scholarly journals Expansion of the humoral effector cell compartment of both systemic and mucosal immune systemsin a weanling murine model which duplicates critical features of human protein-energy malnutrition

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-L. Ha ◽  
L.E. Paulino ◽  
B.D. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Transport ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Human Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Mucosal Antibody ◽  
Zero Time

AbstractA direct comparison of systemic (spleen) and mucosal (intestine) antibody-producing systems was made in weanling male C57BL/6J mice subjected to wasting protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) by means of a low-protein protocol known to duplicate immunological and physiological features of human malnutrition. ELISA revealed low concentrations of biliary and gut lumen immunoglobulin (Ig) A in malnourished mice concomitantly with a high concentration of blood IgA. The low-protein model, therefore, exhibited fidelity to human protein-energy malnutrition in its influence on the concentrations of the mucosal Ig, IgA, in critical biological fluids. The number of IgA-, IgM- and IgG-containing cells was estimated morphometrically on a per organ basis. The low-protein protocol supported expansion in numbers of mucosal IgA-containing cells (18 x relative to a zero-time control group) and of splenic IgG- containing cells (135 x ), albeit an attenuated expansion in comparison with that of well-nourished control animals (132x and 571x respectively relative to zero-time controls). Up to terminal differentiation of Ig-containing cells, systemic and mucosal antibody-producing systems exhibited similarly remarkable resistance to wasting malnutrition. Epithelial transport of IgA may be an aspect of the mucosal antibody response which is particularly sensitive to PEM.

scholarly journals Efek tepung ulat sagu (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) terhadap penurunan kadar malondialdehyde (MDA) pada tikus Wistar dengan diet rendah protein

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Lara Ayu Lestari ◽  
M. Sulchan ◽  
Anang M Legowo ◽  
Kusmiyati Tjahjono ◽  
Achmad Zulfa Juniarto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽  
Group Of Seven ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
One Way Anova

Kwashiorkor is protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) caused by protein deficiency. Sago worm flour (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) can reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) caused by the high content of the amino acids glycine, lysine, and phenylalanine. The study aimed to prove the effect of sago worm flour on MDA levels in Wistar rats with a low protein diet. A true experimental-pre-post control group. The intervention was given for 28 days to 28 Wistar rats, divided into four groups with each group of seven rats. The dose of sago starch was 0,36 g/100 g rat body weight/day (P1), and a dose of 1,36 g/100 g rat body weight/day (P2) for rats fed a low diet protein. The treatment group was compared with a group of mice given a low diet protein (K +) and a group of healthy mice (K-). Serum MDA levels were measured by the TBARs method. Statistical analysis used paired t-test or Wilcoxon test and one-way ANOVA/Kruskal Wallis test. The results of decreasing MDA levels were in the P1 and P2 groups (p= 0,000). There was a difference in MDA levels in the P1 and P2 groups compared to the K + group (P= 0,000). There was a difference that decreased MDA levels between P1 and P2 (p= 0,000). In conclusion, sago worm flour at a dose of 0,36 g/100 g of rats/day and a dose of 1,36 g/100 g of body weight of rats/day can reduce MDA levels

scholarly journals Faulty Breast Feeding Practice : A Risk Factor in Malnourished Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Sukhendu Shekhar Sen ◽  
Jhulan Das Sharma ◽  
Dhananjoy Das ◽  
Shahed Iqbal ◽  
Md Badruddoza
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Prelacteal Feeding ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Breast Fed

Background: The predominant form of malnutrition is commonly called proteincalorie malnutrition. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is still a major health problem in children of developing countries including Bangladesh. The causes of malnutrition are multifactorial including nutritional factors, socioeconomic factors, health status of the mothers and repeated infections in children.Objective: To explore the information regarding the breast feeding practices of children suffering from Protein-Energy Malnutrition.Methods: This case control study was conducted in Chittagong Medical College Hospital from November 2006 to April 2007. A total of 65 controls and 65 cases were selected consecutively for the purpose of the study. Their mothers were interviewed with help of structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest to attain the study objectives. The test statistics used to analyze the data were descriptive statistics and Chi-square (c2) or Fisher’s Exact Probability Test.Results: A significantly higher frequency of cases (67.7%) were given pre-lacteal feed, predominantly honey and sugar-water compared to control group (41.5%) (p = 0.008). Nearly 100% of controls were given colostrums compared to 75% of the cases. About one-third (31.3%) of the cases was exclusively breast-fed in comparison to 58.5% of the control group (p = 0.003). Over onequarter (27.7%) of the control were breast-fed upto 6 months of age, as opposed to only 1.5% cases (p < 0.001). Duration of predominant breast feeding for more than 6 months of age was also significantly higher in control group than that in case group (p = 0.001). Breast milk substitutes demonstrate their significant presence in cases (38.5%) than that in controls (9%) (p = 0.003).Conclusion: The study showed that rejection of colostrums, practice of prelacteal feeding, delayed initiation of breast feeding, early cessation of exclusive breast feeding and use of formula milk all were significantly higher in the malnourished group of children than those in their normal counterpart.Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.14 (2); Jul 2015; Page 43-47

