scholarly journals Protein utilization during energy undernutrition in sheep sustained by intragastric infusion: effects of protein infusion level, with or without sub-maintenance amounts of energy from volatile fatty acids, on energy and protein metabolism

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Chowdhury ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
J. R. Scaife ◽  
G. Mollison
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Daily Energy

Utilization of endogenous and exogenous energy for protein accretion during energy undernutrition has been studied. Nine lambs nourished by intragastric infusion were given either progressively increasing or decreasing amounts of casein-N up to 2550 mg/kg metabolic weight (W0·75), with or without 250 kJ/kg W0·75 of volatile fatty acids daily. Energy balance (respiration calorimetry) and N balance were measured. While all experimental animals were in negative energy balance, N balance increased curve-linearly with the increase in casein-N infusion and attained positive N balance. Endogenous energy (presumably body fat) was found to meet the energy needs for protein accretion during energy undernutrition. It is concluded that body fat can be effectively utilized to support lean-tissue growth during energy undernutrition, so that the classical nutritional concept of dietary energy:protein ratio is only meaningful when both endogenous and exogenous energy are considered.

Loss of body fat during an arctic winter expedition

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1235-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. O'Hara ◽  
C. Allen ◽  
R. J. Shephard
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Canadian Arctic ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Daily Energy

Fifty-five soldiers have been observed over a vigorous 10-day sledging patrol in the Canadian arctic and subarctic. Initial observations showed a low level of physical fitness (26% body fat, aerobic power 41.9 ± 7.8 ml kg−1 min−1, handgrip force 43.7 ± 7.2 kg). Over the 2-week northern sojourn, energy expenditures as measured by a Kofranyi–Michaelis respirometer and diary observation averaged 3248 kcal (13.6 MJ) day−1, with a small (152 kcal (633 kJ)) positive daily energy balance. A weight loss of 1 kg, presumably water, was made good within 1 week of return to the south. A fat loss of some 3.9 kg was probably attributable largely to the demands of lean tissue synthesis. The lean mass was increased by 3.9 kg over the trial, with parallel gains of muscle force and aerobic power. The rapid mobilization of depot fat led to marked ketonuria.

Body fat loss and compensatory mechanisms in response to different doses of aerobic exercise—a randomized controlled trial in overweight sedentary males

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (6) ◽  
pp. R571-R579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Rosenkilde ◽  
Pernille Auerbach ◽  
Michala Holm Reichkendler ◽  
Thorkil Ploug ◽  
Bente Merete Stallknecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Exercise Induced

The amount of weight loss induced by exercise is often disappointing. A diet-induced negative energy balance triggers compensatory mechanisms, e.g., lower metabolic rate and increased appetite. However, knowledge about potential compensatory mechanisms triggered by increased aerobic exercise is limited. A randomized controlled trial was performed in healthy, sedentary, moderately overweight young men to examine the effects of increasing doses of aerobic exercise on body composition, accumulated energy balance, and the degree of compensation. Eighteen participants were randomized to a continuous sedentary control group, 21 to a moderate-exercise (MOD; 300 kcal/day), and 22 to a high-exercise (HIGH; 600 kcal/day) group for 13 wk, corresponding to ∼30 and 60 min of daily aerobic exercise, respectively. Body weight (MOD: −3.6 kg, P < 0.001; HIGH: −2.7 kg, P = 0.01) and fat mass (MOD: −4.0 kg, P < 0.001 and HIGH: −3.8 kg, P < 0.001) decreased similarly in both exercise groups. Although the exercise-induced energy expenditure in HIGH was twice that of MOD, the resulting accumulated energy balance, calculated from changes in body composition, was not different (MOD: −39.6 Mcal, HIGH: −34.3 Mcal, not significant). Energy balance was 83% more negative than expected in MOD, while it was 20% less negative than expected in HIGH. No statistically significant changes were found in energy intake or nonexercise physical activity that could explain the different compensatory responses associated with 30 vs. 60 min of daily aerobic exercise. In conclusion, a similar body fat loss was obtained regardless of exercise dose. A moderate dose of exercise induced a markedly greater than expected negative energy balance, while a higher dose induced a small but quantifiable degree of compensation.

