scholarly journals Digestibility of energy, protein, fat and non-starch polysaccharides in mixed diets: Comparative studies between man and the rat

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Bach Knudsen ◽  
Elisabeth Wisker ◽  
Martina Daniel ◽  
W. Feldheim ◽  
B. O. Eggum
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Lower Capacity ◽  
Good Agreement

The apparent digestibility of energy, protein, fat and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) of low and high dietary fibre (DF) mixed diets were studied in three series of experiments with man and the rat. Low DF diets were used as control diets in each experimental series and the DF level was increased by adding fruits and vegetables (Study 1), citrus fibre concentrate (Study 2) and insoluble barley fibre (Study 3), In Study 3 the high DF diet was fed at two protein levels. There was in most cases good agreement between the digestibility of energy between man and the rat, with the digestibility of energy of the low DF control diets of 0.941–0.950 in man compared with 0.933–0.952 in the rat and of the high DF diets of 0.897–0.931 in man and 0.865–0.920 in the rat. The biggest difference in digestible energy between the two species was found for the diet enriched with fruits and vegetables (0.032 absolute units) and citrus fibre concentrate (0.025 absolute units). Apparent digestibility of protein was slightly lower in man than in the rat for all diets in Studies 1 and 2. In Study 3, however, apparent digestibility of protein was consistently lower in man than in the rat with differences in absolute digestibilities between the two species varying from 0.023 (high DF/high protein) to 0.071 (high DF/low protein). The digestibility of fat was the same in man and in the rat in all but the high DF diet of Study 2. The rat appears to have a lower capacity to digest fibre polysaccharides than man and the digestibility of NSP was consistently lower in the rat than in man. The biggest difference between the two species was found for the diets in Study 2 where the digestibility of NSP in man was measured to be 0.774–0.885 compared with only 0.501–0.517 in the rat. For the other diets the differences in NSP digestibility were 0.077–0.137 absolute units. In spite of some differences between man and the rat in their ability to digest nutrients the various diets are ranked in the same order by the two species.

TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS FOR SEGREGATING CANADIAN WHEAT BY PROTEIN CONTENT

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. DUNNE ◽  
J. A. ANDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Magnetic Tape ◽  
Stratified Sampling ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Original Proposal ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Western Division ◽  
Computer Studies

Studies prerequisite to introduction of protein segregation of wheat were undertaken in collaboration with the Canadian Grain Commission. The principal data comprised a 5% stratified sampling of all carlots of wheat unloaded in the Western Division since 1 August, 1939, with records of origin, destination, unloading date, grade, protein content, etc.. Nine crop years were selected with protein levels of 14.4, 14.1, 13.7, 13.7, 13.6, 13.5, 13.4, 13.1, and 12.2%, and data for the 94,894 carlots were read onto magnetic tape for computer studies. Nos. 1 and 2 Northern were combined to simulate the new grade of No. 1 Canada Western. The Commission’s original proposal, that this grade be divided into three subgrades by protein content, namely, over 14.2%, 13.0 to 14.2%, and under 13.0%, was then examined by superimposing it on data for the 9 selected yr. The middle subgrade was reasonably satisfactory, containing 40–60% of the main grade in all but extreme years, and with a protein level varying between 13.75 and 13.35%; but the other two subgrades varied in amount from less than 10% to over 50%, and the protein level of the upper subgrades varied from 14.5 to 15.1%. In accordance with revised thinking, systems were then examined for guaranteeing subgrades at 15.0, 14.0 and 13.0%, or at 14.5, 13.5 and 12.5% (and at higher or lower levels when available). If boundaries are set low enough to meet guarantees in low protein years, levels 0.25–0.6% above guarantees occur in high protein years. Three subgrades, though not necessarily the same three, differing in protein level by 1.0% were feasible in all years, but strict uniformity in protein level could not be achieved within subgrades with systems involving constant boundaries between subgrades. Promotion of carlots from one subgrade to the next, on unload at terminal elevators, was then examined. In effect, this involves moveable boundaries, e.g. to guarantee 14.0% protein, the middle subgrade would have boundaries of 13.8–14.8% when the main grade has a mean of 13.0% protein, and of 13.9–14.3% with a mean of 14.5%. By comparison with constant boundary systems, from 8 to 25% of all carlots would be promoted by one subgrade, and strict uniformity of protein levels is achieved for all but the bottom subgrade. New data were collected to examine the practicability of systems involving moveable boundaries, and these studies will be reported in a second paper.

scholarly journals The effects of a supplement of dietary fibre on faecal excretion by human subjects

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia J. Prynne ◽  
D. A. T. Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faecal Weight

