scholarly journals Gastrointestinal implications in pigs of wheat and oat fractions

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Bach Knudsen ◽  
B. Borg Jensen ◽  
J. O. Andersen ◽  
Inge Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Oat Bran

The present work was undertaken to study the microbial activity in various segments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of pigs as influenced by the source and level of wheat and oat dietary fibre (DF). Eight experimental diets were prepared from wheat and oat fractions and studied in a series of two experiments using wheat flour as the DF-depleted control. The diets in Expt 1 were based on wheat flour and three iso-DF enriched diets comprising fractions rich in wheat aleurone, pericarp/testa or bran. In Expt 2, oat bran was added to wheat flour to achieve the same DF intake level as in Expt 1. This series included further diets based on rolled oats and rolled oats plus oat bran. The eight diets were given to thirty-two ileal-cannulated pigs, with sixteen pigs in each experiment. After a total period of 34 d (Expt 1) and 42 d (Expt 2), the pigs were slaughtered 4 h post-feeding and samples taken for adenine nucleotides (adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP); adenylate energy charge (AEC)), organic acids (lactic acid (LA); short chain fatty acids (SCFA)) and pH at twelve sites of the GI tract. The microbial activity as measured by the ATP concentration was low in the stomach and the cranial two-thirds of the small intestine, but tended to increase in the distal third. In the caecum a sharp rise in microbial activity was observed; the highest level was found for the diet providing most fermentable substrates. In all the diets but the rolled oats+oat bran diets, microbial activity showed a descending pattern as the digesta moved through the colon. In the large intestine source and level of residues had a marked influence on microbial activity. LA was the chief organic acid in the stomach and small intestine (10–40 mmol/l) while LA relative to SCFA was a minor component in the caecum and colon (10–20 mmol/l). The contribution of SCFA to total organic acids was reciprocal to LA, i. e. low in the stomach and small intestine (<20 mmol/l) and high in the caecum and colon. In the large intestine the concentration of SCFA decreased from 100–140 mmol/l in the caecum and proximal colon to 40–80 mmol/l in the distal colon. The acetic: propionic acid ratio increased from the caecum to the distal colon. With the diets based on oat alone (rolled oats; rolled oats+oat bran) the increase was less significant. DF addition and oats in particular increased the butyric acid molar ratio, from 0.06–0.08 for the wheat flour diet to 0.10–0.12 for the diet based on rolled oats+oat bran. For the same two diets the proportion of isobutyric and isovaleric acids increased more rapidly with the wheat-flour diet compared with the rolled oats+oat bran diet.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal implications in pigs of wheat and oat fractions

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Bach Knudsen ◽  
Inge Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Oat Bran ◽  
Physical Presence ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Fat Excretion ◽  
Water Holding

The present work was undertaken to study the gastrointestinal effects of wheat and oat dietary fibre (DF) using 40–50 kg pigs cannulated in the terminal ileum. The variables studied were: chemical characteristics of the DF, ileal and faecal digestibility of nutrients and bulking properties of polysaccharides and other major constituents. The wheat products studied included refined wheat flour and wheat fractions rich in the following botanical components: aleurone, pericarp/testa and bran. The oat products used were rolled oats and oat bran. The products varied considerably in DF content (g/kg dry matter) and composition; non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and Klason lignin content ranged from 34 and 1 g/kg respectively in wheat flour, to 465 and 92 g/kg in pericarp/testa. The main NSPs in the wheat were arabinoxylans (AX) (64–69%) and cellulose (15–31%) and in oats mixed linked β(1 → 3; 1 → 4)-D-glucans (β-glucans; 46–63%) and AX (28–32%). The lowest content of soluble NSP was found in the lignified wheat fractions (bran and pericarp/testa) and the highest in oat bran. Eight diets were produced using the wheat and oat products and studied in two series of experiments using wheat flour as the DF-depleted control. The diets in Expt 1 were based on wheat flour and three iso-DF enriched diets prepared by adding DF from the fractions rich in wheat aleurone, pericarp/testa or bran. In Expt 2, oat bran was added to wheat flour to achieve the same DF intake level as in Expt 1. This series also included diets based on rolled oats and rolled oats plus oat bran. Starch was almost completely digested in the small intestine (0.97–1.00). However, there was a tendency to a slightly lower digestibility of oat starch compared with wheat starch. The recovery of wheat NSP in ileal digesta was 82–104 % compared with 64–66% for oats. The low recovery of NSP in oat diets was primarily due to the low recovery of β-glucans (25–36%). In the large intestine NSP and starch residues were extensively degraded. For the DF-depleted control diets or diets based on oats, 8–17% NSP survived breakdown while in the diets enriched with aleurone, pericarp/testa or bran fractions, NSP recovery was 33, 50 and 38 % respectively. Fermentative breakdown of carbohydrates in the large intestine was estimated to contribute between 10 and 24 % of the energy for maintenance. Energy derived from the inflow of organic acids from the ileum contributed an additional 1–4% of maintenance energy. In wheat endosperm, AX were broken down to a greater extent than cellulose, while the breakdown of AX in pericarp/testa was similar to that of cellulose. This difference in NSP breakdown can be explained by structural differences in the two types of cell walls. The breakdown of oat AX was lower than that of wheat flour. Wheat DF increased faecal bulk primarily by virtue of its physical presence and its water-holding capacity, while the oat DF stimulated faecal output through an increase in microbial biomass (Bach Knudsenet al.1991). The result was a higher excretion of protein and fat. The higher fat excretion with the oat diets was probably due to a higher bile acid excretion caused by the more extensive fermentation of carbohydrates and the lower lumen pH.

