals Macronutrient, immunoglobulin a and total antioxidant capacity profiles of human milk from 1 to 24 months: a cross-sectional study in Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krongporn Ongprasert ◽  
Jetsada Ruangsuriya ◽  
Rungnapa Malasao ◽  
Ratana Sapbamrer ◽  
Pikul Suppansan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Total Antioxidant

Abstract Background An extended duration of breastfeeding of up to two years is encouraged by many health authorities, but information regarding the composition of milk after one year postpartum is limited. The goal of this study was to determine the association between the duration of lactation and macronutrient contents, immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in human milk (HM), from 1 to 24 months postpartum. Methods Cross-sectional milk samples were collected between January and April 2019 from mothers with healthy full-term children who had been lactating for 1 to 24 months. The HM was biochemically analyzed for protein and carbohydrate contents by colorimetric assays. The fat content was determined by capillary centrifugation, and the energy content was calculated from the results of centrifugation assays. IgA levels and TAC were determined by ELISA and a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used to determine associations between months of lactation and milk composition, and multiple regression analysis was used to assess associations between months of lactation and milk composition adjusted for relevant covariates. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results One hundred eighty-four milk samples were analyzed. The month of lactation was positively associated with the fat concentration (B = 0.31, SE = 0.09, p = 0.001), energy content (B = 3.11, SE = 0.92, p = 0.001), and IgA (B = 4.17, SE = 1.08, p < 0.001) but negatively associated with the carbohydrate concentration (B = − 0.22, SE = 0.01, p = 0.04). No association was observed between the month of lactation and the protein concentration or TAC after adjustment for maternal age, maternal BMI, birth order, and breastfeeding frequency. Conclusion The duration of lactation was found to be positively associated with the fat, energy, and IgA content in HM for up to two years postpartum, and negatively associated with carbohydrate concentration. More prospective cohort studies are needed to obtain evidence-based knowledge regarding the changes in HM composition throughout the course of lactation.

scholarly journals Macronutrient, immunoglobulin A and total antioxidant capacity profiles of human milk: cross-sectional surveys at ages 6, 12, 18 and 24 months.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
krongporn ongprasert ◽  
Jetsada Ruangsuriya ◽  
Rungnapa Malasao ◽  
Ratana Sapbamrer ◽  
Pikul Suppansan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Total Antioxidant

Abstract Background: A longer duration of breastfeeding of up to two years is encouraged by many health authorities, but information regarding the composition of milk after one year postpartum is limited. The goal of this study was to determine the associations of macronutrient contents, immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in human milk (HM) with the month of lactation from 1 to 24 months postpartum.Methods: Milk samples were collected from mothers with healthy full-term children who had been lactating from 1 to 24 months from January 2019 to April 2019. HM was biochemically analyzed for protein and carbohydrate contents by colorimetric assays. The fat content was determined by capillary centrifugation, and the energy content was calculated from the results of centrifugation assays. IgA levels and the TAC were determined by ELISA and a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used to determine associations between milk composition and the month of lactation, and multiple regression analysis was used to assess the association between covariates and milk composition. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.Results: One hundred eighty-four milk samples were analyzed. The month of lactation was positively associated with the fat concentration (B = 0.31, SE = 0.09, p = 0.001), energy content (B = 3.11, SE = 0.92, p = 0.001), and IgA (B = 4.17, SE = 1.08, p < 0.001) but negatively associated with the carbohydrate concentration (B = -0.22, SE = 0.01, p = 0.04). No association was observed between the month of lactation and the protein concentration and TAC after adjustment for maternal age, maternal BMI, birth order, and breastfeeding frequency.Conclusions: Based on our results, fat, energy, and IgA contents in HM were positively associated with the month of lactation, and a slight but significant negative association was detected for the carbohydrate concentration up to two years postpartum.

scholarly journals Effect of Lactation Yield on First Follicular Wave Surge After Calving of Crossbred Dairy Cattle

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
R.C.A Berber ◽  
H.A.Z Biavatti ◽  
J. Fornazieri ◽  
G.C.M Berber ◽  
L.G.R. Sturaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Crossbred Dairy Cattle ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Daily Milk Production ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Daily Milk

Abstract: This study aimed  to evaluate the effect of lactation on first follicular wave surge of crossbred (Gir x Holstein) dairy cattle.  Nine multiparous crossbred dairy cattle were divided according to daily milk production (Group 1 = milk production higher than average, n = 5; Group 2 = milk  production  lower  than  average,  n  =  4).  From  calving  (Day  0)  until  divergence  of  first follicular wave, ovaries  was monitored daily by ultrasound exams to observed the follicular emergence,  growth  rate,  maximum  follicular  diameter,  day  of  follicular  divergence  and ovulation. The mean of milk production was 17.4 + 6.4 L/day (n= 9). Group 1 had higher daily milk production than Group 2 (21.8 + 3.8 L/day vs. 11.9 + 3.9 L/day, P< 0.001). Data of follicular emergence were similar in both groups (P >0.05). The growth  rate of first follicular surge was higher  in  Group  2  than  Group  1  (2.0  + 0.0  mm/day  vs  1.2  + 0.6  mm/day,  P<  0.05).  The maximum follicular diameter was 11.6  + 0.9 mm (Group 1) and 13.5  + 1.7 mm (Group 2); P< 0.05. The follicular divergence occurred earlier  in Group 1 than Group 2 (12.2  + 0.8 days vs 13.7 + 0.6 days; P< 0.05). One animal of Group 2 ovulated. In conclusion, data suggested that milk production had influence on ovarian follicular dynamic after calving.Keywords: Follicle, post-partum, lactation, dairy cattle

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document