scholarly journals Energy expenditure during heavy work and its interaction with body weight

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Haggarty ◽  
M. E. Valencia ◽  
G. McNeill ◽  
N. L. Gonzales ◽  
S. Y. Moya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Work Activities ◽  
Discretionary Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights

The present study was designed to investigate the interaction between body weight and energy expenditure in well-nourished individuals. Energy expenditure was determined during a 10 d highly controlled work programme in apparently well-nourished adult male construction workers with a wide range of body weights (mean weight: 63·9 (SD 11·0, range 46·7-80·1) kg, mean BMI: 22·5 (SD 3·8, range 16·7-28·9) kg/m2). Total energy expenditure (mean: 12·68 (SE 0·73) MJ/d or 1·78 (SE 0·07) x BMR) was determined using doubly-labelled water and the energy costs of work activities by Oxylog. The energy expenditure during work (mean: 5·75 (SE 0·29) MJ/day or 3·48 (SE 0·09) x BMR) was estimated from the energy costs of individual tasks and the time spent in those tasks. The energy expenditure during discretionary time (mean: 4·37 (SE 0·58) MJ/d or 1·49 (SE 0·17) x BMR) was calculated by subtracting occupation and sleep expenditure (taken as1 x BMR) from total expenditure. Food intake and discretionary time allocation were recorded by the subjects. The energy expenditure in the programmed work activities (expressed as a multiple of BMR) showed a significant increase (P=0·035) with increasing body weight, suggesting that the assumed constancy of BMR multiples across a wide range of body weights may not be valid. This assertion was supported by theoretical calculations based on empirically derived equations. In order to avoid errors which could be interpreted as metabolic ‘adaptation’ it may be necessary to take account of body weight when using the BMR-multiple approach to estimate energy requirements at low body weights.

Energy costs of feeding activities and energy expenditure of grazing sheep

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 969 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

The energy costs of standing, of rumination, of eating prepared meals, and of grazing were determined in laboratory experiments by indirect calorimetry. Sheep with body weights ranging from 30 to 110 kg were used. Energy expenditure due to standing amounted to 0.34 ± 0.02 kcal/hr/kg body weight. The energy cost of rumination was 0.24 ± 0.03 kcal/hr/kg. Rate of food intake varied from 60 g dry matter/hr with sheep grazing a poor sward to 800 g/hr with sheep eating hay, but in general this did not affect energy expenditure appreciably. The cost of eating prepared meals of either fresh herbage or hay was 0.54 ± 0.05 kcal/hr/kg body weight. It tended to be greatest when rate of food intake was greatest. Energy expenditure due to grazing was also 0.54 ± 0.05 kcal/hr/kg, irrespective of the type of sward and associated grazing behaviour. It is estimated that muscular work, mainly standing and eating, could account for nearly 40% of the daily energy expenditure of a sheep at maintenance, grazing a poor but level pasture, with drinking water available, and only 10% of that of a caged animal. Such a grazing animal could thus have requirements over 40% greater than those of a caged one. With sheep on hilly pasture or a long way from water, the cost of walking could become a major item.

scholarly journals Energy Expenditure, Fat Oxidation, and Body Weight Regulation: A Study of Metabolic Adaptation to Long- Term Weight Change

2000 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1087-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Weyer ◽  
Richard E. Pratley ◽  
Arline D. Salbe ◽  
Clifton Bogardus ◽  
Eric Ravussin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Weight Regulation ◽  
Body Weight Regulation

Energy balance of rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (4) ◽  
pp. E273-E279 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Corbett ◽  
R. E. Keesey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamic ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Maintain Body Weight

Rats with lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions maintain body weight at a chronically reduced percentage of nonlesioned controls. An assessment of how they achieve energy balance at subnormal weight levels entailed a determination of both their energy intake and their energy expended or lost in processing ingested food, on basal heat production, on activity, and in feces or urine. It was found that the caloric intake and expenditure of LH-lesioned animals, though significantly lower than those of controls, were appropriate to the reduced metabolic body size (BW0.75) that they maintained. Likewise, energy expenditure in the LH-lesioned animals was normal in that the proportion of their ingested energy relegated to 1) basal metabolism, 2) the processing food, and 3) activity was the same as that of nonlesioned controls. Thus, unlike nonlesioned rats, which at lowered body weights both decrease their energy needs and reorder the pattern of energy expenditure, LH-lesioned animals display a normal pattern of energy utilization at reduced weight levels. These findings provide further evidence that lateral hypothalamic mechanisms play an important role in setting the level at which body weight is regulated.