Energy expenditure and nutrition status of ballet, jazz and contemporary dance students

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rossiou ◽  
S. Papadopoulou ◽  
I. Pagkalos ◽  
A. Kokkinopoulou ◽  
D. Petridis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Contemporary Dance ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Daily Diaries ◽  
Dance Class ◽  
Daily Energy

Purpose: To evaluate of the energy expenditure in 3 types of dance classes (ballet, Jazz, and contemporary), as well as of the daily energy balance depending on dance type. Materials and methods: 40 females attending dance classes with a median age of 21.0 (19.0-25.0) and 10 males with a median age of 27.0 (20.0-28.0) participated in this study. The energy cost of each dance class was measured using the BodyMedia SenseWear Sensor and total daily energy expenditure was evaluated using a 3-day recording of physical activity. The dietary intake was evaluated with a 3-day food diary recording. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. Results: Median energy expenditure varied from 306 (277-328) Kcals/class for contemporary dance to 327 (290-355) Kcals/class for ballet and 369 (333-394) Kcals/class for jazz for females with significant differences between contemporary and jazz classes. For males, energy expenditure was 508 (447-589) Kcals/class and 564 (538-593) Kcals/class for ballet and jazz classes, respectively. Females had lower values for all anthropometric measurements, energy intake, macronutrient intakes, and energy expenditure, compared with males. The anthropometric characteristics did not differ between dance types. Both female and male dance students were in a negative energy balance. Conclusions: The use of sensors such as BodyMedia SenseWear together with keeping daily diaries make measurement of physical activity in dancing reliable and accurate. Exercise expenditure differs across types of dance in females but not in males. Both sexes had inadequate energy and carbohydrate intakes.

Nutritional status and intake regulation in sheep. V. Effects of intraruminal infusions of volatile fatty acids upon voluntary intake of roughage by sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 741 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Intake Regulation

Results of experiments with infusions of volatile fatty acids into the rumen reveal that the induced changes in voluntary intake of roughages are not immediate, and vary in extent between animals. Single infusions resulted in subsequent depressions of feed intake, these being only partly related to the amount of energy of the infused volatile fatty acids. When longer-term infusions were made, acetic acid in small quantities depressed feed intake more than did propionic, and propionic acid modified the effect of acetic when the two were given together. Also recorded is an observation that animals receiving a casein-supplemented roughage diet reduced their feed intake when casein was infused per duodenum over 14-day periods. Results are discussed in relation to an hypothesis of an indirect mechanism attempting to maintain or restore the original energy balance, but showing considerable delay or inertia and imprecision when observed on a day to day basis.

scholarly journals Utilization of volatile fatty acids and glucose for protein deposition in lambs

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Eskelandt ◽  
W. H. Pfander ◽  
R. L. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Butyrate Treatment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Control Infusion

1. Glucose, and acetic, propionic and butyric acids, the major energy sources available to ruminants, have been comparatively evaluated as energy sources for growth in lambs. The energy sources were administered intravenously at 2·092 and 2·510 MJ metabolizable energy per 24 h for periods of 9–12 d. Nitrogen was given in excess of requirement so that growth rate was limited by energy, as indicated by the increased N retention after intravenous administration of energy.2. The N-balance results from the trials showed that propionic acid promoted a significantly (P < 0·01) higher N retention than acetic acid. In some of the experiments there were no significant differences between propionic and butyric acids, and in others, no significant differences between acetic and butyric acids. Compared with isoenergetic glucose infusion, all volatile fatty acids were less efficiently utilized than glucose. The mean values for N balance (g/d) were 2·31 during control infusion, 6·53, 5·71, 5·48 and 4·59 during glucose, propionate, butyrate and acetate infusions, respectively.3. All energy sources reduced the faecal N excretion significantly. The greatest reduction was observed during butyrate treatment. The mean values for faecal N excretion (g/d) were 4·24 for control, 4·00 for acetate, 3·89 for propionate, 3·83 for glucose, and 3·76 for butyrate infusion. The reduced faecal N excretion after butyrate infusion partly accounts for the increased N retention with that treatment.

scholarly journals The effect of changes in the amount of energy infused as volatile fatty acids on the nitrogen retention and creatinine excretion of lambs wholly nourished by intragastric infusion

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. DeB. Hovell ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Apparent Correlation ◽  
Energy Maintenance

1. The nitrogen balance and creatinine excretion of wether lambs of 30–48 kg, wholly nourished by the intragastric infusion of nutrients, were measured in two experiments. Four lambs were used in each experiment. In Expt 1 a constant amount of casein was infused into the abomasum (640 mg N/kg body-weight (W)0·75 per d) and the amount of volatile fatty acids (VFA) infused into the rumen ranged from 0 to 670 kJ/kg W0·75 per d as six increments. Expt 2 was of similar design but two levels of casein were infused (530 and 1060 mg N/kg W0·75 per d) and, with each level of casein, VFA infused ranged from 0 to 700 kJ/kg W0·75 per d as seven increments.2. Daily creatinine excretion was not constant, but varied between 2-d means with standard deviations of between 7·1 and 16·5% (average 13·1%) of the over-all means. There was an apparent correlation between creatinine excretion and the amount of energy infused in six out of eight lambs. There was no effect of the amount of casein infused.3. In both experiments N balance was negative only when the amount of energy infused was substantially below published values for energy maintenance. In Expt 1, N equilibrium was calculated to be achieved at a gross (VFA plus protein) energy infusion level of 162 (SE 29) kJ/kg W0·75 per d. In Expt 2 it was observed that, at a given level of energy infusion, N retention was greater when the amount of energy had been increased from the previous level, than when it had been decreased.4. It is concluded that the animal appears to allocate available amino acids to protein synthesis, rather than to oxidation, even when in negative energy balance. It is also concluded that the enhanced N retention observed when the amount of energy infused had been increased represented compensation after a period of energy restriction.

