scholarly journals The effect of soluble- and insoluble-fibre supplementation on post-prandial glucose tolerance, insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion in healthy subjects

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Morgan ◽  
J. A. Tredger ◽  
J. Wright ◽  
V. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Prandial Insulin

Six healthy non-obese male subjects were given three test meals containing 100 g carbohydrate and 1.5 g soluble paracetamol, supplemented on one occasion with 10 g guar gum and on another with 10 g sugarbeet fibre. A further six subjects were given the same test meal supplemented on one occasion with 10 g soya-bean-cotyledon fibre and on another, 5 g glucomannan. Venous blood samples were taken before, and at intervals for 180 min following the meal, and analysed for insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and paracetamol (as an index of gastric emptying). Arterialized blood samples were taken and analysed for glucose. Meal supplementation with both guar gum and sugar-beet fibre improved glucose tolerance, but circulating glucose levels were unaffected by the addition of either soya-bean-cotyledon fibre or glucomannan to the meals. Supplementation with guar gum and glucomannan lowered post-prandial insulin levels. Insulin levels were enhanced by addition of soya-bean-cotyledon fibre to the meal and unaffected by sugar-beet fibre. Post-prandial GIP levels were lowered in the guar–gum–supplemented meal and augmented with sugar-beet fibre supplementation. Addition of glucomannan and soya-bean-cotyledon fibre did not affect circulating GIP levels. The study failed to confirm previous reports of improved glucose tolerance following glucomannan and soya-bean-cotyledon fibre supplementation. The failure of sugar-beet fibre to reduce post-prandial insulin secretion despite improved glucose tolerance may be due to the observed increased secretion of GIP. The increased insulin levels seen following soya-bean-cotyledon fibre supplementation cannot be attributed either to changes in glucose tolerance, GIP secretion or gastric emptying.

Effect of exercise on acute postprandial glucose concentrations and interleukin-6 responses in sedentary and overweight males

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 1298-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Raman ◽  
Jeremiah J. Peiffer ◽  
Gerard F. Hoyne ◽  
Nathan G. Lawler ◽  
Andrew J. Currie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Blood Samples

This study examined the effect of 2 forms of exercise on glucose tolerance and the concurrent changes in markers associated with the interleukin (IL)-6 pathways. Fifteen sedentary, overweight males (29.0 ± 3.1 kg/m2) completed 2 separate, 3-day trials in randomised and counterbalanced order. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 75 g) was performed at the same time on each day of the trial. Day 2 of each trial consisted of a single 30-min workload-matched bout of either high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE; alternating 100% and 50% of peak oxygen uptake) or continuous moderate-intensity exercise (CME; 60 % of peak oxygen uptake) completed 1 h prior to the OGTT. Venous blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 1 h after, and 25 h after exercise for measurement of insulin, C-peptide, IL-6, and the soluble IL-6 receptors (sIL-6R; soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130)). Glucose area under the curve (AUC) was calculated from capillary blood samples collected throughout the OGTT. Exercise resulted in a modest (4.4%; p = 0.003) decrease in the glucose AUC when compared with the pre-exercise AUC; however, no differences were observed between exercise conditions (p = 0.65). IL-6 was elevated immediately after and 1 h after exercise, whilst sgp130 and sIL-6R concentrations were reduced immediately after exercise. In summary, exercise was effective in reducing glucose AUC, which was attributed to improvements that took place between 60 and 120 min into the OGTT, and was in parallel with an increased ratio of IL-6 to sIL-6R, which accords with an increased activation via the “classical” IL-6 signalling pathway. Our findings suggest that acute HIIE did not improve glycaemic response when compared with CME.

