scholarly journals The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Greife ◽  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment four cows were given, twice daily, diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 (H) times maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehyde (HCH0)-treated (T).2. The passage of digesta to the duodenum was estimated using chromic oxide as a flow marker;35S was used to estimate the amount of microbial protein entering the small intestine. A microbial fraction was prepared by differential centrifugation from duodenal digesta. Samples of bacteria and of protozoa from rumen digesta were also prepared.3. The total amino acid contents of feedingstuffs, duodenal digesta, duodenal microbial material, rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. The D-alanine and D-glutamic acid contents of the samples were determined by gas–liquid chromatography.4. The quantity of each amino acid entering the small intestine was significantly (P < 0,001) increased by increasing DM intake and tended to be increased by formaldehyde-treatment of the soya-bean meal. There were net losses of all amino acids across the forestomachs except for lysine, methione, o-alanine and D-glutamic acid for which there were net gains.5. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and duodenal microbial material; differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were also observed.6. D-Alanine and D-glutamic acid were present in the silage but not in the barley or either of the soya-bean meals. All samples of microbes and digesta contained D-alanine and D-glutamic acid.7. The use of D-ahine and D-glUtamiC acid as markers for microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine was assessed. Estimates of the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine based on the D-alanine or D-glutamic acid contents of rumen bacteria or duodenal microbes were significantly higher than those determined using 35S as a marker.

The effect ofin saccorumen incubation of a grass silage upon the total and D-amino acid composition of the residual silage dry matter

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
H. A. Greife ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Grass Silage

SummaryGrass silage was incubated in polyester bags in the rumens of Jersey heifers for 2, 12, 24 and 48 h. The total (D + L) and D-amino acid contents of the silage and of the silage residues remaining after rumen incubation were determined. In addition, the contamination of the silage residues by rumen bacterial protein was measured by using35S as a marker of rumen bacterial protein. The amino acid profile of the residual silage dry matter differed markedly after 2 h of rumen incubation from that of the original silage; thereafter progressive changes in the amino acid composition of the residual silage dry matter occurred between 2 and 48 h of rumen incubation. The D-alanine content of the original silage was higher than that of D-glutamic acid. Both these D-amino acids disappeared almost completely from the silage after 2 h rumen incubation; between 2 and 48 h rumen incubation the quantities of D-alanine and D-glutamic acid in the residual silage dry matter increased. The residual silage dry matter contained more D-glutamic acid than D-alanine and these acids were in a similar proportion to that found in rumen bacteria; thus it was concluded that D-amino acids in the residual silage dry matter resulted from contamination of the residues by rumen bacteria. Contamination of residual silage protein by rumen bacterial protein increased with length of rumen incubation; the extent of contamination was similar for each incubation time whether assessed using35S or D-amino acids as markers of rumen bacterial protein. However, this contamination by rumen bacterial protein did not markedly alter the degradability of silage protein calculated from the disappearance of silage N incubatedin sacco.

scholarly journals The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
H. A. Greife ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Total N ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Microbial N