scholarly journals Investigation of nitrogen balance in dairy cows and steers nourished by intragastric infusion

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
S. T. M. Fahmy ◽  
L. Istasse ◽  
F. D. DeB. Hovell
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Practical Implications

1. Two dairy cows were maintained by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids and casein. Except when fasting, the casein-nitrogen was held constant, while total gross energy supply was varied from zero during fasting to 650 kJ/kg body-weight (W)0·75.2. One cow was estimated to attain zero N balance at an energy intake of 255 kJ/kg W0·75and the other at 307 kJ/kg W0·75, which was calculated to be substantially below the estimated energy required for zero energy balance.3. When the cows were later given an N-free infusion for a period preceding the trial, N balance occurred at 98 kJ/kg W0·75for one cow and 115 kJ/kg W0·75for the other.4. Four steers were similarly nourished by intragastric infusion and the energy nutrient increased from 0 at fasting to 450 kJ/kg W0·75. The protein was held constant at 1 g N/kg W0·75except at fasting. The energy level at which N balance occurred was 154 (SE 38) kJ/kg W0·75or approximately equal to the energy content of the protein. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Negative Energy Balance Influences Nutritional Quality of Milk from Czech Fleckvieh Cows due Changes in Proportion of Fatty Acids

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaromír Ducháček ◽  
Luděk Stádník ◽  
Martin Ptáček ◽  
Jan Beran ◽  
Monika Okrouhlá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Milk Samples

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of negative energy balance on fatty acids proportion in the milk of Czech Fleckvieh cows after calving. Milk quality was determined based on fatty acid group proportion. Milk quality was evaluated in relation to selected negative energy balance (NEB) traits: body condition change (DEC) and milk citric acid content (CAC) after calving. Milk samples (n = 992) were collected once per week from 248 Czech Fleckvieh cows during the first month of lactation. Fatty acid content (%) in milk samples was determined and results were grouped as saturated (SFA) (hypercholesterolemic or volatile fatty acids) or unsaturated (UFA) (monounsaturated or polyunsaturated). Our results showed that cows with a deep NEB produce milk that is healthier for human consumption. Cows with a more significant DEC or the highest level of CAC in milk had the lowest proportion of SFA and the highest proportion of UFA (p < 0.01). These cows experienced higher physiological stress after calving; however, they produced milk of higher nutritional quality. Nowadays, we can see preventive efforts to mitigate NEB periods as a result of modern breeding trends regarding vitality, robustness, or longevity.

Relationships between energy balance and health traits of dairy cattle in early lactation

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Collard ◽  
P. J. Boettcher ◽  
J. C. M. Dekkers ◽  
L. R. Schaeffer ◽  
D. Petitclerc
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Daily Energy

AbstractData were records of daily food intake and milk production, periodic measures of milk composition and all health and reproductive information from 140 multiparous Holstein cows involved in various experiments at the Agriculture Canada dairy research station in Lennoxville, Quebec. Energy concentrations of the total mixed rations were also available. Daily energy balance was calculated by multiplying the food intake by the concentration of energy in the diet and then subtracting from this quantity the expected (National Research Council) amount of energy required for maintenance (based on parity and body weight) and for milk production (based on yield and concentrations of fat, protein and lactose). Four energy balance traits were defined: (1) average daily energy balance within the first 10 to 100 days of lactation, (2) minimum daily energy balance, (3) days in negative energy balance and (4) total energy deficit during the period of negative energy balance. Health traits were the numbers of incidences of each of the following: (1) all udder problems, (2) mastitis, (3) all locomotive problems, (4) laminitis, (5) digestive problems and (6) reproductive problems. Reproductive traits were the number of days to first observed oestrous and number of inseminations. Phenotypic relationships between energy balance and health were investigated by regressing the energy balance traits on each health trait. Parity and treatment (according to the research trial that the cow was involved with) were also included in the model. Genetic parameters were estimated with restricted maximum likelihood and a model that included effects of parity, treatment and animal. Phenotypically, several significant (P<0.10) relationships between energy balance and health were observed. Cows with longer periods of negative energy balance had increased digestive problems. Cows with greater total energy deficit had more digestive problems and laminitis. Estimates of heritabilities for energy intake and milk energy were 0.42 and 0.12, respectively but estimates of heritability for all energy balance traits were zero. The low estimates for these traits may have been due to (1) low true additive genetic variance, (2) small amount of data, or (3) relatively few genetic ties among cows.

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