The Mechanism of Action of Guar Gum in Improving Glucose Tolerance in Man

1984 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Blackburn ◽  
J. S. Redfern ◽  
H. Jarjis ◽  
A. M. Holgate ◽  
I. Hanning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Fluid Convection ◽  
Insulin Responses

1. Experiments were carried out in human volunteers to investigate the mechanism by which guar gum improves glucose tolerance. 2. Guar reduced both plasma glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose load, and delayed gastric emptying. However, there was no correlation between changes in individual blood glucose responses and changes in gastric emptying rates induced by guar. 3. With a steady-state perfusion technique, glucose absorption was found to be significantly reduced during perfusion of the jejunum with solutions containing guar, but returned to control values during subsequent guar-free perfusions. 4. Preperfusing the intestine with guar did not affect electrical measurements of unstirred layer thickness in the human jejunum in vivo.. 5. Experiments in vitro established that glucose diffusion out of a guar/glucose mixture was delayed under conditions of constant stirring. 6. We conclude that guar improves glucose tolerance predominantly by reducing glucose absorption in the small intestine. It probably does this by inhibiting the effects of intestinal motility on fluid convection.

scholarly journals The effect of non-starch polysaccharide supplementation on circulating bile acids, hormone and metabolite levels following a fat meal in human subjects

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Morgan ◽  
J. A. Tredger ◽  
Y. Shavila ◽  
J. S. Travis ◽  
J. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽  
Glycocholic Acid ◽  
Bile Acid Binding

The effects of guar gum, sugar-beet fibre (SBF) and wheat bran supplementation of a high-fat test meal were compared with an NSP-free control meal and a meal containing an equivalent amount of the ion- exchange resin cholestyramine in healthy non-obese human volunteers. Their effects on gastric emptying, postprandial circulating bile acids, triacylglycerols and gastrointestinal hormone levels were studied. Thein vitrobinding of NSP and cholestyramine to [l-14C]glycocholic acid was measured and compared with theirin vivoeffect. Guar gum and cholestyramine supplementation significantly lowered circulating postprandial bile acid, triacylglycerol and gastric inhibitory polypeptide concentrations, but sugar-beet fibre and wheat bran were without effect. Liquid gastric emptying, as assessed by circulating paracetamol levels, was slightly accelerated in the guar gum-supplemented meal. Glycocholic acid bound strongly to the insoluble fraction of cholestyramine and the soluble fraction of guar gum. The insoluble fractions of SBF and wheat bran bound only small quantities of glycocholate; no bile acid binding was detected in the soluble fractions of these NSP. The study demonstrates that measurement of postprandial bile acids enables an indirect measurement to be made of bile acid binding to NSPin vivo. The results support the hypothesis that the hypocholesterolaemic action of guar gum is largely mediated via interruption of the enterohepatic bile acid circulation, but indicate that the hypocholesterolaemic action of SBF is mediated by another mechanism.

scholarly journals The effect of ispaghula (Fybogel and Metamucil) and guar gum on glucose tolerance in man

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Jarjis ◽  
N. A. Blackburn ◽  
J. S. Redfern ◽  
N. W. Read
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Glucose Plasma ◽  
Insulin Responses

1. The effects of incorporating Fybogel (3·5 and 7 g doses), Metamucil (7 g) or guar gum (2·5 and 14·5 g doses) in a drink containing 50 g glucose on plasma glucose, plasma insulin and gastric emptying were studied in thirty-eight normal volunteers. In addition, the effects of Fybogel (7 g) on glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and gastric emptying were measured in fourteen non-insulin-dependent diabetics.2. Both doses of guar gum significantly lowered plasma glucose and plasma insulin responses to the oral glucose load in normal subjects, although 14·5 g guar gum did not delay the half-time for gastric emptying.3. Neither Fybogel nor Metamucil had significant effects on plasma glucose responses in normal subjects. In addition, Fybogel (at either dose) had no significant effects on plasma insulin levels, or on gastric emptying in normal subjects or on plasma glucose and insulin responses in diabetic patients.4. The viscosity of ispaghula solutions (Fybogel) was lower than that of guar gum solutions.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide does not inhibit gastric emptying in humans

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (4) ◽  
pp. E621-E625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juris J. Meier ◽  
Oliver Goetze ◽  
Jens Anstipp ◽  
Dirk Hagemann ◽  
Jens J. Holst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide ◽  
Time Pattern ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Meal Ingestion

