scholarly journals Comparison of the effects of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) organic cyanide and inorganic cyanide on muscle and bone development in a Nigerian breed of dog

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ibebunjo ◽  
Beryl P. Kamalu ◽  
E. C. Ihemelandu
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Sodium Cyanide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz

Effects of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)-borne organic cyanide and inorganic cyanide in the form of sodium cyanide on bone and muscle development were investigated in eighteen dogs of Nigerian breed. After 16 weeks of stabilization in the laboratory from the time of purchase when the dogs were fed on the same diet, they were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of six dogs each. The control group was fed on rice while the other two groups were fed on either cassava (gari) or rice plus cyanide. The three diets were made isoenergetic and isonitrogenous by varying the quantity of meat incorporated into them. The results obtained after 14 weeks of feeding the respective diets indicated that there was retardation of muscle development in the gari-fed dogs. This may have resulted from gluconeogenesis from muscle protein associated with suppression of production of insulin by the pancreas in this group. The results indicated also that the effects of inorganic dietary cyanides on muscle development were different. Both forms of dietary cyanides, however, had no adverse effect on bone development

scholarly journals PSVII-2 Differentially expressed genes and their biological function in skeletal muscle of calves born from cows with or without protein supplementation during mid-gestation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 165-166
Author(s):  
Elisa B Carvalho ◽  
Letícia P Sanglard ◽  
Karolina B Nascimento ◽  
Javier M Meneses ◽  
Daniel R Casagrande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Q Value

Abstract Gestating cows have an increased nutrient demand to meet the needs of developing the fetus and the mid-gestation is a critical period for the fetal skeletal muscle development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the skeletal muscle transcriptome in the progeny as a function of the maternal protein nutrition during mid-gestation. Eleven Tabapuã cows and their male calves were used in this study. In the first third of gestation (0 to 100 days of gestation; dg), all cows were kept on pasture. From 100 to 200 dg, the control group (CTRL; 7 animals) received a basal diet achieving 5.5% crude protein (CP), whereas the supplemented group (SUPPL; 4 animals) received a basal diet plus protein supplementation (40% CP). After 200 dg, all animals received the same diet. Weaning was performed at 205 ± 7.5 days of age and animals were kept on pasture until reaching 240 days of age, when they were transferred to a feedlot. Muscle samples were collected at 260 days of age and RNA was extracted for RNA-seq analysis. Gene expression data was analyzed with a negative binomial model to identify (q-value ≤ 0.05) differentially expressed genes (DEG) between treatments. A total of 716 DEG were identified (289 DEG up-regulated and 427 down-regulated in SUPPL group; q-value ≤ 0.05). From the 10 most significant down-regulated DEG in the SUPPL group, two genes associated with apoptotic process were identified: MAPK8IP1 and GRINA, with log2 Fold-Changes (log2FC) of 1.04 and 0.49, respectively. From the 10 most significant up-regulated DEG in the SUPPL group, mTOR was identified, with log2FC=0.31. This is a well-known gene involved in muscle protein synthesis. In conclusion, maternal protein supplementation during mid-gestation affects the expression of genes related to energy metabolism and muscle development, which can lead to long-term impacts on production efficiency.