NUTRITION, IMMUNITY, AND INFECTIONS: T LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
H Ozkan ◽  
N Olgun ◽  
E Sasmaz
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Humoral And Cellular Immunity ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Group I ◽  
Suppressor T Lymphocytes ◽  
Degrees Of Severity ◽  
Control Study

This study was a case-control study of 44 children ages 3 to 24 months. The purpose of the study was to compare the humoral and cellular immunity of 29 patients (Group I) who were less than the 3rd percentile for weight by Turkish standards versus a control group of 15 patients (Group II) with weights between the 25th and 90th percentiles. The Group I patients were considered to have protein energy malnutrition (PEM) with various degrees of severity based on a Turkish classification method established by Dogramaci and Wray in 1958. None of the Group I patients had frank kwashiorkor, but 19 had bronchopneumonia, six had gastroenteritis, and four had both forms of infection at the time studies were done. Detailed immunologic evaluation was carried out on all the subjects including IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, mature T lymphocytes (CD3+), helper/inducer T Lymphocytes (CD4+) and suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+). The authors chose to study patients with PEM and infections because the immune response is more likely to be suppressed at this time. In the PEM group all of the immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) were significantly elevated over the controls level (P &lt; .01). This hyperimmunoglobulinemia state has been previously reported and could be secondary to reduced suppressor T lymphocytes (C8+). C3 complement levels were also significantly lower (P &lt; .01) than controls, which have been previously noted. These low C3 levels could be secondary to decreased production from the liver or increased utilization with an intercurrent infection. In evaluating the lymphocyte series CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ were all significantly reduced while CD4/CD8 levels were normal.

Separation from Mother at Time of Weaning

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Schmutzhard ◽  
W Poewe ◽  
F Gerstenbrand
Keyword(s):  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Healthy Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Healthy Control

Weaning is an important factor in the aetiology of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). In the present study it was shown that the psychological aspects of weaning — i.e. separation from the mother — play a more important role in the development of PEM than do physical factors. Of children suffering from PEM, 80.4% were physically separated from the mother at time of weaning, whereas only 32% of a comparable healthy control group had undergone the trauma of separation.

Impact of protein energy malnutrition on Trichuris suis infection in pigs concomitantly infected with Ascaris suum

Parasitology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PEDERSEN ◽  
I. SAEED ◽  
K. F. MICHAELSEN ◽  
H. FRIIS ◽  
K. D. MURRELL
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Trichuris Suis ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Eosinophil Counts

The objective of this experiment was to investigate a possible interaction between protein and energy malnutrition (PEM) and intestinal nematode infections. We report on a 3×2 factorial study in which pigs were fed either a low protein energy (LPE), low protein (LP) or a normal protein energy (NPE) diet, and 6 weeks later inoculated with Trichuris suis (4000 infective eggs). Secondarily, in order to obtain a polyparasitic status, pigs were concomitantly inoculated with Ascaris suum (600 infective eggs). The number of T. suis-infected pigs was higher in LP pigs compared with NPE pigs (100 versus 58%; P = 0·037), although the differences in median T. suis worm burdens between groups at necropsy 10 weeks post-infection (p.i.) (LPE: 795; LP: 835; NPE: 48 worms; P = 0·33) were not significant. Interestingly, only T. suis in NPE were highly aggregated (k = 0·44), in contrast to a more uniform distribution among pigs in LPE (k = 1·43) and LP (k = 1·55) i.e. the majority of pigs harboured moderate worm burdens in LPE and LP, while most pigs had few or no worms in NPE. Further, T. suis worms in the LPE and LP groups were decreased in length (mean: LPE: 23·5 mm; LP: 24·3 mm; NPE: 29·4 mm; P = 0·004). The pre-patency period of T. suis was also extended in the LPE and LP groups, as reflected by lower faecal egg output at week 6 (P = 0·048) and/or 7 p.i. (P = 0·007). More A. suum worms were recovered from LP compared with the NPE group (mean: 5·4 versus 0·6; P = 0·040); this was accompanied by a higher faecal egg output in the former (P = 0·004). The low protein diets resulted in lower pig body weight gains, serum albumin, haemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) levels as well as diminished peripheral eosinophil counts. Infection significantly altered these parameters in the low protein groups, i.e. the pathophysiological consequences of infection were more severe in the PEM pigs. These results demonstrate that reduced protein in the diet leads to malnourishment of both the host pigs and T. suis, and compromises the pig's ability to resist infection by T. suis and A. suum.