The insulinotropic gut hormone gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) has been demonstrated to inhibit gastric acid secretion and was proposed to possess “enterogastrone” activity. GIP effects on gastric emptying have not yet been studied. Fifteen healthy male volunteers (23.9 ± 3.3 yr, body mass index 23.7 ± 2.3 kg/m2) were studied with the intravenous infusion of GIP (2 pmol·kg-1·min-1) or placebo, each administered to the volunteers on separate occasions from -30 to 360 min in the fasting state. At 0 min, a solid test meal (250 kcal containing [13C]sodium octanoate) was served. Gastric emptying was calculated from the 13CO2 exhalation rates in breath samples collected over 360 min. Venous blood was drawn in 30-min intervals for the determination of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and GIP (total and intact). Statistical calculations were made by use of repeated-measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. During the infusion, GIP rose to steady-state concentrations of 159 ± 15 pmol/l for total and 34 ± 4 pmol/l for intact GIP ( P < 0.0001). Meal ingestion further increased GIP concentrations in both groups, reaching peak levels of 265 ± 20 and 82 ± 9 pmol/l for total and 67 ± 7 and 31 ± 9 pmol/l for intact GIP during the administration of GIP and placebo, respectively ( P < 0.0001). There were no differences in glucose, insulin, and C-peptide between the experiments with the infusion of GIP or placebo. Gastric half-emptying times were 120 ± 9 and 120 ± 18 min ( P = 1.0, with GIP and placebo, respectively). The time pattern of gastric emptying was similar in the two groups ( P = 0.98). Endogenous GIP secretion, as derived from the incremental area under the curve of plasma GIP concentrations in the placebo experiments, did not correlate to gastric half-emptying times ( r2 = 0.15, P = 0.15 for intact GIP; r2 = 0.21, P = 0.086 for total GIP). We conclude that gastric emptying does not appear to be influenced by GIP. The secretion of GIP after meal ingestion is not suppressed by its exogenous administration. The lack of effect of GIP on gastric emptying underlines the differences between GIP and the second incretin glucagon-like peptide 1.

Effect of hypothermia on the secretion of immunoreactive insulin in response to glucose

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Lin ◽  
J. Hunter ◽  
R. Weldon ◽  
R. E. Haist
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Immunoreactive Insulin ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucose Injection ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sugar Levels

Insulin levels in the serum of peripheral venous blood samples from normothermic (37 °C) and hypothermic (24.5 ± 0.5 °C) dogs were estimated by immunoassay before and after the intravenous injection of glucose. In contrast to the rapid rise and fall of glucose levels and insulin levels in normothermic dogs following glucose injection, in most of the hypothermic dogs blood sugar levels rose and were sustained above normal levels throughout the test. These changes were accompanied by elevations in blood insulin levels which were sustained or progressively increased. Several hypothermic animals showed a reduced insulin response despite similar changes in blood glucose.

scholarly journals The effect of guar gum on carbohydrate-, fat- and protein-stimulated gut hormone secretion: modification of postprandial gastric inhibitory polypeptide and gastrin responses

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Morgan ◽  
J. A. Tredger ◽  
A. Madden ◽  
P. Kwasowski ◽  
V. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Protein Meal ◽  
Gastrin Secretion ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
Fat Meal ◽  
Carbohydrate Meal

1. The effect of incorporating guar gum into predominantly single-component meals of carbohydrate, fat or protein on liquid gastric emptying and on the secretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), gastrin and motilin, was studied in healthy human volunteers.2. Volunteers were given either 80 ml Hycal (carbohydrate meal), 150 g cooked lean minced beef (protein meal) or 200 ml double cream (fat meal) either with or without 5 or 6 g guar gum. Liquid gastric emptying was monitored in the fat and protein meals by taking 1.5 g paracetamol, consumed in water, with the meals and monitoring its appearance in circulation.3. Postprandial insulin and GIP levels were both significantly reduced by addition of guar gum to the carbohydrate meal. Postprandial GIP secretion was also reduced by addition of guar gum to the protein meal, but protein-stimulated gastrin secretion was enhanced by guar gum. There was a significant negative correlation between peak circulating gastrin levels and the corresponding GIP levels. Postprandial GIP secretion and plasma motilin levels were unaffected by addition of guar gum to the fat meal.4. 5 and 10 g guar gum/l solutions in water possessed buffering capacities between pH 2.75 and 5.5.5. Guar gum at 5 g/l caused no detectable change in liquid gastric-emptying time.6. The observed augmentation of gastrin secretion by guar gum following a protein meal could be due either to the buffering capacity of guar gum or to the attenuation of GIP secretion. It is possible that the chronic use of guar gum could be associated with changes in gastric acid secretion.