scholarly journals Potensi ekstrak daun singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) terhadap profil leukosit darah tepi model tikus disfungsi ovarium dan periodontitisPotential of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) extract on peripheral blood leukocyte profile in ovary dysfunction and periodontitis rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Lutfi Meiga Sari ◽  
Zahara Meilawaty ◽  
Pudji Astuti ◽  
Amandia Dewi Permana Shita ◽  
Agustin Wulan Suci Dharmayanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocyte ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Pendahuluan: Disfungsi ovarium merupakan keadaan ovarium yang mengalami kegagalan dalam sekresi hormon seks steroid. Penurunan sekresi hormon terutama estrogen dapat memicu peningkatan sitokin proinflamasi seperti IL-1, IL-6 dan TNF-α yang berperan dalam resorpsi tulang dan reaksi inflamasi periodontal. Salah satu drug of choice dari periodontitis adalah metronidazole. Penggunaan metronidazole secara sistemik dapat mengakibatkan efek samping, sehingga diperlukan bahan alternatif yang memiliki efek terapi antiinflamasi. Salah satu tanaman yang memiliki efek antiinflamasi adalah daun Singkong. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis potensi ekstrak daun Singkong sebagai antiinflamasi terhadap profil leukosit darah tepi model tikus disfungsi ovarium dan periodontitis. Metode: Jenis penelitian eksperimental laboratoris dengan post-test only control group design. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 18 ekor tikus betina yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok besar yakni kelompok disfungsi ovarium dan kelompok kecil periodontitis. Pembuatan model tikus disfungsi ovarium dan tikus periodontitis dilakukan selama 28 hari. Setelah masing-masing kelompok dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yang diberikan perlakuan aquades, metronidazole dan ekstrak daun Singkong selama 7 hari. Setiap tikus diambil darahnya melalui plexus infraorbitalis pada hari ke-1, hari ke-3 dan hari ke-7. Darah yang diambil selanjutnya dilakukan perhitungan jumlah sel leukosit darah tepi menggunakan kamar hitung dan perhitungan jenis dengan cara visual. Hasil: Hasil uji LSD menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna jumlah leukosit darah tepi antar hari pada kelompok tikus yang mengalami disfungsi ovarium (p≤0,05). Simpulan: Ekstrak daun Singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) dapat menurunkan profil leukosit perifer model tikus disfungsi ovarium dan periodontitis.Kata kunci: Disfungsi ovarium, periodontitis, profil leukosit perifer, ekstrak daun singkong. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Ovarian dysfunction is when the ovaries fail in the secretion of steroid sex hormones. Decreased secretion of hormones, especially estrogen, can trigger an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, which play a role in bone resorption and periodontal inflammatory reactions. One drug of choice for periodontitis is metronidazole. Systemic use of metronidazole can cause side effects, so an alternative material with a therapeutic anti-inflammatory effect is needed. One of the plants that have an anti-inflammatory effect is cassava leaves. The research objective was to analyse the potential of cassava leaf extract as an anti-inflammatory against the peripheral blood leukocyte profile in a mouse model of ovarian dysfunction and periodontitis. Methods: This was an experimental laboratory study with a post-test only control group design. The research sample consisted of 18 female rats divided into two large groups: the ovarian dysfunction group and the small periodontitis group. The making of mouse models of ovarian dysfunction and periodontitis rats was carried out for 28 days. After each group was divided into three groups treated with distilled water, metronidazole and cassava leaf extract for seven days. Blood was drawn from each mouse through the infraorbital plexus on day 1, day three, and 7. The blood that was taken was then performed to calculate the number of peripheral blood leukocytes using the counting room and the calculation of the type by visual means. Results: The results of the LSD test showed that there was a significant difference in the number of peripheral blood leukocytes between days in the group of rats with ovarian dysfunction (p≤0.05). Conclusion: Cassava leaf extract (Manihot esculenta Crantz) can reduce the profile of peripheral leukocytes in a mouse model of ovarian dysfunction and periodontitis.Keywords: Ovarian dysfunction, periodontitis, peripheral leukocytes profile, cassava leaf extract.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK KULIT BATANG JALOH (Salix tetrasperma Roxb) DAN SERBUK DAUN SINGKONG (Manihot esculenta Crantz) TERHADAP PERTAMBAHAN BOBOT BADAN AYAM BROILER (Effect of Willow (Salix tetrasperma Roxb) Bark Extract and Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Leaf Powder Supplementation on Weight Gain of Broiler Chickens)

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanum Harfinda ◽  
Rinidar Rinidar ◽  
T. Armansyah ◽  
Sugito Sugito ◽  
Mustafa Sabri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Willow Bark

This study’s purpose is to determine the effect of supplementation of willow bark extract (1000 mg/L) in drinking water and 15% cassava leaf powder in feed on broiler weight gain. This study was designed using completely randomized design (CRD) in which 20 broiler chickens were divided into four treatment groups with five broiler per each treatment. Control group (P0) was only given commercial feed, P1 (commercial feed + cassava leaf powder), P2 (commercial feed + willow bark extract), and P3 (commercial feed + cassava leaf powder and willow bark extract). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and followed by Duncan test. The results showed that P2 significantly different (P<0.01) compare to P0 and P3, and different (P>0.05) from P1. Group P1 was different (P<0.05) from group P3, but P3 showed no significant different (P>0.05) to P0 on weight gain. whereas feed intake was similar among treatments, however food conversion was differ among treatments. In conclusion, combination of willow bark extract and cassava leaf powder could not increase broiler chickens weight gain.