Innate Lymphoid Cell-Derived IL-22 Regulates Epithelial Recovery From Gvhd

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 339-339
Author(s):  
Alan M Hanash ◽  
Jarrod A Dudakov ◽  
Guoqiang Hua ◽  
Margaret O'Connor ◽  
Lauren F. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Immune Reconstitution ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Epithelial Tissues ◽  
Donor T Cells ◽  
Deficient Mice

Abstract Abstract 339 There is little understanding of the maintenance and regeneration of epithelial tissues after allogeneic transplant. Most clinical strategies to limit epithelial damage from graft vs. host disease (GVHD) also limit post-transplant immune function. Damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from GVHD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and damage to the thymus from pre-transplant conditioning and GVHD can impair immune reconstitution, predispose patients to infection, and increase the risk of relapse. Therefore, understanding of tissue damage and recovery could lead to strategies selectively protecting epithelial tissues, improving intestinal barrier function, and promoting immune reconstitution without worsening post-transplant immunosuppression. We have recently identified that IL-22 from recipient-derived innate lymphoid cells (ILC) is critical for promoting intestinal recovery from GVHD and for promoting thymic recovery from radiation/pre-transplant conditioning. IL-22 deficient mice demonstrated significantly reduced thymopoiesis after total body irradiation (TBI), and IL-22 deficient murine bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients demonstrated increased GVHD mortality and intestinal histopathology, deficiency of the antimicrobial molecules Reg3γ and Reg3β, and loss of intestinal stem cells needed for epithelial recovery. The source of thymic and intestinal IL-22 was RORγ+CD3−NKp46−IL-7R+CCR6+ lymphoid-tissue-inducer-like cells. Similar to as had been observed in the thymus, intestinal ILC produced IL-22 in response to IL-23, which was upregulated after TBI (p<.05 small intestine, p<.001 large intestine). IL-22 was also upregulated in response to TBI, but not in p40-deficient mice lacking IL-23 (p<.05 small intestine, p<.01 large intestine). ILC were radioresistant, as lethal TBI led to a three-fold increase in the intestinal ILC:CD4 ratio (p<.05). Furthermore, recipient-derived ILC comprised more than 50% of intestinal lamina propria ILC three months after T cell-depleted BMT, well after donor myeloid reconstitution and after donor reconstitution of the intestinal T cell compartment as well (Figure 1). Although intestinal ILC could survive lethal TBI, they were significantly depleted by both MHC mismatched (B6BALB/c) and MHC matched (LPB6) GVHD. Similarly, GVHD led to depletion of thymic IL-22+ ILC and reduction in thymic IL-22 levels (p<.001). Thymic IL-22 was critical for maintaining thymopoiesis during GVHD, as IL-22 deficient BMT recipients demonstrated significantly greater loss of double positive (DP) thymocytes after MHC-mismatched BMT. We previously identified that IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) signaling contributes to the migration of alloreactive donor T cells to the GI tract and that IL-21R-deficent donor T cells mediate significantly reduced GI GVHD. Given the similar homing molecules involved in the migration of donor T cells to the GI tract and thymus in GVHD, we evaluated the role of IL-21 in thymic GVHD. Donor T cell IL-21R deficiency led to increased thymopoiesis and DP thymocytes (p<.001), but not in IL-22-deficient recipients. ILC evaluation indicated that this IL-22 dependency was because IL-21R-deficiencient donor T cells had a reduced capacity to eliminate thymic ILC during GVHD (Figure 2). Therefore, donor T cell IL-21 signaling was critical for the elimination of recipient thymic ILC during GVHD, and preservation of the ILC compartment allowed for the IL-22 mediated regeneration of thymopoiesis. Finally, we also found that administration of rIL-22 post-BMT could reverse the thymic damage caused by GVHD and elimination of ILC, restoring the numbers of DP thymocytes to a level similar to what was observed after T cell-depleted BMT. In summary, IL-22+ ILC are radioresistant and capable of regulating tissue-specific epithelial recovery after allogeneic BMT. However, recipient ILC are extremely sensitive to GVHD, leading to a loss of the IL-22-mediated recovery response. IL-21 blockade can prevent the elimination of recipient thymic ILC by donor T cells in GVHD, and IL-22 administration can restore the thymopoiesis that is lost in GVHD due to ILC elimination. Maintenance of epithelial function post-BMT is thus an active innate immune response requiring cooperation between both recipient stroma and recipient hematopoietic cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Human intestinal glutathione S-transferases

