scholarly journals Procyanidins are not bioavailable in rats fed a single meal containing a grapeseed extract or the procyanidin dimer B3

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Donovan ◽  
Adam Lee ◽  
Claudine Manach ◽  
Laurent Rios ◽  
Christine Morand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Nutritional Effects ◽  
Grapeseed Extract

Flavanols are the most abundant flavonoids in the human diet where they exist as monomers, oligomers and polymers. In the present study, catechin, the procyanidin dimer B3 and a grapeseed extract containing catechin, epicatechin and a mixture of procyanidins were fed to rats in a single meal. After the meals, catechin and epicatechin were present in conjugated forms in both plasma and urine. In contrast, no procyanidins or conjugates were detected in the plasma or urine of any rats. Procyanidins were not cleaved into bioavailable monomers and had no significant effects on the plasma levels or urinary excretion of the monomers when supplied together in the grapeseed extract. We conclude that the nutritional effects of dietary procyanidins are unlikely to be due to procyanidins themselves or monomeric metabolites with the intact flavonoid-ring structure, as they do not exist at detectable concentrations in vivo. Future research should focus on other procyanidin metabolites such as phenolic acids and on the effects of the unabsorbed oligomers and polymers on the human gastrointestinal tract.

OBSERVATIONS ON PROTEIN DIGESTION IN VIVO: II. DIETARY FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF CASEIN FROM THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1475-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Peraino ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers ◽  
Minoru Yoshida ◽  
Mou-Liang Chen ◽  
Alfred E. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Stomach Emptying

The effects of various dietary changes on the emptying of solids and nitrogen from the stomach and on the disappearance of nitrogen from the gastrointestinal tract of rats trained to consume a single meal daily are described. When the animals were fed 5 g of food the presence of casein in the diet caused a general deceleration of stomach-emptying and altered the shape of the stomach-emptying curve. The presence of 50% of casein in the diet did not result in an accumulation of nitrogen in the intestine much above the amount found when a protein-free diet was fed. When dextrin was the dietary carbohydrate the diet emptied from the stomach as a homogeneous mixture, whereas when sucrose was the dietary carbohydrate the casein emptied from the stomach more slowly than did the other components of the diet. Raising the dietary level of fat to 50% caused a general deceleration of emptying and abolished the above-mentioned carbohydrate effect. No delay in stomach-emptying due to the presence of casein in the diet was noted when only 1.5 g of diet was fed. As the level of food intake was raised the total quantity of nitrogen emptying from the stomach per unit time increased although a greater percentage of the amount ingested emptied from the stomach when the level of food intake was low.

Review: Anti-nutritional effects of phytic acid in diets for pigs and poultry – current knowledge and directions for future research

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Woyengo ◽  
C. M. Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Nutritional Effects ◽  
Insight Into

Woyengo, T. A. and Nyachoti, C. M. 2013. Review: Anti-nutritional effects of phytic acid in diets for pigs and poultry – current knowledge and directions for future research. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 9–21. Plant feedstuffs contain phytic acid (PA), which is a storage form of phosphorus. Phytic acid is, however, poorly hydrolyzed by pigs and poultry, and it has a capacity to complex dietary nutrients, thereby reducing nutrient digestibility. Reduced nutrient digestibility by PA implies reduced efficiency of utilization of the nutrients and increased discharge of the unabsorbed nutrients to the environment. Phytic acid has also recently been shown to increase the endogenous nutrient losses (ENL) in pigs and poultry. Because the increased ENL in the gastrointestinal tract are associated with increased maintenance requirement for the lost nutrients and of energy spent on their secretion, an increase in ENL due to PA implies that there are other adverse effects of PA on nutrient utilization in addition to reducing nutrient digestibility. In this review, the effects of PA on performance of pigs and poultry, and on the digestibility and ENL in these animals are discussed in detail. Also, the mechanisms by which PA reduces nutrient digestibility and increases gastrointestinal ENL in pigs and poultry are discussed, and areas that need further research to gain more insight into these mechanisms are suggested.

scholarly journals Motor responses of human gastrointestinal tract to 5-hydroxytryptamine in vivo and in vitro

Gut ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Misiewicz ◽  
S. L. Waller ◽  
M. Eisner
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Motor Responses