1. Four human subjects on strictly controlled diets were given a fibre supplement, 25 g Ispaghula husk (Isogel)/d, for 3 weeks.2. Replicate diets and faeces were collected during two 5 d balance periods. The first period served as control for the second which occurred after the supplement had been fed for 2 weeks.3. Diets and faeces were analysed for total solids, gross energy, total nitrogen, fat, available and unavailable carbohydrates.4. Three of the four subjects showed a considerable increase in faecal bulk; total faecal weight was more than doubled in two subjects. In two subjects the increase was brought about mainly by extra fibre in the faeces accompanied by a higher proporation of faecal water whereas in one subject it was also an increased excretion of nutrients. One subject showed very little change in faecal bulk.5. High values for the apparent digestibility of fibre were found during the control period; from 0.70 to 0.80. There was more variation during the experimental period when apparent digestibility of total fibre ranged from 0.47 to 0.82. Values arrived at for the minimum apparent digestibility of the fibre supplement were generally high; one subject appeared to digest Isogel completely. Isogel was degraded preferentially to the food-derived fibre; in particular, cellulose in the faeces was increased during the experimental period.6. Only one subject showed distinct decreases in the apparent digestibility of energy, N and fat in the diet. The results do not therefore agree with the generally held view that increased fibre in the diet decreases the apparent digestibility of the other nutrients.

scholarly journals Comparison of duodenal flow and digestibility in fauna-free sheep inoculated with Holotrich protozoa,Entodiniummonofauna or total mixed protozoa population

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivan
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

The present results are the last part of a series of experiments conducted in this laboratory on metabolism of major individual rumen ciliate protozoa species and their combinations in sheep. These species were inoculated into the rumen of fauna-free (FF) sheep to study digestibility of dietary fibre and duodenal flow of N. Sixteen rumen- and duodenum-cannulated FF sheep were divided into four equal groups and used in the present experiment. One group remained FF, while the other three were each inoculated intraruminally with the Holotrich protozoa sp. (HT),Entodiniumsp. (EN) or total mixed fauna (TF). In comparison with the FF group, the HT did not affect (P>0·05) the duodenal flow of non-NH3-N and bacterial-N, while the flow was decreased (P < 0·05) by both the EN and TF populations. The digestibility of fibre was increased (P < 0·05) by both the EN and TF populations, but the results for the HT group were mostly similar to those for the FF sheep. The fibre digestibility in the stomach for TF was intermediate between that for EN and FF. It was concluded that except when fed high-carbohydrate diets, the presence in the rumen of the HT protozoa are of no significant value or major detriment to ruminant production.

The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the ruminant: I. A synthesis of the results of digestibility trials with herbage and mixed feeds

1957 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover ◽  
D. W. Duthie ◽  
M. H. French
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Mixed Feeds ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

The apparent digestibility of crude protein by cattle and sheep of different breeds and types, both temperate and tropical, has been studied by means of an analysis of the results of feeding trials with herbages and mixed feeds in many parts of the world. No matter whether herbages or mixed feeds are used the digestibility coefficient (y) is shown to be related to the percentage crude-protein content of the feed (x) by means of an expression of the form y = a + b log x. The particular equation y= 70 log x − 5 is shown to give a reasonable fit of all the available data.The digestibility of crude protein in the feed is shown to increase very rapidly at low protein levels (from about 2 to 9%), and there after it rises more slowly as the crude-protein content increases.There is close agreement between the equations for herbage fed alone and for mixed feed which suggests that the total percentage of crude protein in the feed, irrespective of its nature, determines the digestibility of the protein.

Activity of Plasmin and Streptokinase-Activator on Substituted Arginine and Lysine Esters

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 018-031 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sherry ◽  
Norma Alkjaersig ◽  
A. P Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

SummaryComparative studies have been made of the esterase activity of plasmin and the streptokinase-activator of plasminogen on a variety of substituted arginine and lysine esters. Human plasmin preparations derived by different methods of activation (spontaneous in glycerol, trypsin, streptokinase (SK) and urokinase) are similar in their esterase activity; this suggests that the molecular structure required for such esterase activity is similar for all of these human plasmins. Bovine plasmin, on the other hand, differs from human plasmin in its activity on several of the substrates studied (e.g., the methyl esters of benzoyl arginine and tosyl, acetyl and carbobenzoxy lysine), a finding which supports the view that molecular differences exist between the two animal plasmins. The streptokinase-activator hydrolyzes both arginine and lysine esters but the ratios of hydrolytic activity are distinct from those of plasmin and of other activators of plasminogen. The use of benzoyl arginine methyl ester as a substrate for the measurement of the esterase activity of the streptokinase-activator is described.