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
W H M Peters ◽  
H M J Roelofs ◽  
F M Nagengast ◽  
J H M van Tongeren
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Cytosolic Glutathione ◽  
Glutathione S Transferases ◽  
Isoenzyme Composition ◽  
Specific Activities

Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases were purified from the epithelial cells of human small and large intestine. These preparations were characterized with regard to specific activities, subunit and isoenzyme composition. Isoenzyme composition and specific activity showed little variation from proximal to distal small intestine. Specific activities of hepatic and intestinal enzymes from the same patient were comparable. Hepatic enzymes were mainly composed of 25 kDa subunits. Transferases from small intestine contained 24 and 25 kDa subunits, in variable amounts. Colon enzymes were composed of 24 kDa subunits. In most preparations, however, minor amounts of 27 and 27.5 kDa subunits were detectable. Separation into isoforms by isoelectric focusing revealed striking differences: glutathione S-transferases from liver were mainly basic or neutral, enzymes from small intestine were basic, neutral and acidic, whereas large intestine contained acidic isoforms only. The intestinal acidic transferase most probably was identical with glutathione S-transferase Pi, isolated from human placenta. In the hepatic preparation, this isoform was hardly detectable. The specific activity of glutathione S-transferase showed a sharp fall from small to large intestine. In proximal and distal colon, activity seemed to be about equal. In the ascending colon there might be a relationship between specific activity of glutathione S-transferases and age of the patient, activity decreasing with increasing age.

scholarly journals Comparative clinical study of Nagradya Churna and Bhunimbadya Churna in management of Grahani w.s.r. to Irritable bowel syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Darshana . ◽  
Amitabh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Comparative Clinical Study ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Almost All

Grahani Dosha is vitiation of Agni i.e. functional derangement of Grahani regarding production of Pachaka Pitta (enzymes responsible for digestion) and also holding (Grahana) of Ama (food) for digestion. Grahani in Ayurveda is called as Pittadhara kala which is the seat of Agni responsible for digestion of food and situated above Nabhi. The part of small intestine and large intestine lying between Amashaya and Pakwashaya should be considered as Grahani. This part is also described as the sole site of Pitta. Various disorders of GI tract like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can be considered under heading of Grahani Roga. Both the formulations Nagradya Churna and Bhunimbadya churna are highly effective, promote appetite, digestion and remove Ama Dosha from the system by increasing the power of Agni. Madhu is Yogabahi and it helps to initiate the absorption through intestine properly. Total 40 patients of Grahani were registered and randomly divided into 2 groups for clinical trial of 45days. Result of the study revealed that both the formulations produced significant results in almost all cases barring a few patients who were suffering from longer period.

scholarly journals Neural motor complexes propagate continuously along the full length of mouse small intestine and colon

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. G99-G108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Costa ◽  
Timothy James Hibberd ◽  
Lauren J. Keightley ◽  
Lukasz Wiklendt ◽  
John W. Arkwright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Propagating Waves ◽  
Mouse Small Intestine ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Small And Large Intestine