scholarly journals Early neonatal features of juvenile offenders

2022 ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
D. A. Yakhieva-Onikhimovskaia ◽  
S. M. Kolesnikova ◽  
E. N. Suprun ◽  
V. V. Filippova
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Oxygen Starvation ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Objective: Identification of perinatal risk factors as differential predictors of violent and non-violent crimes among children and adolescents who come under the attention of juvenile departments of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation.Methods: Study of the perinatal history data of 148 juvenile offenders of comparable age (13-16 years old), selected using continuous sampling method in the course of a clinical observational cohort retrospective study.Results: Children from the control group in half of the cases were “late premature” (48%), with protein-energy malnutrition (frequency of occurrence of FGRP 56.8% BMI 56.1 ± 13.65). The beginning of their life was accompanied by a low score according to Apgar scale (6.9 ± 1.81). From the first minutes of life, they required urgent therapy in the delivery room (35.9%) and subsequent treatment at the ICU (25.7%) due to the damage of the respiratory system (asphyxia 11.5%, RDS 19.6%, episodes of apnea 16.2 %) and increasing dysfunction of the central nervous system (IVH II-IV grade 24.3%). Subsequently, they demonstrated a disruption of early neonatal adaptation and a clinical picture of the realization of intrauterine fetal developmental disorders, which arose both as a result of improper metabolism and of a prolonged oxygen starvation (adrenal hypoplasia 27.7%, cardiomyopathy 29.7%, hypoxia 48.6%).Conclusions: The initial protein-energy deficiency revealed in the course of the study if accompanied by the course of both acute and chronic oxygen starvation could influence the formation of destructive behavior in the group of juvenile offenders.

scholarly journals Biochemical nutritional indicators in children with protein energy malnutrition attending Kanti Children Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
SK Mishra ◽  
SP Bastola ◽  
B Jha
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Protein Energy

Background: Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship to health. Nutritional status is one of the key indicators of health Nutritional status of Nepal is not satisfactory. Especially Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) in Nepal is a very common problem in children under five years of age. There are number biochemical parameters which become altered during protein energy malnutrition. Objectives: The objectives of the study are to determine biochemical nutritional indicators among children suffering from PEM and to compare all biochemical parameters with well nourished children and also to determine the factors affecting PEM among children under five years. Materials and methods: The study design was cross sectional, descriptive study with control. Children between ages 6 to 59 months attending outpatient department (OPD) and wards of Kanti Children's Hospital (KCH), Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal were purposively selected. The sample size was calculated by using prevalence of malnutrition in Nepalese context and allowable error of 10 %, a total of 120 cases which include 60 PEM cases and 60 controls were selected. They were grouped into two groups based on whether they are above or below the 80% of 50th percentile of weight for height based on growth chart of National Centre of Health Statistics 3 (NCHS), USA. Results: The educational status of parents of children with PEM was found to be significantly less (p<0.05) as compared to their non-PEM counterparts. Occupations of parents whose children were in PEM group include mainly housewives and labourers. Larger proportions of children in our study were born at home and exact birth weights of children were not known. Most of the children are colostrum fed. Most of the children in our study were immunized. Almost equal proportion of children belonged to nuclear family type and joint family type. The mean serum glucose, sodium, potassium, cholesterol, haemoglobin was not significantly different in both groups while mean total protein, albumin, and calcium were significantly (p<0.05) low in PEM group when compared to well nourished children (control). There was significantly (p<0.05) higher incidence of hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminaemia, and hypocalcaemia, in PEM group when compared to control group. Conclusion: A significant proportion of children with protein energy malnutrition had altered biochemical parameters which were related to food intake and biochemical metabolism mandatory during growth and development of children less than five years of age. There was significantly higher proportion of hypoglycaemia, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminaemia, anaemia, hypocholesterolemia and hypocalcaemia in children with PEM when compared to normally nourished children. Key words: PEM; Biochemical nutritional indicators; anthropometry DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i2.2705 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.2 Issue 26, 129-134

scholarly journals Gestational protein–energy malnutrition affects the composition of developing skins of rat fetuses and their dams

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
Takashi Miwa ◽  
Hiromu Shoji ◽  
Moshe Solomonow ◽  
Malektaj Yazdani ◽  
Tetsuo Nakamoto
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Iii Collagen ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Fetal Skin ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Malnourished Group

1. Various biochemical variables of the skins of rat dams and their fetuses in which protein-energy malnutrition was induced during pregnancy were analysed.2. One group of dams was fed on a 200 g protein/kg diet as a control and the other was fed on a 60 g protein/kg diet as an experimental group. Each group of dams was fed from day 13 of gestation until day 22.3. Water, protein and hexosamine concentrations of the fetal skins in the malnourished group were greater than those in the control group, whereas in the dams′ skins, protein concentration was greater in the malnourished group than in the control group.4. Extractability of collagen with neutral salt and pepsin showed no difference between the groups in the skins of fetuses and dams. The content of type III collagen in the fetal skin did not differ between the groups, but was increased in the malnourished dams′ skins compared with that of the control group.5. The present study showed that protein-energy malnutrition during pregnancy significantly affects the metabolism of the skin in both fetuses and their dams. Furthermore, the skins of fetuses and dams are structurally altered in different ways by this nutritional stress.