Constructing Prophetic Divination

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martti Nissinen
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Common Category ◽  
Divine Knowledge ◽  
Historical Phenomenon

This chapter lays the theoretical foundation of the book, defining prophecy as a non-technical, or inspired, form of divination, in which the prophet acts as an intermediary of divine knowledge. It is argued that prophecy is as much a scholarly construct as a historical phenomenon documented in Near Eastern, biblical, as well as Greek textual sources. The knowledge of the historical phenomenon depends essentially on the genre and purpose of the source material which, however, is very fragmentary and, due to its secondary nature, does not yield a full and balanced picture of ancient prophecy. The chapter also discusses the purpose of comparative studies, arguing that they are necessary, not primarily to reveal the influence of one source on the other, but to identify a common category of ancient Eastern Mediterranean prophecy.

scholarly journals Responses of the Pheromone-Binding Protein of the Silk Moth Bombyx mori on a Graphene Biosensor Match Binding Constants in Solution

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Caroline Bonazza ◽  
Jiao Zhu ◽  
Roger Hasler ◽  
Rosa Mastrogiacomo ◽  
Paolo Pelosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Binding Constants ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oxide Surface ◽  
Binding Assays ◽  
Pheromone Binding Protein ◽  
Silk Moth ◽  
Good Agreement

An electronic biosensor for odors was assembled by immobilizing the silk moth Bombyx mori pheromone binding protein (BmorPBP1) on a reduced graphene oxide surface of a field-effect transistor. At physiological pH, the sensor detects the B. mori pheromones, bombykol and bombykal, with good affinity and specificity. Among the other odorants tested, only eugenol elicited a strong signal, while terpenoids and other odorants (linalool, geraniol, isoamyl acetate, and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine) produced only very weak responses. Parallel binding assays were performed with the same protein and the same ligands, using the common fluorescence approach adopted for similar proteins. The results are in good agreement with the sensor’s responses: bombykol and bombykal, together with eugenol, proved to be strong ligands, while the other compounds showed only poor affinity. When tested at pH 4, the protein failed to bind bombykol both in solution and when immobilized on the sensor. This result further indicates that the BmorPBP1 retains its full activity when immobilized on a surface, including the conformational change observed in acidic conditions. The good agreement between fluorescence assays and sensor responses suggests that ligand-binding assays in solution can be used to screen mutants of a binding protein when selecting the best form to be immobilized on a biosensor.

scholarly journals Naturalization and spread of the alien species Ozognathus cornutus (LeConte, 1859) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae: Ernobiinae) in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Cerasa ◽  
Gabriella Lo Verde
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ecological Role ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Potential Pest ◽  
Small Wood ◽  
Natural Barrier

AbstractOzognathus cornutus (LeConte, 1859) (Coleoptera: Ptinidae: Ernobiinae), species native to North America, is a saproxylophagous species and is known to feed on decaying tissues within conspicuous galls and on vegetal decaying organic material such as dried fruits or small wood shavings and insect excrements in galleries made by other woodboring species. A few years after the first record in 2011, its naturalization in Italy is here reported. The insect was found as successor in galls of Psectrosema tamaricis (Diptera Cecidomyiidae), Plagiotrochus gallaeramulorum, Andricus multiplicatus and Synophrus politus (Hymenoptera Cynipidae). The galls seem to have played an important ecological role in speeding up the naturalization process. The lowest proportion of galls used by O. cornutus was recorded for P. tamaricis (23%), the only host belonging to Cecidomyiidae, while the percentages recorded for the other host species, all Cynipidae forming galls on oaks, were higher: 43.6%, 61.1% and 76.9% in A multiplicatus, S. politus and P. gallaeramulorum, respectively. Although O. cornutus is able to exploit other substrates like dried fruits and vegetables, for which it could represent a potential pest, it prefers to live as a successor in woody and conspicuous galls, which thus can represent a sort of natural barrier limiting the possible damages to other substrates.

The effect on the reproductive performance of sows of dietary protein concentration and pattern of feeding in pregnancy

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Pike ◽  
T. G. Boaz
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Large White ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Lower Capacity ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYIn a factorial experiment the effect of two protein intakes and three patterns of feeding in the second pregnancy of 48 Large White x Wessex Saddleback sows was examined. The high protein (HP) diet (19·5% crude protein) contained 15% white fish meal. The low protein (LP) diet (10·5% crude protein) contained cereal protein only. Nutrient components of the diets differed in protein only. The pattern treatments involved allowances of 1·8 kg (L), 2·7 kg (C) and 3·6 kg (H) per day, the three pregnancy patterns being HL, C and LH with the changeovers made from the 49th to the 63rd day post coitum (p.c). Sows on the three pattern treatments received the same total amount of feed from 0–112 days p.c. and were treated alike at farrowing and during lactation.Fertility and parturition results were similar for all treatments, but the number of piglets alive after birth (when weighed) was least for LP sows on the HL pattern. At 3 weeks of age the size and weight of litters on HP sows were significantly greater than those on LP sows (P < 0·05 and < 0·001 respectively). More piglets were weaned by HP sows than LP sows (P < 0·05). HP sows gained more weight in pregnancy (P < 0·001) which was slightly longer, and lost more weight in lactation (P < 0·05) than LP sows.The HL pattern of feeding was associated with smaller live weight gains in pregnancy than the LH pattern (P < 0·001) and the total birth weight of HL litters was lighter than LH (P < 0·05), mean piglet weights being similar. Lactation performance was unaffected by pattern treatment.The main conclusion is that a low intake, particularly during the latter half of pregnancy, of protein which is of vegetable origin, is associated with decreased viability of the piglets at birth and in early suckling life, and with lower capacity of the sows for milk production.

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