scholarly journals The energy costs of walking on the level and on negative and positive slopes in the Granadina goat (Capra hircus)

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lachica ◽  
C. Prieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Vertical Descent ◽  
Weight One ◽  
Linear Regressions

The energy expenditure of six goats averaging 35 (SE 0·3) kg was measured when the animals were standing or walking on a treadmill enclosed in a confinement-type respiration chamber at different speeds (0·167, 0·333 and 0·500 m/s) and slopes ( — 10, — 5, 0, +5 and +10%). The energy costs of locomotion, estimated from the coefficients of linear regressions of heat production (HP) per kg body weight v. distance travelled were 1·91, 2·33, 3·35, 4·68 and 6·44 J/kg BW per m for — 10, — 5, 0, +5 and +10% inclines respectively, indicating that the energy expenditure of walking over standing changes with slope according to a slightly curvilinear relationship. The energy cost of raising 1 kg body weight one vertical metre was found to be 31·7 J, giving an average efficiency for upslope locomotion of 30·9%. The energy recovered on vertical descent was estimated as 13·2 J/kg per m, indicating an efficiency of the energy recovered above the theoretical maximum.

Clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) of BMS-936558, a fully human anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. TPS2622-TPS2622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Agrawal ◽  
Yan Feng ◽  
Georgia Kollia ◽  
Sally Saeger ◽  
Martin Ullmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Potentially Clinically Significant ◽  
Dose Proportional

TPS2622 Background: BMS-936558 is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody targeted against human Programed Death-1 (PD1) receptor on activated T and B lymphocytes. Blocking of PD-1 prevents these activated cells from becoming anergic, thereby maintaining anti-tumor immunologic activity. Methods: The PK of BMS-936558 was characterized with data from a single ascending dose (SAD) and a multiple ascending dose (MAD) study in subjects with advanced solid malignancies. Subjects received a single IV infusion of 0.3 to 10 mg/kg BMS-936558 in the SAD study (MDX-1106-01 Study) and 0.1 to 10 mg/kg BMS-936558 every two weeks in the MAD study (MDX-1106-03/CA209003 Study). The PK of BMS-936558 was characterized by non-compartmental analysis of intensively sampled PK data from a SAD study, as well as by population PK analysis of available intensive and sparse PK data from the SAD and MAD studies, respectively. Results: The PK of BMS-936558 is linear in the studied dose range with dose-proportional increase in Cmax and AUC with low to moderate (20-44%) inter-subject variability. Geometric mean clearance ranged from 0.13 - 0.19 mL/h/kg, whereas mean volume of distribution ranged from 83 -113 mL/kg. The range of mean terminal elimination half-life of BMS-936558 is 17 to 25 days which is consistent with half-life of endogenous IgG4. BMS-936558 PK was adequately described by a linear two-compartment model, and there was no evidence of a contribution of target mediated drug disposition to drug elimination within tested dose range. Body weight and gender are potentially clinically significant covariate for both clearance and volume of distribution (> 20% effect); and baseline CRP, LDH, and albumin are potentially clinically significant covariates for CL. The body weight normalized dosing employed produces trough concentrations that are approximately constant over a wide range of body weights. Conclusions: The pharmacokinetics of BMS-936558 is dose-proportional and body weight normalized dosing is appropriate to ensure consistent exposure over a wide range of body weights.

Development of the testis and epididymis of the Clun Forest ram

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Colyer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Subsequent Phase ◽  
Dimensional Growth ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Ram Lambs

SUMMARYObservations were made on the development of the testes and epididymides of thirty-two Clun Forest ram lambs. There were no significant differences between the weights and volumes of the left and right testes and epididymides.The rate of increase in testicular and epididymal weights was linear up to a body weight of 46 lb (20·9 kg) followed subsequently by a significantly greater rate of increase at higher body weights. Similar patterns of growth occurred in relation to age, although at a given age there was a wide range of testicular and epididymal weights. There was a close relationship between the development of the testis and the epididymis at body weights greater than 46 lb (20·9 kg).There were two distinct phases in the dimensional growth of the testis. Increases in testicular length and breadth proceeded at much the same rate at testis weights of below 20 g. During the subsequent phase testicular length increased at a significantly greater rate than testis breadth.