scholarly journals The effect of guar gum and level and source of dietary fat on glucose tolerance in growing pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian E. Sambrook ◽  
Anna L. Rainbird
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Insulin Levels

1. Six growing pigs (30–75 kg) were fed on semi-purified diets containing either 30 g maize oil/kg diet (LFM), 30 g soya-bean oil-tallow mixture (1:1, w/w)/kg diet (LFST) or 160 g soya-bean oil-tallow mixture (1:1, ww)/kg diet (HFST) without and with the addition of guar gum (40g/kg diet).2. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations following twice daily feeding at 09.00 and 21.00 h were measured, during 24 h periods, in blood sampled from a permanent indwelling vena cava catheter.3. The source and level of dietary fat had no significant effect on pre-prandial plasma glucose or insulin concentrations except for insulin with diet LFST in the morning (P<0.05). Addition of guar gum to the diets had no significant effect on pre-prandial plasma glucose and insulin levels.4. The peak post-prandial plasma glucose and insulin levels were not significantly affected by dietary fat. The addition of guar gum, however, significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the peak post-prandial plasma glucose concentration with diets LFM and LFST and also the peak plasma insulin concentration for all diets except for diet HFST in the morning.5. The time taken to reach the peak post-prandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations was not significantly affected by dietary fat but it was increased by the addition of guar gum, although the differences were not always significant.

Markers of Hemostatic Activation in Affected Coronary Arteries during Angioplasty

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (05) ◽  
pp. 672-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas W Shammas ◽  
Michael J Cunningham ◽  
Richard M Pomearntz ◽  
Charles W Francis
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Balloon Inflation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Hemostatic System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hemostatic Markers ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
High Doses

SummaryTo characterize the extent of early activation of the hemostatic system following angioplasty, we obtained blood samples from the involved coronary artery of 11 stable angina patients during the procedure and measured sensitive markers of thrombin formation (fibrino-peptide A, prothrombin fragment 1.2, and soluble fibrin) and of platelet activation ((3-thromboglobulin). Levels of hemostatic markers in venous blood obtained from 14 young individuals with low pretest probability for coronary artery disease were not significantly different from levels in venous blood or intracoronary samples obtained prior to angioplasty. Also, there was no translesional (proximal and distal to the lesion) gradient in any of the hemostatic markers before or after angioplasty in samples obtained between 18 and 21 min from the onset of the first balloon inflation. Furthermore, no significant difference was noted between angioplasty and postangioplasty intracoronary concentrations. We conclude that intracoronary hemostatic activation does not occur in the majority of patients during and immediately following coronary angioplasty when high doses of heparin and aspirin are administered.

The Effect of Venous Occlusion on the Sequestration of Blood Platelets

1972 ◽  
Vol 28 (03) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Hladovec ◽  
Z Koleilat ◽  
I Přerovský
Keyword(s):  
Blood Platelets ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Venous Occlusion ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Pronounced Decrease ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Opposite Change

SummaryThe venous occlusion of all four legs in rats caused a highly significant decrease of platelet counts in venous blood especially after the correction for an opposite change in haematocrit. A very pronounced decrease in platelets was observed in human volunteers after a venostasis in one arm in the blood drawn from the occluded limb just before the release of occlusion. Similar decreases were found after a venostasis of both legs in postocclusion blood samples. The decrease in blood platelets results from temporary sequestration in the occluded limbs. The decreases of platelets after a 10 min occlusion of both legs are more pronounced in patients with post thrombotic states.

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