1. In a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment four cattle were given in two meals per d diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 times (H) maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehydetreated (T).2. A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta and a 7 d collection of faeces were made using chromium sesquioxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of lumen pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations.3. Spot samples of duodenal digesta were obtained after administration of Cr2O3,-mordanted silage-fibre and soya-bean meal, to determine the rates of outflow of these markers from the rumen. Similar samples were also obtained after cessation of a continuous intraruminal infusion of ruthenium phenanthroline, 35S and CoEDTA.4. Incubations of each feedingstuff in porous synthetic fibre (psf) bags were carried out in the rumen and the rates of N disappearance from the bags determined.5. Increasing DM intake significantly ( P < 0.001) increased the quantities of organic matter (OM), total N and amino acid-N entering the small intestine and amounts subsequently voided in the faeces. Apparent digestibilities of OM and N were unaffected by DM intake; the proportions of total digestible OM digested in the rumen were significantly lower (P < 0.01) at the higher level of DM intake.6. Formaldehyde treatment of the soya-bean meal increased the quantities of N entering the small intestine; these increases were not significant.7. Increased DM intake increased the quantities of both microbial N (P < 0.001) and undegraded feed N (P < 0.01) entering the small intestine; HCHO-treatment also significantly (P < 0.05) increased the quantities of undegraded feed N entering the small intestine. The efficiency of microbial N synthesis within the lumen was not significantly affected by dietary treatments whereas apparent feed N degradability was reduced significantly ( P < 0.05) both by increasing DM intake and by HCHO-treatment of the soya-bean meal.8. Rates of disappearance of N from psf bags in the rumen were different for different feedingstuffs. However, for a given feedingstuff, the rate of N disappearance was not affected by the diets fed.9. The rates of decline in marker concentrations measured in duodenal digesta were significantly increased as DM intake increased with the exception of Cr2O2-soya-bean meal. The markers could be ranked (P < 0.05) in the following order of increasing outflow rate: ruthenium phenanthroline, 35S-labelled amino acids and Cr2O2-silage fibre < Cr2O3-soya-bean meal < CoEDTA.10. Estimates of the degradabilities of feedingstuffs were calculated from N disappearance rates from psf bags and either experimentally determined outflow rates or those proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (1984). Such estimates for the degradability of the whole diet were then compared with those determined in vivo using 35S as a marker.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrates in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Four sheep were given four diets containing proportions of rolled barley and soya-bean meal varied to provide 10.3, 13.3, 16.1 and 19.9% crude protein in the dietary dry matter; the treatments were given according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The mean daily intake was 989 g dry matter. The apparent disappearance of protein, ash, ether extractives and carbohydrate before the abomasum, between the abomasum and terminal ileum and between the terminal ileum and rectum was measured.2. The amount of non-ammonia crude protein (Y1, g/d) disappearing from the small intestine increased with protein intake (X, g/d) according to the equation Y1 = 2.12X – 0.0057X2–83, reaching a maximum when there was about 19% crude protein in the dry matter of the diet.3. The treatments had no significant effects on the disappearance of starch, ether extractives or ash. About 93% of starch disappeared in the rumen and 6% in the small intestine. The total mean daily intake of ether extractives was 21 g; 9 g were added in the rumen, 24 g disappeared from the small intestine and 6 g were excreted in the faeces. The total mean daily intake of ash was 67 g; 26 g were added in the rumen, 37 g disappeared from the small intestine, 9 g from the large intestine and 47 g were excreted in the faeces.

The digestion by cattle of barley and silage diets containing increasing quantities of soya-bean meal

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
P. Alvareza ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Meal Intake ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Microbial N

SummaryA 4 x 4 latin-square design experiment was carried out to determine the effects of increasing nitrogen (N) intake by feeding diets containing increasing amounts of soyabean meal upon the digestion of organic matter (OM) and N by cattle equipped with rumen and duodenal cannulae. A basal diet (B) containing 600 g ground barley and 400 g grass silage/kg diet and three diets (BS1, BS2 and BS3) in which increasing amounts of the barley were replaced by soya-bean meal were fed. The mean daily intakes of OM and N when each diet was fed were 4·56, 4·55, 4·30 and 4·52 kg OM and 920, 114·7, 138·3 and 164·1 g N for diets B, BSl, BS2 and BS3 respectively.Neither the amounts of OM entering the small intestine nor those voided in the faeces were altered by the diets fed. Thus the mean apparent OM digestibility for all the diets fed was 0·74 + 0·013 and the proportion of digestible OM intake apparently digested in the rumen was 0·77 + 0048.Mean daily concentrations of ammonia N in the rumen were significantly (P < 0·001) increased from 38 mg N/l (diet B) to 129 mg N/l (diet BS3) as N intake increased.The quantities of non-ammonia N and of amino acid N entering the small intestine were not significantly (P >0·05) increased as more soya-bean meal was added to the diet, although diet BSl supported the greatest flows of N to the small intestine. Thus as more soya-bean meal was added to the diet there were increasing net losses of nonammoniaN(P < 0·01) and amino acid N (P < 0·01) prior to the small intestine. Faecal N excretion was not increased (P > 0·05) as soya-bean meal intake increased and thus apparent N digestibility was significantly (P < 0·01) increased by increasing soyabean intake.Both the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine daily and the apparent efficiency of microbial N synthesis within the rumen were increased when diet BSl was fed in comparison with the basal diet (B) and then declined when diets BS2 and BS3 were fed; these increases were not significant. The quantities of feed N entering the small intestine daily were not significantly (P > 0·05) increased as soya-bean meal intake increased; thus apparent feed N degradability in the rumen was significantly (P < 0·01) increased as soya-bean meal intake increased. In contrast, the rates of disappearance of N from each of the components of the diets fed, when incubated in the rumens of the cattle in porous synthetic fibre-bags, were not increased (P > 0·05) as soya-bean meal intake increased.