Avian Egg Morphometrics - Allometric Models of Egg Volume, Clutch Volume and Shape

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Olsen ◽  
RB Cunningham ◽  
CF Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Egg Volume ◽  
Simple Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Simple Power Function

This paper describes three comprehensive new models of the allometric relationships between egg volume, clutch volume and shape, and body weight. Mean egg dimensions, clutch sizes and adult body weights were obtained for 326 species, mainly of four bird types: raptors (including owls), shorebirds, frogmouths (including nightjars), and storks (including the New World vultures). These are groups in which there is a wide range of body sizes and of sexual dimorphism in body size (in direction and degree). Female body weight alone accounted for 92% of the variation in egg volume. Sexual dimorphism in body size, phylogenetic relationship, and clutch size were significant contributors to the model of egg volume; their addition increased the explained variance to over 98%. The model was curvilinear (quadratic) in form, rather than linear as assumed in previous models. Larger species laid smaller eggs than expected under a simple power function. For the fitted model, within bird types, generic groupings had parallel curvilinear slopes but differing intercepts. Between bird types, the slopes differed. Clutch volume was scaled to body weight; all the bird types had a common slope, which was curvilinear. Body weight and dimorphism accounted for 89.5% of the variation in clutch volume. For all bird types, eggs became proportionally longer in shape as body weight increased, according to a simple power law. The relevance of these relationships to hypotheses on the evolution and adaptive significance of sexual dimorphism and to the trade-off between egg size and clutch size is discussed briefly.

A Novel Method to Characterize Walking and Running Energy Expenditure

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-107
Author(s):  
Alyssa Evans ◽  
Gavin Q. Collins ◽  
Parker G. Rosquist ◽  
Noelle J. Tuttle ◽  
Steven J. Morrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Force Sensors ◽  
Average Absolute Error ◽  
Accurate Model ◽  
Acceleration Data ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Physical activity and corresponding energy expenditure can improve health in various ways. Existing methods to directly measure energy expenditure are currently limited to laboratory settings and/or expensive instrumentation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate accuracy of energy expenditure characterization, during walking and running, using demographic data, as well as data collected via an accelerometer and novel piezoresponsive foam sensors. Methods: 30 individuals (14 females; mass = 67 ± 10 kg; height = 1.74 ± 0.08 m; age = 23 ± 3 yrs) walked and ran at five speeds (1.34, 2.23, 2.68, 3.13, and 3.58 m/s) on a force-instrumented treadmill while wearing a metabolic analyzer and standardized athletic shoes instrumented with an accelerometer, and four novel nanocomposite piezoresponsive force sensors. Various predictive models, including demographic data and data derived from the accelerometer and force sensors, were evaluated for each gait speed. Results: The predictive models varied in ability to accurately characterize energy expenditure. For walking, the most accurate model included acceleration and body weight, and resulted in an average absolute error of 0.07 ± 0.03 kcal/min. For running, the most accurate model included sensor and acceleration data, and resulted in an average absolute error of 0.45 ± 0.14 kcal/min. Conclusions: When combined with acceleration data and body weight, the novel foam sensors can be used to inexpensively and accurately measure walking and running energy expenditure. This can be done at various speeds, outside of a traditional research laboratory. These results have application within a wide range of diverse contexts.

Work performance of trained rats as affected by corticoadrenal steroids and by adrenalectomy

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-866
Author(s):  
Charles A. Winter ◽  
Lars Flataker
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Fasted Rats

Fasted rats trained to climb a rope for a food reward were capable of carrying added weights approximately equal to their own body weights. The logclimbing time in seconds was linearly related to the total weight of the animal plus added load within a narrow range of body weight. When correction was made for skeletal muscle mass, the rate of work performance in gram-meters per long second per gram muscle was essentially the same over a wide range of body weights and of added load. Work performance as measured by this preparation was sensitive to changes in glucocorticoid levels, and was increased by cortisone or hydrocortisone in either intact or adrenalectomized animals, and was decreased by adrenal insufficiency.

scholarly journals Predicting metabolic adaptation, body weight change, and energy intake in humans

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (3) ◽  
pp. E449-E466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Body Weight Change ◽  
Fuel Selection

Complex interactions between carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism underlie the body's remarkable ability to adapt to a variety of diets. But any imbalances between the intake and utilization rates of these macronutrients will result in changes in body weight and composition. Here, I present the first computational model that simulates how diet perturbations result in adaptations of fuel selection and energy expenditure that predict body weight and composition changes in both obese and nonobese men and women. No model parameters were adjusted to fit these data other than the initial conditions for each subject group (e.g., initial body weight and body fat mass). The model provides the first realistic simulations of how diet perturbations result in adaptations of whole body energy expenditure, fuel selection, and various metabolic fluxes that ultimately give rise to body weight change. The validated model was used to estimate free-living energy intake during a long-term weight loss intervention, a variable that has never previously been measured accurately.

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