OBSERVATIONS ON PROTEIN DIGESTION IN VIVO: II. DIETARY FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF CASEIN FROM THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1475-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Peraino ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers ◽  
Minoru Yoshida ◽  
Mou-Liang Chen ◽  
Alfred E. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Stomach Emptying

The effects of various dietary changes on the emptying of solids and nitrogen from the stomach and on the disappearance of nitrogen from the gastrointestinal tract of rats trained to consume a single meal daily are described. When the animals were fed 5 g of food the presence of casein in the diet caused a general deceleration of stomach-emptying and altered the shape of the stomach-emptying curve. The presence of 50% of casein in the diet did not result in an accumulation of nitrogen in the intestine much above the amount found when a protein-free diet was fed. When dextrin was the dietary carbohydrate the diet emptied from the stomach as a homogeneous mixture, whereas when sucrose was the dietary carbohydrate the casein emptied from the stomach more slowly than did the other components of the diet. Raising the dietary level of fat to 50% caused a general deceleration of emptying and abolished the above-mentioned carbohydrate effect. No delay in stomach-emptying due to the presence of casein in the diet was noted when only 1.5 g of diet was fed. As the level of food intake was raised the total quantity of nitrogen emptying from the stomach per unit time increased although a greater percentage of the amount ingested emptied from the stomach when the level of food intake was low.

Factors affecting the Metabolic Production of Methylguanidine

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gonella ◽  
G. Barsotti ◽  
S. Lupetti ◽  
S. Giovannetti
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urinary Output ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Normal Volunteers

1. Methylguanidine administered orally to normal volunteers was almost completely recovered in the urine, indicating that it is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is not converted into other compounds. In normal persons at least, its urinary output therefore corresponds to its metabolic production rate plus the amount ingested. 2. In normal persons, diets based on foods not containing methylguanidine (e.g. vegetarian, protein-free and milk-egg diets) caused a fall in the urinary output of methylguanidine as compared with the output of the same subjects on a free diet. Conversely, higher amounts of methylguanidine were excreted on a diet rich in broth and in boiled beef, which contain large amounts of methylguanidine formed from the oxidation of creatinine, caused by boiling. 3. Oral administration of creatinine to normal volunteers induced an immediate and marked increase in urinary excretion of methylguanidine, and the ingestion of [methyl-14C]creatinine by uraemic patients was followed by the urinary excretion of labelled methylguanidine. These findings indicate that creatinine is partly converted into methylguanidine in both normal and uraemic subjects and accounts for the high metabolic production of methylguanidine in patients with renal failure, in whom the body pool of creatinine is high. 4. Creatinine, incubated at 38°C for 24 h in Krebs bicarbonate solution (pH 7.38) through which was bubbled oxygen with 15% carbon dioxide, was partially oxidized to methylguanidine. This raises the possibility that even in vivo such a conversion may occur ‘non-enzymatically’.

In Vivo Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract - Toward Optical Biopsy

Endoscopy ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 743-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jäckle ◽  
N. Gladkova ◽  
F. Feldchtein ◽  
A. Terentieva ◽  
B. Brand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Optical Biopsy ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography

scholarly journals Methodology for the determination of polyphenol bioaccessibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-279
Author(s):  
Jozo Ištuk ◽  
Drago Šubarić ◽  
Lidija Jakobek
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Digestion ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Insight Into

Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plants, commonly present in the human diet. Since they exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, polyphenols are extensively studied in the fields of nutrition and human health. Current studies have shown a high interest in determining the bioaccessibility of polyphenols, the amount of polyphenols that becomes available for absorption in the digestive tract. Bioaccessibility can be determined with the help of in vitro static gastrointestinal (GI) digestion models. In such a methodology, food samples containing polyphenols are subjected to a series of conditions that mimic the human gastrointestinal tract, with associated parameters. A high number of GI models with slightly different parameters were published. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature, focusing on the determination of polyphenol bioaccessibility and the parameters used in these GI digestion models, such as time, temperature, and pH of digestion, as well as enzyme concentrations. Gastrointestinal digestion models consist of oral, gastric and small intestine phases. These models provide a simple and reliable methodology which enables insight into the amount of bioaccessible polyphenols.

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