The digestion of untreated and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean and rapeseed meals by cattle fed a basal silage diet

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
I. M. Brookes ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
In Sacco

SUMMARYThe effect of pretreating soya-bean and rapeseed meals with formaldehyde was studied. Soya-bean and rapeseed meals, both untreated and formaldehyde-treated, were fed to cattle receiving a basal diet of silage in a 4 × 4 latin square. Formaldehyde treatment of both meals significantly reduced apparent N digestibility. All four protein supplements increased the amounts of non-ammonia N and amino acid N entering the small intestine over those obtained when silage was fed alone. Formaldehyde treatment of the meals increased the amounts of non-ammonia N and amino acid N entering the small intestine; this effect was significant, however, for only the formaldehyde treatment of the soya-bean meal. The low efficiency of microbial N synthesis observed when silage was fed alone was increased by the inclusion of both of the soyabean meals in the diet but not by the inclusion of the rapeseed meals. Formaldehyde treatment reduced the apparent degradability of the soya-bean meal N, determined in vivo, from 0·90 for the untreated meal to 0·40 for the formaldehyde-treated meal; similarly the degradability of the untreated rapeseed meal was reduced from 0·77 to 0·41 by the formaldehyde treatment. The in sacco technique gave values for degradability for the protein supplements which ranked them in a similar manner as did the in vivo technique; however, for any one meal the in sacco value for degradability was lower than that determined in vivo.

The effect of roughage or concentrate feeding and rumen retention time on total degradation of protein in the rumen

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ganev ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
R. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Sodium Dichromate ◽  
Mathematical Expressions ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYSamples of soya-bean meal, groundnut meal, sunflower meal and fish meal were incubated in nylon bags in the rumens of sheep receiving either whole barley or dried grass. For the vegetable sources of protein the rate of disappearance of protein was greater when they were incubated in the rumens of sheep receiving dried grass than in sheep receiving whole barley. The rate of disappearance of fish meal did not vary between sheep fed whole barley or dried grass.Rate of outflow of protein particles from the rumen was determined by rendering the protein supplement totally indigestible by a treatment with sodium dichromate. The rate of outflow was greatest with sheep receiving dried grass and increased with increasing feeding level.The mathematical expressions of degradation rate and outflow rate were combined to give the total amount of protein degraded in the rumen for the grass and barley diets at two levels of feeding.The amino acid composition of residues left in the nylon bags after 9 h of incubation were shown to be almost identical to the amino acid composition of the original protein supplement, indicating that the composition of the amino acid in the undegraded protein entering the abomasum essentially resembled that of the supplements.

