scholarly journals Nutritional encephalomalacia in the chick: an exposure of the vulnerable period for cerebellar development and the possible need for both ω6- and ω3-fatty acids

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Budowski ◽  
M. J. Leighfield ◽  
M. A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Oleic Acid Concentration ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1. Cockerels (1-d-old) received over a period of 4 weeks, a balanced diet containing either safflower oil (diet S) or linseed oil (diet L) as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Body-weight, and weights of cerebrum and cerebellum increased at similar rates in the two dietary groups. The total fatty acids (FA) of the cerebellum differed from the cerebral FA by their higher PUFA and oleic acid contents and their lower stearic acid level. During the 3rd week of life there was a spurt in accretion of PUFA in the cerebellum, but not in the cerebrum. At the end of the experimental period phosphatidylethanolamine was present at twice the concentration in the cerebellum, compared with the cerebrum.2. Diets S and L resulted in extensive mutual replacement of ω6- and ω3-FA in brain, without any significant change in the total PUFA. Brain oleic acid concentration was higher in the diet-L group than in the diet-S group, but saturated FA were not affected by the dietary treatments.3. These results may be relevant to basic brain biology and to chick nutritional encephalomalacia (NE). This disease, which specifically affects the cerebellum and is readily induced by diets supplying linoleic acid but deficient in vitamin E, usually reaches its highest incidence during the 3rd week of life and may thus be related to the cerebellar PUFA spurt that occurs at that time. The fact that NE was induced by linoleic acid, while α-linolenic acid exerted a protective action, points to an overproduction of arachidonic-derived eicosanoids as a factor in the etiology of the cerebellar lesion and possibly a structural change due to a loss of docosahexaenoic acid and gain of arachidonic acid in the chicks given diet S.

FLAVOUR REVERSION IN HYDROGENATED LINSEED OIL: I. THE PRODUCTION OF AN ISOMER OF LINOLEIC ACID FROM LINOLENIC ACID

1944 ◽  
Vol 22f (6) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Lemon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Spectral Method ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Isomeric Acid

Linseed oil that has been hydrogenated to a plastic consistency is subject to a type of deterioration termed "flavour reversion" when heated to temperatures used in baking or frying. Investigation of the course of hydrogenation of linseed oil by the spectral method of Mitchell, Kraybill, and Zscheile (11) has indicated that linolenic acid is converted to an isomeric linoleic acid; this acid differs from naturally occurring linoleic acid in that the double bonds are in such positions that diene conjugation is not produced by high-temperature saponification. In a typical hydrogenation, the concentration of the isomeric acid increased to a maximum, at about iodine number 120, of 18% of the total fatty acids, and at iodine number 80, at which point the plasticity was similar to that of a commercial shortening, the concentration of the isomer was 13%. Evidence is presented that the isomeric linoleic acid in partially hydrogenated linseed oil is responsible for the unpleasant flavour that develops when the oil is heated.

scholarly journals Beneficial effect of oleoylated lipids on paraoxonase 1: protection against oxidative inactivation and stabilization

2003 ◽  
Vol 375 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Duy NGUYEN ◽  
Dai-Eun SOK
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Pon1 Activity ◽  
Oxidative Inactivation

The effect of lipids on PON1 (paraoxonase 1), one of antioxidant proteins in high-density lipoprotein, was investigated in respect to inhibition, protection against oxidative inactivation, and stabilization. When the effect of lipids on the PON1 activity was examined, a remarkable inhibition was expressed by polyenoic fatty acids (C18:2–C20:5). Linoleic acid, the most potent (Ki, 3.8 μM), showed competitive inhibition. Next, various lipids were examined for prevention against the inactivation of PON1 by ascorbate/Cu2+, which caused a remarkable (≥90%) inactivation of PON1. Compared with saturated fatty acids (C6–C18), exhibiting a modest protection (9–40%), monoenoic acids (C16:1–C20:1) showed a greater maximal protective effect (Emax, 70–82%), with oleic acid being the most effective (EC50, 2.7 μM). In contrast, polyenoic acids showed no protection. Noteworthy, linoleic acid prohibited the protective action of oleic acid non-competitively. In the structure–activity relationship, a negatively charged group seems to be required for the protective action. Consistent with this, dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol, negatively charged, was more protective than dioleoylphosphatidylcholine. These data, together with requirement of Ca2+ (EC50, 0.6 μM) for the protective action, may support the existence of a specific site responsible for the protective action. A similar protective action of lipids was also observed in the inactivation of PON1 by ascorbate/Fe2+, peroxides or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Separately, PON1 was stabilized by oleic acid or oleoylated phospholipids, in combination with Ca2+, but not linoleic acid. These results suggest that in contrast to an adverse action of linoleic acid, monoenoic acids or their phospholipid derivatives play a beneficial role in protecting PON1 from oxidative inactivation as well as in stabilizing PON1.

