scholarly journals Proline as an essential amino acid for the young pig

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald O. Ball ◽  
James L. Atkinson ◽  
Henry S. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Arginine Concentration

1. The catabolism of L-[ l-14C]phenylalanine was used to indicate the effects of single amino acid supplementation of an inadequate protein diet (200 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25)/kg) on the utilization of dietary amino acids in pigs of 2.5 kg body-weight reared on an adequate protein diet (240 g crude protein/kg) containing skim milk and a mixture of free amino acids.2. The oxidation of phenylalanine was decreased by the addition of proline or arginine to the inadequate protein diet but not by the addition of threonine, methionine, lysine or a mixture of essential amino acids, indicating that proline and arginine were limiting the utilization of dietary amino acids in the inadequate protein diet.3. Dietary proline concentrations of 13.9 and 14.2 g/kg minimized phenylalanine oxidation in diets containing 200 or 260 g protein/kg. This indicates a dietary proline requirement of 14 g/kg.4. Increasing the dietary arginine concentration in a diet containing 240 g protein/kg showed that an arginine concentration of 5.1 g/kg minimized phenylalanine oxidation. However, increasing the arginine concentration in a diet containing 200 g protein/kg increased phenylalanine oxidation, suggesting an amino acid imbalance involving arginine at this lower level of protein.

scholarly journals Performance of Broilers Fed Low Protein Diets with Lysine and Methionine Supplements

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
Nancy Montilla ◽  
◽  
Lolito Bestil ◽  
Sulpecio Bantugan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Low Protein

A feeding trial with broilers was conducted to evaluate the effects of amino acids (lysine and methionine) supplementation of diets low in protein content on the voluntary intake, feed conversion efficiency, broiler performance, and cost and return of broiler production. Results showed cumulative voluntary feed intake was not significantly affected by lowering the protein content of the diet. Cumulative weight gain of broilers was lower with diet when supplemented iwht lysine and methionine to meet requirements. Birds fed with diets low in protein has less efficient feed converstion, but became comparable with those receiveing diets high in protein when supplemented with amino acids. Feed cost per kilogram broiler produced was not significantly affected by diets used in the study, although the low-protien diet with amino acid supplement had the lowest values. In terms of return above feed and chick cost, broilers fed with high-protein diet had the greatest value, but not significantly different from birds fed with low-protien diet with amino acid supplementation which gave about P10 per bird higher returns than those fed low-protein diet without amino acid supplementation.

High protein wheats for poultry. 1. Use in broiler diets

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (53) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Turner ◽  
GG Payne
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Factor ◽  
Protein Diets

High protein wheat was the sole cereal in 20 and 25 per cent crude protein broiler starter diets. On the. 25 per cent protein diet, performance was maximized without amino acid supplementation. Using high protein wheat in 20 per cent protein diets, growth rate was improved by l-lysine supplementation of 0.3 per cent. However, this growth rate was not at a maximum level. Some other dietary factor was necessary, and this did not appear to be essential amino acids, singly or in combination.

scholarly journals Oxidation of an indicator amino acid by young pigs receiving diets with varying levels of lysine or threonine, and an assessment of amino acid requirements

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu-Il Kim ◽  
James I. Elliott ◽  
Henry S. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

1. The catabolism of [14C]phenylalanine was used to indicate the effects of varying the dietary level of lysine and threonine on the retention of dietary amino acids by 2-week-old pigs receiving diets containing skim milk and a mixture of free amino acids.2. Reducing the dietary level of lysine from 16 to 12 g/kg had no influence on phenylalanine oxidation, reducing the lysine level from 12 to 11 then to 10 g/kg caused an almost linear increase in phenylalanine oxidation whereas further reduction to 9 or 8 g/kg resulted in a less-marked increase in phenylalanine oxidation. This showed that 12 g lysine/kg was required to maximize amino acid retention and indicated that lysine was conserved more effectively at low dietary concentrations than at dietary concentrations approaching the requirement.3. Reducing the dietary level of threonine from 8 to 6 g/kg had no influence on phenylalanine oxidation, whereas further reduction to 4 g/kg caused a linear increase in phenylalanine catabolism showing that 6 g threonine/kg was required to maximize amino acid retention.4. Reduction of the levels of lysine, threonine and methionine from the generous levels characteristic of a diet containing 240 g protein from skim milk/kg, to the requirement levels determined separately in the presence of the generous levels of all the other amino acids, resulted in a twofold increase in phenylalanine catabolism. This shows that the pig seems able to conserve limiting intakes of a single amino acid, but not if the intakes of two or three amino acids are limiting.

scholarly journals Limiting amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets and their impacts on growth performance and carcass composition in Labeo rohita (rohu) adult fish

2023 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ayub ◽  
F. Rasool ◽  
N. Khan ◽  
S. N. Qaisrani ◽  
S. Parveen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids

Abstract Ninety days study was conducted in hapas installed in earthen ponds. Fish of an average initial weight (220g) were evenly distributed in triplicate groups within fifteen hapas. Five experimental diets labeled as T1 (25% CP and NRC recommended amino acid level) as control diet, T2 (with 2% low protein and 5% amino acid supplementation), T3 (with 2% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation), T4 (with 4% low protein and 10% amino acid supplementation) and T5 (with 4% low protein and 20% amino acid supplementation) were prepared. Fish were fed with @3% of their body weight twice a day at 10.00 & 16:00 hour. Significantly higher percent weight gain (420.18 ± 66.84a) and specific growth rate (13499.33±1273.54a) along with improved feed conversion ratio (1.29 ± 0.09b) and hundred percent survivals were recorded during the trial. Furthermore proximate analysis of meat showed significant improvement in the crude protein level (81.77 ± 0.19a) served with diet containing 20% limiting amino acids mixture. Therefore, limiting amino acids can be a source of cost effective feed and use safely in L. rohita diet.

scholarly journals The nitrogen requirement of the weanling kitten

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Smalley ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers ◽  
James G. Morris ◽  
Loren L. Eslinger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Requirement ◽  
Four Levels

1. The nitrogen requirement of the weanling kitten was determined in a series of three experiments. In each experiment, diets were formulated to provide the growing kitten with the essential amino acids at or above the level of requirement. Expt 1 utilized a 4 x 4 balanced Latin square design with two groups of kittens (four male and four female). The crystalline L-amino acid diets were presented at four levels of dietary crude protein (N x 6.25) of 140, 160, 180 and 200 g/kg diet. The design for Expts 2 and 3 was a 6 x 6 balanced Latin square. For each of these experiments, groups of six male and six female kittens were assigned to diets. The six levels of dietary crude protein were 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 and 220 g/kg diet; dietary N was supplied by crystalline L-amino acids for Expt 2 and casein plus a supplementary amino acid mix for Expt 3. Food intake, weight gain and N retention were determined in each experiment.2. A sigmoidal model y =P1+ P2/[1 +e(p2+p4. x)] was fitted to the response of weight gain and N retention to dietary N. The calculated requirement (95% of the upper asymptote, P1 + P2) for these experiments varied from 170 to 230 g protein/kg diet with the majority of these values falling between 180 and 200 g protein/kg.3. On the basis of these three experiments, the kitten's requirement for dietary crude protein is between 180 and 200 g/kg diet (28.8–32.0 gN/kg) for purified diets which provide a calculated 21 MJ metabolizable energ//kg diet.

scholarly journals Influence of dietary protein concentration on the oxidation of phenylalanine by the young pig

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald O. Ball ◽  
Henry S. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Intact Protein

1. Piglets were weaned at 3 d of age and reared to 2.5 kg on a liquid diet in which the protein was supplied by dried skim milk and a mixture of free amino acids. The oxidation of L-[l-14C]phenyIalanine was measured as an indication of the partition of amino acids between retention and catabolism in pigs (2.5 kg) offered meals containing vaned concentrations of crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25).2. The dietary protein concentration was varied either by increasing the inclusion of a mixture of free amino acids in a series of diets containing 100 g protein/kg from skim milk, or by increasing the level of inclusion of the skim milk in a series of diets containing the equivalent of 100 g protein/kg from the free amino acid mixture.3. The oxidation of phenylalanine was minimized by dietary protein concentrations of 240 and 258 g/kg for the diets containing increasing concentrations of free amino acids or skim milk respectively.4. These results show that a mixture of free amino acids is used more effectively than intact protein for promoting retention of essential amino acids.5. The recovery of radioactivity in expired carbon dioxide was inversely related to the recovery of radioactivity in liver tissue when the concentration of dietary crude protein was increased from deficient to adequate, demonstrating that the fractional oxidation of the indicator amino acid was inversely related to protein synthesis.

scholarly journals Order of amino acid inclusion in the diet of DeKalb White laying hens

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Vargas Gonçalves Vieira ◽  
Thiago De Sousa Melo ◽  
José Humberto Vilar da Silva ◽  
Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa ◽  
Danilo Teixeira Cavalcante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Haugh Unit

Three hundred and twenty-four DeKalb White laying hens aged 42 weeks were distributed in a completely randomised design with nine treatments and six replicates of six birds in each treatment. The experiment lasted 112 days. Diets were: T1 = 16.02% crude protein - CP [Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Val]; T2 = 14.02% CP [Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Ile + Val]; T3 = 14.02% CP [no amino acid supplementation]; T4 = 14.02% CP [Met + Lys + Thr + Trp]; T5 = 14.02% CP [Met + Lys + Thr]; T6 = 14.02% CP [Met]; T7 = 14.02% CP [Lys]; T8 = 14.02% CP [Thr]; T9 = 14.02% CP [Trp]. Regarding the quality of the eggs, the percentage of yolk and albumen, shell thickness and Haugh unit were not affected by the different diets. The percentage of shell, specific gravity and albumen height showed significant differences. We found that supplementation of only one amino acid in the diet (T7, T8 or T9), with the exception of methionine (T6), worsened performance relative to the control. Supplementation of three amino acids (methionine, lysine and threonine; T5) or four amino acids (methionine, lysine, threonine and tryptophan; T4) worsened egg production and conversion per mass and per dozen eggs; however, feed intake and egg weight and mass were similar to the control treatment. When all amino acids (methionine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine and valine; T2) were supplemented performance was similar to the control treatment in all variables. Supplementation of methionine, lysine and threonine is essential for birds in the laying phase; however the addition of six essential amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, valine and isoleucine) to the diet of laying hens is important for a good productive performance comparable with the control treatment T1. However, the inclusion of the latter two (isoleucine and valine) is justified only if the production cost is lower.