The digestion of untreated and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meals and estimation of their rumen degradabilities by different methods

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
B. W. Norton ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
In Sacco

SUMMARYThe effect of treating soya-bean meal with formaldehyde was studied in cattle by supplementing a hay–barley diet with two levels of either untreated or formaldehydetreated soya-bean meal. The formaldehyde treatment had no significant effect upon apparent N digestibility in the whole tract; it increased the amounts of non-ammonia N and amino acid N entering the small intestine but this increase was not statistically significant. However, increasing the proportion of either soya-bean meal in the diet increased the flow of non-ammonia N to the small intestine and apparent N digestibility in the whole tract. The formaldehyde treatment reduced the apparent degradability of the soya-bean meal N, determinedin vivofrom 0·74 for the untreated meal to 0·38 for the formaldehyde-treated meal. Thein saccotechnique produced values for the apparent degradability of the two soya-bean meals which ranked them in a similar manner as did thein vivotechnique but gave lower values for degradability than thein vivotechnique.

scholarly journals The effect of feeding high levels of low-quality proteins to growing chickens

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Wetnli ◽  
T. R. Morris ◽  
T. P. Shresta
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Three growth trials were done using male broiler chicks. In the first two trials, groundnut meal was used, with and without supplementary methionine and lysine. In the third trial, soya-bean meal was used with and without supplementary methionine. Protein levels ranged in the first trial from 120 to 420 g/kg diet and in the third trial from 120 to 300 g/kg diet. Thus the assumed minimal amino acid requirements of the chick were supplied by high levels of low-quality dietary protein.2. Diets based on cereals and groundnut meal did not support maximum live-weight gain or maximum efficiency of food utilization at any level of dietary protein. When the principal deficiencies of lysine and methionine were corrected, this protein mixture was capable of supporting the same growth rate as a control diet of cereals and herring meal.3. Diets based on maize and soya-bean meal did not support quite the same growth rate as similar diets supplemented with methionine, even though the protein level in the unsupplemented diets was sufficient to meet the assumed methionine requirements.4. These results are interpreted as examples of amino acid imbalance in diets composed of familiar feeding-stuffs. It is concluded that one cannot assume that the poor quality of a protein source can always be offset by increasing the concentration of dietary protein.

scholarly journals Methionine sulphoxide as a source of sulphur-containing amino acids for the young rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne U. Gjøen ◽  
L. R. Njaa
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Effect On Growth

1. Young male rats were used in five experiments to study the utilization for growth of methionine sulphoxide, and the relationship between the sulphoxide content in the diet and the level of microbiologically determined methionine activity in blood or blood plasma. In one nitrogen-balance experiment methionine and methionine sulphoxide were compared as supplements to a casein diet and a fish-meal diet.2. Methionine sulphoxide was poorly utilized for growth when tested as the sole sulphur amino acid in an amino acid diet. Substitution of one-third of the sulphoxide with cystine improved utilization so that it approached that of methionine.3. Methionine alone and in combination with methionine sulphoxide were added to a soya-bean-meal diet. The sulphoxide showed no adverse effect on growth.4. Fish meal in which methionine had been oxidized to methionine sulphoxide was tested alone and in combinations with unoxidized fish meal. Only when the oxidized meal was given alone was there an appreciable effect on growth. The fish meals used were low in cystine.5. Whereas both methionine and methionine sulphoxide improved the N balance when a casein diet was given, there was no effect when a fish-meal diet was given.6. There was a linear relationship between methionine sulphoxide content in the amino acid diets and the methionine activity in the blood plasma. Methionine sulphoxide added to a soya-bean-meal diet or present in oxidized fish meal gave a curvilinear relationship, and the observed activities were lower than with the amino acid diets. Methionine activity in blood could not be used as an indicator of moderate amounts of methionine sulphoxide in protein-containing diets.

Intensive beef production 5. The effect of different sources of protein on nitrogen retention

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Bowers ◽  
T. R. Preston ◽  
N. A. MacLeod ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
Euphemia B. Philip
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Different Sources

SUMMARY1. Nitrogen balance studies were made on 8 Friesian steers given allconcentrate diets containing fish meal, soya bean meal, groundnut meal or cottonseed meal.2. There were no differences in nitrogen retention but voluntary feed intake was significantly lower on the fish meal diet.3. Adjustment of nitrogen retention to constant dry matter intake resulted in significantly higher values for the diets containing fish meal and cottonseed meal than for the others.4. Rumen pH, rumen ammonia and blood urea were all much lower on the fish meal diet.

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