Cyclical propagating waves of muscle contraction have been recorded in isolated small intestine or colon, referred to here as motor complexes (MCs). Small intestinal and colonic MCs are neurogenic, occur at similar frequencies, and propagate orally or aborally. Whether they can be coordinated between the different gut regions is unclear. Motor behavior of whole length mouse intestines, from duodenum to terminal rectum, was recorded by intraluminal multisensor catheter. Small intestinal MCs were recorded in 27/30 preparations, and colonic MCs were recorded in all preparations ( n = 30) with similar frequencies (0.54 ± 0.03 and 0.58 ± 0.02 counts/min, respectively). MCs propagated across the ileo-colonic junction in 10/30 preparations, forming “full intestine” MCs. The cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine increased the probability of a full intestine MC but had no significant effect on frequency, speed, or direction. Nitric oxide synthesis blockade by Nω-nitro-l-arginine, after physostigmine, increased MC frequency in small intestine only. Hyoscine-resistant MCs were recorded in the colon but not small intestine ( n = 5). All MCs were abolished by hexamethonium ( n = 18) or tetrodotoxin ( n = 2). The enteric neural mechanism required for motor complexes is present along the full length of both the small and large intestine. In some cases, colonic MCs can be initiated in the distal colon and propagate through the ileo-colonic junction, all the way to duodenum. In conclusion, the ileo-colonic junction provides functional neural continuity for propagating motor activity that originates in the small or large intestine. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intraluminal manometric recordings revealed motor complexes can propagate antegradely or retrogradely across the ileo-colonic junction, spanning the entire small and large intestines. The fundamental enteric neural mechanism(s) underlying cyclic motor complexes exists throughout the length of the small and large intestine.

scholarly journals Digestion of polysaccharides and other major components in the small and large intestine of pigs fed on diets consisting of oat fractions rich in β-D-glucan

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knud Erik Bach Knudsen ◽  
Bent Borg Jensen ◽  
Inge Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Oat Bran ◽  
Oat Flour ◽  
Micro Organisms

The digestibility of polysaccharides and other major components and the metabolic response of the microflora in the small and large intestines to oat diets varying in mixed linked (β(l →3; 1 →4)-D-glucan β-glucan) were studied in experiments with ileum-cannulated pigs. The oat fractions for diets were prepared in a dry milling process in which oat groats were milled into two endosperm fractions (oat flour 1 and oat flour 2) and oat bran. The digestibility of polysaccharides and the metabolic response of the microflora were followed for the two contrasting diets, oat flour 1 and oat bran, from ingestion to excretion while the digestibility of oat groats and oat flour 2 were estimated only at the ileum and in faeces. There was no degradation of β-glucan from either oat flour 1 or bran in the stomach and the first, middle and distal thirds of the small intestine (average digestibility approximately 0), while in the terminal ileum digestibility increased to 0·30 to 0·17 respectively. The digestion of starch in the first third of the small intestine was lower for the high-β-glucan oat-bran diet (0·49) than for the low-β-glucan flour diet (0·64). However, digestibility differences between the two diets levelled out as the digesta moved aborally in the small intestine and the digestibility at the terminal ileum was almost complete (0·970–0·995) for all diets. Oat non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) were an easily digestible energy source for the microflora in the large intestine less than 13% of dietary NSP being recovered in faeces. The bulk of β-glucan which survived the small intestine was degraded in the caecum and proximal colon while arabinoxylan was more slowly degraded. The amount of residues passing the ileo-caecal junction has little impact on the density of micro-organisms in the large intestine, which on the flour and bran diets were in the range of 1010–1011viable counts/g digesta, but a high impact on the activity of the flora in colon. Oat bran resulted in a higher proportion of butyric acid in large intestinal content compared with the flour diet. The faecal bulking effect of oat bran was mainly caused by an increased excretion of protein and fat, presumably of bacterial origin. Of all the diets tested the oat-bran diets had the lowest digestibilities of protein and fat at the terminal ileum and in the faeces.

scholarly journals Determination of protein and amino acid digestibility in foods including implications of gut microbial amino acid synthesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (S2) ◽  
pp. S238-S246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Upper Gi ◽  
The Impact