scholarly journals Potensi ekstrak daun singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) terhadap ekspresi MMP-8 fibroblas gingiva pada model tikus dengan disfungsi ovarium dan periodontitisPotential of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf extract on the MMP-8 expression of gingival fibroblast in rats model with ovarian dysfunction and periodontitis

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Zahara Meilawaty ◽  
Amandia Dewi Permana Shita ◽  
Paramudibta Lungit Kuncaraningtyas ◽  
Agustin Wulan Suci Dharmayanti ◽  
Zahreni Hamzah
Keyword(s):  
Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gingival Fibroblast ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Post Test

Pendahuluan: Disfungsi ovarium merupakan kondisi yang menimbulkan defisiensi hormon estrogen dan progesteron. Penurunan hormonal ini menyebabkan peningkatan produksi tumor necrosis factor (TNF) yang dapat memicu peningkatan produksi matriks metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). Periodontitis yang disebabkan oleh bakteri gram negatif akan memicu makrofag melepaskan TNF-α yang berkontribusi dalam pembentukan MMP-8. MMP-8 ini berperan dalam degradasi kolagen jaringan ikat gingiva. Meningkatnya MMP-8 dapat menyebabkan terjadinya periodontitis. Gejala periodontitis karena disfungsi ovarium dan induksi bakteri ini dapat diperlambat dengan bahan alam, yaitu daun singkong. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis potensi ekstrak daun singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) terhadap ekspresi MMP-8 fibroblas pada model tikus disfungsi ovarium dan periodontitis. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratoris dengan post-test only control group design. Sampel yang digunakan adalah tikus Sprague-Dawley betina yang dibagi dalam 5 kelompok yaitu (1) kelompok kontrol (K), (2) Kelompok yang diinduksi bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis dan diberi aquades, (3) Kelompok yang diinduksi bakteri Porphyromonas gingivalis dan diberi ekstrak daun singkong, (4) Kelompok yang diberi perlakuan ovariektomi dan diberi aquades, (5) Kelompok yang dilakukan ovariektomi dan diberi ekstrak daun singkong. Pengambilan jaringan gingiva setelah tahap euthanasia dilakukan untuk pembuatan preparat histopatologi dengan pewarnaan imunohistokimia. Pengamatan dan penghitungan ekspresi MMP-8 dilakukan dengan menggunakan software ImageJ dan Immunoratio. Hasil: Hasil analisis data one-way ANOVA, ekspresi MMP-8 fibroblas gingiva menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,000). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun singkong dapat menurunkan ekspresi MMP-8 fibroblas gingiva tikus yang mengalami disfungsi ovarium dan periodontitis diinduksi P. gingivalis. Simpulan: Ekstrak daun singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) dapat menurunkan ekspresi MMP-8 sel fibroblas gingiva pada model tikus disfungsi ovarium dan periodontitis.Kata kunci: Disfungsi ovarium, periodontitis, ekspresi MMP-8, ekstrak daun singkong. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Ovarian dysfunction is a condition that causes estrogen and progesterone deficiency. This hormonal decrease causes an increase in the production of Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF), which can trigger an increase in the production of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). Periodontitis caused by gram-negative bacteria will trigger macrophages to release TNF-α, which contributes to the formation of MMP-8. MMP-8 plays a role in collagen degradation of the gingival connective tissue. An increase in MMP-8 can cause periodontitis. Periodontitis symptoms due to ovarian dysfunction and bacterial induction can be slowed down by natural ingredients, such as cassava leaf. The purpose of this study was to analyse the potential of cassava leaf extract (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on MMP-8 expression of gingival fibroblast in rats model with ovarian dysfunction and periodontitis. Methods: This study was an experimental laboratory with post-test only control group design. The samples were female Sprague-Dawley rats divided into five groups: (1) control group (K); (2) Porphyromonas gingivalis induced group and given aquadest; (3) Porphyromonas gingivalis induced and given cassava leaf extract; (4) Group with ovariectomy treatment and given aquadest; (5) Group with ovariectomy treatment and given cassava leaf extract. Gingival tissue retrieval after the euthanasia was carried out for the histopathology preparations by immunohistochemical staining. Observation and calculation of MMP-8 expressions were performed using ImageJ and Immunoratio software. Results: The results of the one-way ANOVA analysis of MMP-8 expression of gingival fibroblasts showed a significant difference (p = 0.000); thus cassava leaf extract reduce the MMP-8 expression of gingival fibroblasts of rats with ovarian dysfunction and P. gingivalis induced periodontitis. Conclusion: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf extract can reduce the MMP-8 expression of gingival fibroblast cells in rats’ model with ovarian dysfunction and periodontitis.Keywords: Ovarian dysfunction, periodontitis, MMP-8 expression, cassava leaf extract.