Protein-energy malnutrition induces an aberrant acute-phase response and modifies the circadian rhythm of core temperature

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 844-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shari E. Smith ◽  
Rafaela Andrade Ramos ◽  
Roberto Refinetti ◽  
Jonathan P. Farthing ◽  
Phyllis G. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Core Temperature ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Response ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Protein Energy

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), present in 12%–19% of stroke patients upon hospital admission, appears to be a detrimental comorbidity factor that impairs functional outcome, but the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Because ischemic brain injury is highly temperature-sensitive, the objectives of this study were to investigate whether PEM causes sustained changes in temperature that are associated with an inflammatory response. Activity levels were recorded as a possible explanation for the immediate elevation in temperature upon introduction to a low protein diet. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were fed a control diet (18% protein) or a low protein diet (PEM, 2% protein) for either 7 or 28 days. Continuous core temperature recordings from bioelectrical sensor transmitters demonstrated a rapid increase in temperature amplitude, sustained over 28 days, in response to a low protein diet. Daily mean temperature rose transiently by day 2 (p = 0.01), falling to normal by day 4 (p = 0.08), after which mean temperature continually declined as malnutrition progressed. There were no alterations in activity mean (p = 0.3) or amplitude (p = 0.2) that were associated with the early rise in mean temperature. Increased serum alpha-2-macroglobulin (p < 0.001) and decreased serum albumin (p ≤ 0.005) combined with a decrease in serum alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (p < 0.001) suggest an atypical acute-phase response. In contrast, a low protein diet had no effect on the signaling pathway of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor, NFκB, in the hippocampus. In conclusion, PEM induces an aberrant and sustained acute-phase response coupled with long-lasting effects on body temperature.

scholarly journals Reasons why hypoalbuminaemia may or may not appear in protein-energy malnutrition

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Coward ◽  
R. G. Whitehead ◽  
P. G. Lunn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Albumin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Plasma Albumin Concentration

1.Investigations have been carried out in experimentally-malnourished rats in an attempt to explain the reasons for the development of the two main forms of protein-energy malnutrition in children, kwashiorkor and marasmus.2.Isoenergetic diets with values for protein: energy (P:E) of 0.21 (control diet; C) 0.032 (low-protein diet; LP) and 0.005 (very-low-protein diet; VLP) were fed to groups of twenty-six rats either ad lib. or in restricted amounts from 5 weeks of age. Rats were killed at the start of the experiment and 1, 2 and 3 or 4 weeks later. Estimations were made of plasma albumin, insulin, corticosterone and amino acid concentrations and of the total protein content of the gastrocnemius muscles and liver.3.Rats given diet LP ad lib. gained weight slowly and by week 1 plasma albumin concentration was slightly reduced. Rats given diet VLP ad lib. gradually lost weight and plasma albumin concentrations decreased continuously.4.In contrast the major effect of dietary restriction during the first 2 weeks of the experiment was to maintain plasma albumin concentrations at normal values, irrespective of the diet given.5.At later stages, however, when the ‘restricted’ animals had become very severely wasted, albumin concentrations decreased rapidly to values approaching those found in rats given diet VLP ad lib.6.When diets LP and VLP were given ad lib. body protein was proportionally distributed in favour of muscle rather than liver. For ‘restricted’ rats the reverse was true, at least up to the time when plasma albumin concentration began to decrease.7.Plasma corticosterone concentrations increased and insulin concentrations decreased when diets LP and VLP were fed in both an ad lib. and a ‘restricted’ regimen but the effects were significantly greater in the latter situation.8.Ad lib. feeding of diets LP and VLP produced a distorted plasma amino acid pattern resembling that of kwashiorkor, but although dietary restriction resulted in a decrease in total amino acid concentration, the plasma concentration ratio, non-essential amino acids:essential amino acids was virtually unaffected.9.It was concluded that whilst the lower the protein concentration in the diet the greater is the extent of hypoalbuminaemia which develops, dietary restriction with an increase in plasma glucocorticoid concentration and body-wasting can initially delay the development of the hypoalbuminaemia. However, in the final stages of wasting which ensue, low plasma albumin concentrations can appear because of a failure of the mechanisms which had earlier been able to preserve them at normal levels. It is possible that these two separate and distinct routes to hypoalbuminaemia observed in this study may have parallels in human situations in developing countries.

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