To meet the protein and amino acid requirements of individuals and of populations requires information not only about their requirements but also about the capacity of available foods to meet those requirements. Most of our current knowledge of the digestibility of food proteins and the methods to estimate it has been derived from work with animals. Because the microbiota of the large intestine alter the amino acid composition of the digesta, and because only trivial quantities of amino acids are absorbed intact from the large intestine, the current method of choice for assessing amino acid digestibility is ileal digestibility corrected for basal endogenous losses, that is, standardized ileal digestibility. For protein as a whole, however, because nitrogen absorbed in forms other than as amino acids can contribute to the nitrogen economy, the absorption of nitrogen over the whole digestive tract is the more appropriate measure. Most of the methods developed for estimating ileal amino acid outflow in animals are not directly applicable to man: the exception is the use of volunteers with an ileostomy. The flow and composition of ileal digesta in human subjects can also be measured by the infusion of a marker and withdrawal of samples through a naso-intestinal tube. However, this method is too demanding for routine use and is likely to be restricted to validating the application to humans of digestibility data obtained either from animals, of which the pig seems most suitable, orin vitromethods. Microbial activity in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is not confined to the large intestine: the numbers and metabolic activity of the upper GI microbiota lead to substantial amounts of microbial protein leaving the ileum. It appears however that a large proportion of the amino acids used by the upper GI microbiota are preformed - from the diet or from endogenous materials - rather than fromde novosynthesis. Although there are still uncertainties about the impact of microbial activity in the upper GI tract, the amino acid composition of ileal digesta provides the best available basis for estimating the proportion of dietary amino acids available for metabolism.

Anatomi Saluran Pencernaan biawak air (Varanus salvator) (Reptil: Varanidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Ihwan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Varanus Salvator ◽  
Commercial Purpose ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Biology Laboratory

Excessive hunting and poaching for commercial purpose of Varanus salvator in Indonesia can cause a decline in this animal population. However, the scientific information of this animal especially about the biologic of organ system is rarely reported. Therefore, this case opens up opportunities for researching, which aims to study the anatomy of digestive tract of water monitor macroscopically. This research has been conducted in Biology Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Kupang for 5 months from March to August 2016. The digestive organ of this animal that has been preserved in alcohol 70% was obtained before from two males of water monitors. Preservation process: the animal were anesthetized, exsanguinated, and fixated in 4 paraformaldehyde by tissue perfusion method. Observations were performed to the visceral site and morphometrical of digestive tract. The resulted data was analysed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. The digestive tract of water monitor consist of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. The dimension of each organ is different based on its structures and functions. The esophagus of water monitor connects the mouth cavity and the stomach and also as the entrance of food to the stomach. Water monitor stomach were found in cranial part of abdomen, in left side of liver. The small intestine was longer than stomach and it is a winding muscular tube in abdomen in posterior side of liver. The large intestine consist of colon and cloaca, while cecum was not found. This channel was extend lateromedially in abdomen to cloaca between left and right kidneys. The cloaca was the end of digestive tract which excreted feces and urine. From this research, we can conclude that the digestive tract of water monitor consists of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It’s difficult to differentiate small intestine and large intestine because there are no cecum.

scholarly journals Unusual case of amyloidosis presenting as a jejunal mass

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. e240226
Author(s):  
Sachin Mohan ◽  
Elliot Graziano ◽  
James Campbell ◽  
Irshad H Jafri
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Protein Misfolding ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Light Chain Disease ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Amyloid Light Chain ◽  
Possible Cause

Amyloidosis constitutes a heterogeneous group of disorders of protein misfolding that can involve different organ systems. The disease can occur either in a systemic or localised manner that is well known to involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GI amyloidosis can present with a wide range of symptoms including diarrhoea, bleeding and obstruction. This case illustrates a patient with localised jejunal amyloid light chain disease that was diagnosed serendipitously during a workup for haematuria. Our patient was otherwise asymptomatic, but this case underscores the importance of considering amyloidosis as a possible cause of isolated masses of the small intestine.

scholarly journals DSP Toxin Distribution across Organs in Mice after Acute Oral Administration

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Louzao ◽  
Paula Abal ◽  
Celia Costas ◽  
Toshiyuki Suzuki ◽  
Ryuichi Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dose Dependency ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Lipophilic Phycotoxins

Okadaic acid (OA) and its main structural analogs dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2) are marine lipophilic phycotoxins distributed worldwide that can be accumulated by edible shellfish and can cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In order to study their toxicokinetics, mice were treated with different doses of OA, DTX1, or DTX2 and signs of toxicity were recorded up to 24 h. Toxin distribution in the main organs from the gastrointestinal tract was assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis. Our results indicate a dose-dependency in gastrointestinal absorption of these toxins. Twenty-four hours post-administration, the highest concentration of toxin was detected in the stomach and, in descending order, in the large intestine, small intestine, and liver. There was also a different toxicokinetic pathway between OA, DTX1, and DTX2. When the same toxin doses are compared, more OA than DTX1 is detected in the small intestine. OA and DTX1 showed similar concentrations in the stomach, liver, and large intestine tissues, but the amount of DTX2 is much lower in all these organs, providing information on DSP toxicokinetics for human safety assessment.

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