scholarly journals Substrates available for colonic fermentation from oat, barley and wheat bread diets. A study in ileostomy subjects

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ågot Lia ◽  
Birgitta Sundberg ◽  
Per Åman ◽  
Ann-Sofie Sandberg ◽  
Göran Hallmans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Klason Lignin ◽  
Colonic Fermentation ◽  
Oat Bran ◽  
Gross Energy

Nutrients not absorbed in the small bowel will form substrates for microbial growth in the colon which may have implications for the development of colon cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether fibre-rich oat and barley diets increase the excretion of energy-supplying nutrients from the small bowel compared with a low-fibre wheat diet, and whether a possible. increase could be related to the β-glucan content. Nine ileastomy subjects were served four types of bread together with a low-fibre basal diet (12 g dietary fibre/d). The breads were based on either wheat flour (W diet, 7 g dietary fibre/d), oat bran (OB diet, 29 g dietary fibre/d), the same amount of oat bran with addition of β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) (OBE diet, 19 g dietary fibre/d) or a fibre-rich barley fraction (B diet, 35 g dietary fibre/d). An increased ileal excretion of starch was observed with the barley diet but no effect of the oat β-glucan on starch recovery was found. The NSP + Klason lignin in the ileostomy effluents accounted only for 24, 31, 24 and 35% of the gross energy excretion in the W, OB, OBE and B diet periods respectively. A large part of the dry weight and energy (30, 21, 28 and 27%, in the W, OB, OBE and B diets respectively) in the effluents could not be identified as fat, protein, total starch or NSP + Klason lignin. This unidentified part was probably made up of oligosaccbarides, endogenous losses and nutrient complexes. Methods for identifying and analysing these components should be developed and their role as substrates for colonic fermentation and colon cancer development ought to be investigated.

scholarly journals Fermentation of dietary fibre components in the rat intestinal tract

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margareta Nyman ◽  
Nils-Georg Asp
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Uronic Acids ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. The fermentative breakdown of dietary fibre from various sources in the intestinal tract was studied using rat balance experiments and gas–liquid chromatrographic analysis of dietary fibre monomers in feed and faeces.2. On a basal diet with 690 g maize starch/kg but no added fibre, small but detectableamounts of polymeric glucose, rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, galactose, mannose and uronic acids, i.e. sugars occurring in dietary fibre, were excreted in faeces.3. Dietary fibre in wheat bran was rather resistant to fermentation; 63% was recoveredin the faeces. Guar gum, on the other hand, was almost completely fermented, whereas 19 and 25% of the uronic acids in low and high methoxylated pectin respectively, were excreted in faeces. The various constituents of sugar-beet dietary fibre (approximately equal amounts of arabinose-based hemicellulose, pectin and non-starch glucan (cellulose)) showedquite variable availability for micro-organisms in that 6–12% of the arabinose, 17–25% of the uronic acids, and 52–58% of the cellulose were recovered in the faeces.4. Faecal nitrogen excretion increased on addition of any one of the dietary fibre preparations studied, resulting in decreased true and apparent protein digestibility values.5. The faecal dry weight increment was most pronounced when feeding bran and could then almost be accounted for by the remaining fibre and by protein. The less-prominent bulking effect ot guar gum and pectins, that were much more extensively fermented, could be only partly explained by dietary fibre and protein.

scholarly journals Graded Dietary Resistant Starch Concentrations on Apparent Total Tract Macronutrient Digestibility and Fecal Fermentative End-Products and Microbial Populations of Healthy Adult Dogs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison N Beloshapka ◽  
Tzu-Wen L Cross ◽  
Kelly S Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Quadratic Effects ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
High Level

Abstract Resistant starch (RS) is fermentable by gut microbiota and effectively modulates fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in pigs, mice, and humans. RS may have similar beneficial effects on the canine gut, but has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% dietary RS (Hi-maize 260) on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, and fecal characteristics, fermentative end-product concentrations, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs. An incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square design with 7 dogs and 5 experimental periods was used, with each treatment period lasting 21 d (d 0-17 adaptation; d 18-21 fresh and total fecal collection) and each dog serving as its own control. Seven dogs (mean age = 5.3 yr; mean BW = 20 kg) were randomly allotted to one of five treatments formulated to be iso-energetic and consisting of graded amounts of 100% amylopectin cornstarch, RS, and cellulose, and fed as a top dressing on the food each day. All dogs were fed the same amount of a basal diet throughout the study and fresh water was offered ad libitum. The basal diet contained 6.25% RS (DM basis), contributing approximately 18.3 g of RS/d based on their daily food intake (292.5 g DM/d). Data were evaluated for linear and quadratic effects using SAS. The treatments included 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of an additional RS source. Because Hi-maize 260 is approximately 40% digestible and 60% indigestible starch, the dogs received the following amounts of RS daily: 0% = 18.3 g (18.3 g + 0 g); 1% = 20.1 g (18.3 g + 1.8 g); 2% = 21.9 g (18.3 g + 3.6 g); 3% = 23.7 g (18.3 g + 5.4 g); and 4% = 25.5 g (18.3 g + 7.2 g). Apparent total tract dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, and gross energy digestibilities and fecal pH were linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal output was linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption. Fecal scores and fecal fermentative end-product concentrations were not affected by RS consumption. Although most fecal microbial taxa were not altered, Faecalibacterium were increased (P < 0.05) with increased RS consumption. The decrease in fecal pH and increase in fecal Faecalibacterium would be viewed as being beneficial to gastrointestinal health. Although our results seem to indicate that RS is poorly and/or slowly fermentable in dogs, the lack of observed change may have been due to the rather high level of RS contained in the basal diet.