scholarly journals The incorporation of linolenic and linoleic acids into the plasma lipids of sheep given intra-abomasal infusions of linseed oil, maize oil or linoleic acid

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Moore ◽  
R. C. Noble ◽  
W. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Cholesteryl Esters ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Maize Oil ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

1. The fatty acid compositions of the plasma cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, triglycerides and unesterified fatty acids were determined in three sheep at various times after they had been given intra-abomasal infusions of emulsions of linseed oil, maize oil or linoleic acid.2. The concentrations of linolenic acid or linoleic acid in the plasma triglycerides began to increase 1.5 h after infusion of the emulsions had begun. As the concentration of linolenic or linoleic acids in the plasma triglycerides increased, the concentrations of palmitic and stearic acids decreased, hut there were no appreciable changes in the concentrations of oleic acid.3. The concentrations of linolenic or linoleic acid in the plasma phospholipids and cholesteryl esters did not begin to increase until 8–9 h and 24–25 h respectively after the infusions of the emulsions had begun.4. It is suggested that, after absorption from the small intestine of the sheep, linolenic and linoleic acids are transported in triglyceride form to the liver where the triglycerides are partially or completely hydrolysed. These C18 polyunsaturated acids are then preferentially utilized for the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesteryl esters but not for the re-synthesis of triglycerides.

scholarly journals FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE FRUITS OF SYZYGIUM ZEYLANICUM (L.) DC. VAR. ZEYLANICUM

2017 ◽  
pp. 155-157
Author(s):  
Devi R. C. Bhanu ◽  
K. K. Sabu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Objective: Wild indigenous fruits are believed to be extremely nutritious, contributing a great deal to the general health of the tribal and rural population. To validate this claim, systematic studies are required to estimate their nutritional composition. The objective of the study was to analyze the fatty acid composition of Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. var. zeylanicum.Methods: The fatty acid composition of S. zeylanicum var. zeylanicum fruits were analysed by GC-MS/MS.Results: The major fatty acids were cis-oleic acid (43.47±0.62 %) and linoleic acid (31.14±0.35%). Total monounsaturated fatty acids in the sample was 44.21%. Omega-6, omega-7 and omega-9 fatty acids were detected. The polyunsaturated fatty acids in thefruits were linoleic acid (31.14±0.35 %) and arachidonic acid (0.15±0.22 %), whereas 24.51 % of the total fatty acids were saturated. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was approximately 3:1. The order of abundance of fatty acids, in some of the healthiest oils, viz. olive, canola, peanut oils is, Oleic acid>Linoleic acid>Palmitic acid>Stearic acid and the same order was observed in the present study.Conclusion: Fruits of S. zeylanicum var. zeylanicum too shows a healthy balance between unsaturated and saturated fats. 

scholarly journals Studies on the chemical composition of fruits and seeds of Pseudocydonia sinensis (Thouin) C.K. Schneid.

10.5219/1583 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 306-317
Author(s):  
Olga Grygorieva ◽  
Svitlana Klymenko ◽  
Olena Vergun ◽  
Olga Shelepova ◽  
Yulia Vinogradova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Pseudocydonia sinensis (Thouin) C. K. Schneid. less known plant species in the Ukraine conditions, but the fruits were widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of asthma, colds, sore throat, mastitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and tuberculosis. The content of protein, ash, and lipids in the seeds was found to be greater than in the pulp and peel. Monosaccharide analysis of neutral carbohydrate part showed the presence of two main sugars fructose and sucrose in the seeds, pulp, and peel. There is a higher beta-carotene content in the rind of the fruit than in the seeds and pulp. The total amount of fatty acids varied from sample to sample and contained mainly oleic acid, palmitic acid, linolenic acid, and linoleic acid. Linoleic acid in the seeds was 48.02% of total fatty acids, slightly less in the rind 42.70%. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in the pulp samples were 45.38, 21.32, and 14.93%, respectively. The total amount of amino acids found in the seeds was 105.0 g.kg-1 DM, including total essential amino acids (32.70 g.kg-1 DM). Glutamic acid was found in seeds to be the dominant free amino acid followed by aspartic acid and arginine in the seed. In our study, the antioxidant activity carried out by the DPPH method and measured by molybdenum reducing antioxidant power of peel, pulp and seeds were 9.41, 7.08, 6.21, and 158.81, 92.83, 78.58 mg TEAC.g-1 DM, respectively. Micro and macronutrients and amino acids predominated in the seeds, total fatty acids predominated in the pulp. The highest content of bioactive compounds (total polyphenols, flavonoid, and phenolic acid) and antioxidant activity was found in the peel. P. sinensis can be considered as a nourishing fruit with a copious potential with health-promoting roles and medicinal properties.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY AND FOOD SAFETY OF VEGETABLE OILS PRODUCED IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN

REPORTS ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Gulnar Aidarkhanova ◽  
Zhuldyz Satayeva ◽  
Marita Dzhakanova ◽  
Тulegen Seilkhanov
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Permissible Limits

Vegetable oils are a valuable multivitamin raw material for the food and pharmaceutical industry due to the content of effective biologically active organic components and mineral substances. To assess the quality and food safety of unrefined vegetable oils obtained from sunflower seeds and flax of Kazakhstan agro-formations by the method of «cold pressing,» we studied the basic indicators of their qualitative and quantitative composition. It was found that the organoleptic characteristics (transparency, color, smell and taste) of the tested vegetable oils correspond to unrefined sunflower oil of the highest grade, unrefined linseed oil of the first grade. Studies of the physicochemical parameters of sunflower and linseed oils: colored number (14,40 mg of iodine), acid number (1,4-1,5 mg KOH/g), weight fraction of phosphoruscontaining substances (0,18% and 0,5%), humidity (0,13%; 0,17%), peroxide number (6,7 and 9,0 mmol of active O2/g), iodine number (132 and 176 gJ2/100) and saponification number (188 and 187 mg/g) also correspond the requirements of regulatory documents and standards. In sunflower oil samples, the amount of oleic acid is 52,21%, linoleic acid 28,97% is determined, which are within the normal range, although they are adjacent to the levels of higher limits. Analysis of linseed oil fatty acids showed that samples contain linolenic acid 50,1%, All other fatty acids are noted within the permissible limits, and oleic acid 14,13%, linoleic acid 17,9% are close to the upper limits of permissible limits. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the optimal ratio of ω-6 andω-3 of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the composition of the studied vegetable oils correspond to their name in the ratio of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

scholarly journals The Fatty Acids Composition of Human Milk in Different Lactation Stages of Chinese Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 775-775
Author(s):  
Jiang Shan ◽  
Yang Zhenyu ◽  
Wang Jie ◽  
Duan Yifan ◽  
Pang Xuehong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Abstract Objectives To investigate the fatty acids composition in different lactation stages of human milk in China. Methods A large cross-sectional study was conducted and lactating women (n = 6481) within 0–330 days postpartum were recruited in China between 2011 and 2013. Human milk sub-samples (n = 1135) were randomly selected for fatty acids analysis in the original study. The sample size of colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk were 160, 177, 798 respectively. Fats were hydrolyzed and fatty acids methyl esters were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results The content of oleic acid, the highest level fatty acid in human milk, was 36.63%, 34.53% and 35.12% of total fatty acids in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively in China. The content of palmitic acid was about 23.69%, 21.90% and 20.82% in colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk, respectively. Saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids accounted for 36.99%, 39.14% and 23.49% of total fatty acids of mature milk, respectively. The content of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid was 20.47% and 0.54% in mature milk, respectively. The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenic acid (DHA) was 0.06% and 0.28% in mature milk, respectively. In addition to lactation stage, the fatty acids content differed significantly among various regions, nationalities, or mode of delivery. (i.e., Regions (city vs rural): oleic acid: 33.8% vs 36.4%; linoleic acid: 22.88% vs 17.21%; arachidonic acid:0.64%vs 0.59%; DHA: 0.42% vs 0.26%; EPA: 0.09% vs 0.04%. Nationality (Han vs Minority): oleic acid: 34.40% vs 36.59%; linoleic acid: 21.69% vs 16.54%; arachidonic acid:0.64%vs 0.57%; DHA: 0.38% vs 0.24%; EPA: 0.08% vs 0.04%.). Conclusions Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acids in human milk of China. In addition to lactation stage, the fatty acid concentrations vary among different regions and nationalities in China. Funding Sources This study was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (S160002), the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0400601) and the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (2010AA023004).