scholarly journals Replacing protein supplements in barley-based diets for growing pigs with free lysine and methionine

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-253
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lower Protein

Protein metabolism and utilization, and performance were examined in pigs kept on diets with two protein levels, 15 and 17 % crude protein(cp), and supplementation with free L-lysine and DL-methionine. In the 5 x 5 Latin square balance trial, 15 and 17 % cp diets were fed with and without supplementation with 2 g lysine/kg feed and one 15cp diet with both lysine and 0.7 g methionine. The diets had 120 and 136 g DCP/FU, lysine 7.8, 9.4 and 11.0g/kg and sulphur amino acids 4.4, 5.0 and 5.1 g/kg. Nitrogen retention was 13 % higher on the 17 % cp diet than on the 15 % cp diet (P > 0.05). The lysine supplementation improved N retention by 4.3 % on the 15 % cp diet and supplementation with the two amino acids improved it by 2.5 % (P > 0.05 %). Urinary urea excretion on the 17 % cp diet was 17—12 %higher than on unsupplemented 15 % cp diet, and on the diets with amino acid supplementation it was 7—8 % lower (P < 0.05) than on the diets without. In the first feeding trial with 500 pigs, the higher-protein diet gave 7.4 % better daily gains. The diet with 15 % cp supplemented with lysine gave only 2.3 % better gains than the basal 15 % cp diet. The difference in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) between protein levels was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The second feeding trial was a comparison of 17 % and 15 % cp diets in which the lysine and sulphur amino acid levels had been equalized by supplementing the 15 % cp diet with lysine and methionine. The pigs were fed on a grower diet with 18 % cp to 50kg live weight and afterwards the experimental diets were fed separately to the gilts and castrates. The pigs grew similarly on the two diets, 783 vs. 780 g daily. The FCE was better on the lower-protein diet and lower in the gilts then the castrates. The gilts gave better carcase quality than the castrates and the lower-protein diet tended to give better carcase quality. The rather poor response to supplemental free amino acids in the present study seems to indicate limitation of inadequate supply of other amino acid.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES. II. AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THE PROTEIN AND NON-PROTEIN FRACTIONS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. JABBAR MUZTAR ◽  
S. J. SLINGER ◽  
J. H. BURTON
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Reference Pattern ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Leaf Protein Concentrate ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Method Of Extraction

The amino acid profile, crude protein (N × 6.25) and true protein (sum of all amino acids) levels were investigated in washed samples of several species of aquatic plants. There were differences of as much as 6% in the levels of crude protein and true protein of some of the species analyzed. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and glycine, among the non-essential amino acids, and leucine, lysine, arginine and valine among the essential amino acids were major contributors to proteins in these plants. Levels of essential amino acids in the plants under investigation compared favorably with the FAO reference pattern and leaf protein concentrate. The non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and free amino acids (FAA) remaining in solution following the precipitation of protein using 80% ethanol, 5% TCA or 10% TCA were also determined in four species. Less total NPN remained in solution following ethanol extraction than when either 5 or 10% TCA was used. In addition to amino acids normally occurring in protein, ornithine, citrulline, asparagine, glutamine and -γ-amino butyric acid were also present in the NPN fraction. The FAA content ranged from approximately 6.6 to 16.8% of the total NPN, depending upon species of plant and method of extraction. The analysis indicated that this fraction could be nutritionally utilized by monogastric animals.

Single Amino Acid Based Self-Assemblies of Cysteine and Methionine

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Gour ◽  
Bharti Koshti ◽  
Chandra Kanth P. ◽  
Dhruvi Shah ◽  
Vivek Shinh Kshatriya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Neutral Condition ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Binding Assays ◽  
Human Neuroblastoma ◽  
Cytotoxicity Assays ◽  
First Time

We report for the very first time self-assembly of Cysteine and Methionine to discrenible strucutres under neutral condition. To get insights into the structure formation, thioflavin T and Congo red binding assays were done which revealed that aggregates may not have amyloid like characteristics. The nature of interactions which lead to such self-assemblies was purported by coincubating assemblies in urea and mercaptoethanol. Further interaction of aggregates with short amyloidogenic dipeptide diphenylalanine (FF) was assessed. While cysteine aggregates completely disrupted FF fibres, methionine albeit triggered fibrillation. The cytotoxicity assays of cysteine and methionine structures were performed on Human Neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells which suggested that aggregates are not cytotoxic in nature and thus, may not have amyloid like etiology. The results presented in the manuscript are striking, since to the best of our knowledge,this is the first report which demonstrates that even non-aromatic amino acids (cysteine and methionine) can undergo spontaneous self-assembly to form ordered aggregates.

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