scholarly journals Type 3 Resistant Starch Effect of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on Fasting Blood Glucose in Diabetes Mellitus Wistar Rat Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
T Ariani Widiastini ◽  
Elly Nurus Sakinah ◽  
Yudha Nurdian ◽  
Jauhar Firdaus
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
Type 3

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a condition in which both insulin secretion and insulin sentivity disturbed. One of therapeutic approach of T2DM is through diet modification using resistant starch (RS) that has proven controlling both postprandial and fasting blood glucose. Cassava starch has 28,57% amylose and 51,24% amylopectin that can be increased through autoclaving-cooling process. Therefore, it can resist the digestion proess by amylose enzyme. The aim was to describe the effect of type 3 resistant starch cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on fasting blood glucose (FBG) in Wistar diabetic rat models. This study was quasy experimental post-test only control group design using 16 Wistar rats divided into 4 groups, KN (normal), K- (DM), P1 (DM + cassava starch diet), and P2 (DM + type 3 RS cassava diet). High fat diet (HFD) and low dose streptozotocin (STZ) used as diabetic agents. Rats fed cassava starch or type 3 RS cassava diet for 28 days. GOD-PAP method used to measure the FBG level. The data analyzed using One Way ANOVA test with p>0,05 as significant value. The result shows no significant differences within experimental groups. Keywords: cassava, autoclaving-cooling, resistant starch, FBG

scholarly journals Short Communication: First record of the cassava lace bug Vatiga illudens (Drake, 1922) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) from East Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno Dyah Puspitarini ◽  
Ito Fernando ◽  
Yogo Setiawan ◽  
Dewi Anggraini ◽  
Hammam Abdullah Rizqi
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
First Record ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Wide Region ◽  
Lace Bug ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Puspitarini RD, Fernando I, Setiawan Y, Anggraini D, Rizqi HA. 2021. Short Communication: First record of the cassava lace bug Vatiga illudens (Drake, 1922) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) from East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2870-2876. The cassava lace bug, Vatiga illudens (Drake, 1922) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) is recorded from Indonesia for the first time. This species is found on the abaxial surface of leaves of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) in several plantations of East Java and heavily infest this plant. Vatiga illudens is native to the Neotropical Region and seems to be the alien species in the Oriental Region. This tingid has already spread over a wide region of East Java, suggesting that the invasion of the lace bug endangers the other regions cultivating cassava.

scholarly journals New aspects in pathogenesis of konzo: neural cell damage directly caused by linamarin contained in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Sreeja ◽  
N. Nagahara ◽  
Q. Li ◽  
M. Minami
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Cytochalasin B ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Spastic Paraparesis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Group 3

Epidemic spastic paraparesis (konzo) found in tropical and subtropical countries is known to be caused by long-term intake of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), which contains a cyanoglucoside linamarin (α-hydroxyisobutyronitrile-β-D-glucopyranoside). It has been reported that linamarin is enzymatically converted to cyanide by bacteria in the intestine, and this is absorbed into the blood and then damages neural cells. However, unmetabolized linamarin was found in the urine after oral administration of cassava; thus, we hypothesized that konzo could be caused by direct toxicity of the unmetabolized linamarin that was transferred to the brain and could be transported into neural cells via a glucose transporter. In the present study it was confirmed that linamarin directly damaged neural culture pheochromocytoma cell (PC) 12 cells; 0·10 mM-linamarin caused cell death at 13·31 (SD 2·07) %, which was significantly different from that of control group (3·18 (SD 0·92) %, P=0·0004). Additional 10 μM-cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of a glucose transporter, prevented cell death: the percentage of dead cells significantly decreased to 6·06 (SD 1·98), P=0·0088). Furthermore, glucose also prevented cell death. These present results strongly suggest that linamarin competes with cytochalasin B and glucose for binding to a glucose transporter and enters into cells via glucose transporter.