scholarly journals Experimental model for in vivo determination of dietary fibre and its effect on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Sofie Sandberg ◽  
H. Andersson ◽  
B. Hallgren ◽  
Kristina Hasselblad ◽  
B. Isaksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Definition Of

1. An experimental model for the determination of dietary fibre according to the definition of Trowell et al. (1976) is described. Food was subjected to in vivo digestion in ileostomy patients, and the ileostomy contents were collected quantitatively, the polysaccharide components of which were analysed by gas–liquid chromatography and the Klason lignin by gravimetric determination. The model was used for the determination of dietary fibre in AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists), wheat bran and for studies on the extent of hydrolysis of wheat-bran fibre in the stomach and small intestine. The effect of wheat bran on ileostomy losses of nitrogen, starch and electrolytes was also investigated.2. Nine patients with established ileostomies were studied during two periods while on a constant low-fibre diet. In the second period 16 g AACC wheat bran/d was added to the diet. The ileostomy contents and duplicate portions of the diet were subjected to determinations of wet weight, dry weight, water content, fibre components, starch, N, sodium and potassium.3. The wet weight of ileostomy contents increased by 94 g/24 h and dry weight by 10 g/24 h after consumption of bran. The dietary fibre of AACC bran, determined as the increase in polysaccharides and lignin of ileostomy contents after consumption of bran, was 280 g/kg fresh weight (310 g/kg dry matter). Direct analysis of polysaccharides and lignin in bran gave a value of 306 g/kg fresh weight. Of the added bran hemicellulose and cellulose 80–100% and 75–100% respectively were recovered in ileostomy contents. There was no significant difference between the two periods in amount of N, starch and K found in the ileostomy contents. The Na excretion increased during the ‘bran’ period and correlated well with the wet weight of ileostomy contents.4. In conclusion, it seems probable that determination of dietary fibre by in vivo digestion in ileostomy patients comes very close to the theoretical definition of dietary fibre, as the influence of bacteria in the ileum seems small. Bacterial growth should be avoided by using a technique involving the change of ileostomy bags every 2 h and immediate deep-freezing of the ileostomy contents. True dietary fibre can be determined by direct analysis of polysaccharides and lignin in the food, at least in bran. Very little digestion of hemicellulose and cellulose from bran occurs in the stomach and small bowel. The 10–20% loss in some patients may be due to digestion by the gastric juice or to bacterial fermentation in the ileum, or both. The extra amount of faecal N after consumption of bran, reported by others, is probably produced in the large bowel.

Effects of dietary spray-dried plasma protein on nutrient digestibility and growth performance in nursery pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hansol Kim ◽  
Seung Hyung Lee ◽  
Beob Gyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract The objectives were to determine the digestible energy and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA; Exp. 1) and to determine growth performance (Exp. 2) of 2 sources of dietary spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, twelve nursery barrows (9.8 ± 0.9 kg) were assigned to a quadruplicated 3 × 2 Latin square design with 3 diets and 2 periods. Each period consisted of 5 days of adaptation, 2 days of fecal sampling, and 2 days of ileal collection. A basal diet was composed of corn, soybean meal, whey, and sucrose as the sole energy and AA sources. Experimental diets were prepared by replacing 15% of the energy and AA sources in the basal diet with SDPP 1 (manufactured in the USA; 78.2% crude protein and 4,862 kcal gross energy/kg as-is) or SDPP 2 (manufactured in Korea; 74.3% crude protein and 4,636 kcal gross energy/kg as-is). Spray-dried plasma protein 1 had greater digestible energy (P < 0.05), but less (P < 0.05) standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met, Trp, and Thr compared with SDPP 2. In Exp. 2, eighty-four nursery pigs (7.9 ± 0.7 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicate pens and 4 pigs per pen. Three corn-soybean meal-whey-based diets contained fish meal (6% and 3.5% for d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28, respectively), SDPP 1 (4.5% and 2.7%), or SDPP 2 (5.0% and 3.0%) to maintain same energy and nutrient concentrations. During d 0 to 14 and overall period, pigs fed the diets containing SDPP gained more weight (P < 0.05) than those fed the fish meal diet with no difference between 2 SDPP sources. In conclusion, SDPP 1 contains greater digestible energy but less AA digestibility compared with SDPP 2. Growth-promoting effects of both SDPP sources in nursery diets have been clearly demonstrated in this work.