scholarly journals Inhibition of steroid 5α-reductase by specific aliphatic unsaturated fatty acids

1992 ◽  
Vol 285 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Liang ◽  
S Liao
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Binding Assay ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Undecylenic Acid ◽  
Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽  
Enzymic Assay

Human or rat microsomal 5 alpha-reductase activity, as measured by enzymic conversion of testosterone into 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone or by binding of a competitive inhibitor, [3H]17 beta-NN-diethulcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-3-one ([3H]4-MA) to the reductase, is inhibited by low concentrations (less than 10 microM) of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative inhibitory potencies of unsaturated fatty acids are, in decreasing order: gamma-linolenic acid greater than cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid = cis-6,9,12,15-octatetraenoic acid = arachidonic acid = alpha-linolenic acid greater than linoleic acid greater than palmitoleic acid greater than oleic acid greater than myristoleic acid. Other unsaturated fatty acids such as undecylenic acid, erucic acid and nervonic acid, are inactive. The methyl esters and alcohol analogues of these compounds, glycerols, phospholipids, saturated fatty acids, retinoids and carotenes were inactive even at 0.2 mM. The results of the binding assay and the enzymic assay correlated well except for elaidic acid and linolelaidic acid, the trans isomers of oleic acid and linoleic acid respectively, which were much less active than their cis isomers in the binding assay but were as potent in the enzymic assay. gamma-Linolenic acid had no effect on the activities of two other rat liver microsomal enzymes: NADH:menadione reductase and glucuronosyl transferase. gamma-Linolenic acid, the most potent inhibitor tested, decreased the Vmax. and increased Km values of substrates, NADPH and testosterone, and promoted dissociation of [3H]4-MA from the microsomal reductase. gamma-Linolenic acid, but not the corresponding saturated fatty acid (stearic acid), inhibited the 5 alpha-reductase activity, but not the 17 beta-dehydrogenase activity, of human prostate cancer cells in culture. These results suggest that unsaturated fatty acids may play an important role in regulating androgen action in target cells.

scholarly journals CONTENT OF FATTY ACIDS IN CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) OIL FROM ECUADOR

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrillo W ◽  
Carpio C ◽  
Morales D ◽  
Vilcacundo E ◽  
Álvarez M ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Pressing Method ◽  
A Value ◽  
Omega 6

  Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the fatty acids content in corn seeds oil (Zea mays) sample cultivated in Ecuador.Methods: Corn oil was obtained from corn oil seeds using the cold pressing method. Methyl esters fatty acids analysis were carried out using the gas chromatography (GC) method with a mass selective detector and using the database library NIST 14.L to identify the compounds present in the corn seed oil.Results: Methyl esters fatty acids were identified from corn (Z. mays) seeds using the GC mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analytical method. Fatty acids were analyzed as methyl esters on a capillary column DB-WAX 122-7062 with a good separation of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, and linolenic acid. The structure of methyl esters fatty acids was determined using the GS-MS method. Corn oil has a high content of linoleic acid (omega 6) with a value of 52.68% of the total content of fatty acids in corn oil and 29.70% of oleic acid (omega 9) of the total content of fatty acids in corn oil. The sample presented a value of 12.57% of palmitic acid.Conclusions: Corn oil shows a good content of fatty acids omega 6 and 9. The higher value was of omega 6 with 52.68% content. Corn oil has a good proportion of polyunsaturated of lipids (53.80%) and 14.86% of saturated lipids.

Effect of Resin Components on the Reversion Process of Sulfur-Vulcanized Guayule Rubber

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Sloan ◽  
Michael J. Maghochetti ◽  
Walter X. Zukas
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Stearic Acid ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Abstract An effort to characterize the reversion process of guayule rubber when naturally-occurring guayule resin components are present has shown that these components act as a reversion-retarding material. The amount of reversion resistance varies as a function of temperature, concentration, and type of fatty acid. Of the three fatty acids used, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid, linoleic acid performed the best for reversion resistance, followed by stearic acid, then oleic acid. When the temperature was increased 10°C, an increase of 15% reversion was observed. This held true for the three temperatures studied. In addition, the amount of reversion improvement upon addition was 20% reversion. In the case of curing at 150°C, this resulted in 0% reversion. The 20% resistance improvment was consistent for the 3 temperatures studied.

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