CONCENTRADO PROTEICO OBTIDO DAS FOLHAS DE MANDIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) DE TRÊS VARIEDADES COMERCIAIS.

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabel Aparecida Soares ◽  
Mauro Sérgio Téo ◽  
Carlise DEBASTIANI ◽  
Suzymeire BARONI ◽  
Vanessa Silva RETUCI
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar diferenças entre rendimento do concentrado proteico e proteína bruta da folha da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtidos a partir de três variedades comerciais: branca, cascuda e vermelha. As manivas foram plantadas seguindo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Nas comparações entre as variedades, considerou coletas escalonadas pós-plantio, realizadas aos 12, 14 e 16 meses. O concentrado proteico foi obtido a partir da farinha das folhas inteiras e submetido ao método de termo - coagulação ácido e a proteína bruta pelo método padrão AOAC. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey - 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados não indicaram diferença significativa entre as médias obtidas para rendimento de concentrado proteico. Para a variável porcentagem de proteína bruta a variedade Branca foi a que apresentou maior valor, com média de 46,25%, seguida pela Cascuda e Vermelha, 44,52% e 37,30%, sucessivamente. Conclui-se que outros estudos devem avaliar condições que possam influenciar no teor de proteína foliar, como clima e solo, e, avaliar os níveis de ácido cianídrico de cada variedade, indicando qual das três é a melhor para a extração do concentrado proteico das folhas. Palavras chaves: Manihot esculenta Crantz, variedades comerciais, concentrado proteico, proteína bruta. ABSTRACT: The study aimed to assess the differences between income protein concentrate, crude protein of cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtained from three commercial varieties: white, red and cascuda. The cuttings were planted following the completely randomized design with three replications. Comparisons between the varieties considered after planting staggered collections, held on 12, 14 and 16 months. The protein concentrate was obtained from flour of whole sheets and subjected to the term method - acid coagulation and crude protein by AOAC standard method. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test - 5% probability. The results indicated no significant difference between the mean values obtained for protein concentrate income. For the variable percentage of crude protein White variety showed the highest, with an average of 46.25%, followed by cascuda and Red, 44.52% and 37.30%, successively. We conclude that further studies should evaluate conditions that may affect the leaf protein content, such as climate and soil, and evaluate the hydrocyanic acid levels of each variety, indicating which of the three is the best for the extraction of protein concentrate from leaves Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, commercial varieties, protein concentrate, crude protein.

Assessment of micro and macro nutrients in poultry feeds available in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Md Didarul Islam ◽  
Ashiqur Rahaman ◽  
Fahmida Jannat
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Macro Nutrients

This study was based on to determine the concentration of macro and micro nutrients as well as toxic and nontoxic heavy metals present in the chicken feed available in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. All macro nutrients, if present in the feed at high concentration have some adverse effect, at the same time if this nutrient present in the feed at low concentration this have some adverse effect too. So that this nutrient level should be maintained at a marginal level. On the other side toxic heavy metals if present in the feed at very low concentration those can contaminate the total environment of the ecosystem. In this study six brand samples (starter, grower, finisher and layer) which was collected from different renowned chicken feed formulation industry in Bangladesh. Those samples were prepared for analysis by wet ashing and then metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. It was found that 27.7 to 68.4, 57.3 to 121.9, 0.21 to 4.1, 0.32 to 2.1, 0.11 to 1.58, 0.28 to 2.11 and 0.28 to 1.78 for zinc, iron, copper, mercury, cadmium, nickel and cobalt respectively. It was found that essential macro and micro nutrients were present in the feed in low concentration on the other side mercury was present in high concentration in the feed samples.

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