A comparative study of non-protein nitrogen supplements for sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Offer ◽  
R. A. Evans ◽  
R. F. E. Axford
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ammonium Lactate ◽  
Gross Energy

SummaryA basal diet, or the basal diet supplemented with equi-nitrogenous amounts of either ammonium lactate, ammonium acetate or urea was fed to four re-entrant cannulated sheep in a randomized block design.Collections of duodenal digesta were carried out automatically for a continuous period of 4 days following a 10-day equilibration period for each sheep on each diet.Supplementation with non-protein nitrogen increased the passage of total amino acids to the duodenum and increased the proportion attributed to microbial protein. It improved pre-duodenal digestibility of modified acid-detergent fibre and increased post-abomasal digestibility of non-ammonia nitrogen, dry matter and gross energy.Supplementation with non-protein nitrogen increased the energetic efficiency of microbial protein production in the rumen.Ammonium lactate and acetate were safe and effective sources of non-protein nitrogen for dietary supplementation.Supplementation with ammonium lactate led to a greater passage of microbial protein to the duodenum than did equi-nitrogenous supplements of urea or ammonium acetate.

A molybdenum - sulfur - cadmium interaction in sheep

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Smith ◽  
C. L. White
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Treatment Concentration

We determined the effects of increased dietary concentrations of molybdenum and sulfur on the accumulation and tissue concentrations of cadmium in sheep, and compared them with effects on copper. Forty sheep, each weighing approximately 40 kg, were adjusted for 3 weeks to a basal diet of 80% wheaten chaff and 20% lupin seed containing (per kg dry weight) 0·016 mg Cd, 0·45 mg Mo, 3·4 mg Cu, and 1·9 g S. On Day 0 of treatment, 8 sheep were killed and the tissues analysed for trace minerals to provide a baseline value. The remaining sheep were divided into 4 dietary treatment groups: control (basal diet plus 4 mg Cd/kg), +Mo (control diet plus 15 mg Mo/kg), +S (control diet plus 4 g S/kg), +Mo+S (control diet+15 mg Mo+4 g S/kg). The treatment period lasted 80 days, after which sheep were killed for tissue samples. Sulfur alone reduced the accumulation of Cd in liver, kidney, and muscle by 60% compared with control sheep (P < 0·05). Molybdenum alone reduced Cd accumulation by 40% in liver and muscle (P < 0·05) and 30% in kidney (P = 0·09). When provided together (+Mo+S), the effect was equivalent to feeding with Mo alone, showing that Mo blocked the effect of S. Cadmium concentrations in whole kidneys for the 4 respective treatments were 6·40 ± 0· 7, 2·8 ± 0·3, 4·5 ± 0·8, and 5·0 ± 0·5 mg/kg fresh weight. The pre-treatment concentration was 0·7 ± 0·2 mg/kg. For Cu in blood and tissues, the effects of Mo and S treatment were consistent with the thiomolybdate hypothesis, and were quite different from those seen for Cd. Copper concentrations in whole kidney for the 4 treatments were 4·1 ± 0·1, 3·5 ± 0·2, 4·7 ± 0·3, and 22·4 ± 3·9 mg/kg fresh weight. The pre-treatment concentration was 4·1 ± 0·3 mg/kg. The results show that increased dietary levels of Mo and S reduce the accumulation of Cd in tissues, and the mechanisms of action differ from those involving Cu.

Nutritive values of double-low rapeseed expellers and rapeseed meal with or without supplementation of multi-enzyme in pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-738
Author(s):  
Peili Li ◽  
Zhiqian Lyu ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Bingbing Huang ◽  
Changhua Lai
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding multi-enzyme on the available energy concentration and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids of double-low rapeseed expellers (RSE) and rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs. In Experiment 1, a total of 36 growing barrows were fed six diets in a replicated 3 × 2 factorial design. Diets included a corn–soybean meal basal diet, RSE diet, and RSM diet with or without multi-enzyme (1000 U g−1 of cellulase, 10 000 U g−1 of xylanase, 2000 U g−1 of glucanase, and 10 000 U g−1 of protease). In Experiment 2, a total of 30 crossbred pigs were randomly allotted to five diets consisting of a nitrogen-free diet and four cornstarch-based diets containing RSE or RSM with or without multi-enzyme. Multi-enzyme supplementation significantly improved (P < 0.05) the metabolizable energy (ME) value and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, and it tended to increase (P < 0.10) the ATTD of gross energy and digestible energy in ingredients. With the exception of phenylalanine, multi-enzyme supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the SID of crude protein (CP) and all amino acids (AA) in ingredients. Multi-enzyme supplementation enhanced fiber degradation and increased the ME value and SID of CP as well as most AA in double-low rapeseed co-products fed to pigs.

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