scholarly journals The influence of protein nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Fat Cell Size ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

1. The effects of feeding either high-protein (HP) or low-protein (LP) diets between 1·8 and 15 kg live weight (LW) and a low-energy (LE) or high-energy (HE) intake subsequently on the cellularity of muscle and adipose tissue in pigs growing to 75 kg LW were investigated.2. The effects of the nutritional treatments on muscle tissue were assessed from the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor. For adipose tissue the total DNA content and fat cell size of the subcutaneous adipose tissue contained in the left shoulder joint were determined.3. Feeding the LP diets in early life reduced the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor (P < 0·01) and increased fat cell size (P < 0·01) at 15 kg LW.4. Subsequent to 15 kg there was an almost linear increase in muscle DNA with increasing LW, and the difference between pigs from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished and was no longer apparent at 60 kg LW.5. At 30 kg LW, pigs given the LP diets before 15 kg LW contained less DNA in the subcutaneous adipose tissue from the shoulder joint (P < 0·01) and had larger fat cells (P < 0·05) than pigs given the HP diets initially. However, adipose DNA and fat cell size increased with increasing LW and the differences resulting from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished. On the LE and HE treatments subsequent to 15 kg these differences were no longer evident at 45 and 60 kg respectively.6. Pigs given the HE intake subsequent to 15 kg, contained less DNA in muscle tissue (P < 0·05) at 60 and 75 kg LW and had larger fat cells (P < 0·05) at 45, 60 and 75 kg LW, than pigs on the LE treatment.

scholarly journals Methionine requirement of kittens given amino acid diets containing adequate cystine

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Smalley ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers ◽  
James G. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Shoulder Joint ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Fat Cell Size ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

1. The effects of feeding either high-protein (HP) or low-protein (LP) diets between 1.8 and 15 kg live weight (LW) and a low-energy (LE) or high-energy (HE) intake subsequently on the cellularity of muscle and adipose tissue in pigs growing to 75 kg LW were investigated.2. The effects of the nutritional treatments on muscle tissue were assessed from the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor. For adipose tissue the total DNA content and fat cell size of the subcutaneous adipose tissue contained in the left shoulder joint were determined.3. Feeding the LP diets in early life reduced the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor (P < 0.01) and increased fat cell size (P < 0.01) at 15 kg LW.4. Subsequent to 15 kg there was an almost linear increase in muscle DNA with increasing LW, and the difference between pigs from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished and was no longer apparent at 60 kg LW.5. At 30 kg LW, pigs given the LP diets before 15 kg LW contained less DNA in the subcutaneous adipose tissue from the shoulder joint (P < 0.01) and had larger fat cells (P < 0.05) than pigs given the HP diets initially. However, adipose DNA and fat cell size increased with increasing LW and the differences resulting from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished. On the LE and HE treatments subsequent to 15 kg these differences were no longer evident at 45 and 60 kg respectively.6. Pigs given the HE intake subsequent to 15 kg, contained less DNA in muscle tissue (P < 0·05) at 60 and 75 kg LW and had larger fat cells (P < 0·05) at 45, 60 and 75 kg LW, than pigs on the LE treatment.

scholarly journals Influence of feeding level and of protein level in early life on the cellularity of adipose tissue and body fat content of growing pigs

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
A. C. Dunkin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Fat Cell Size ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Dry Diet ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

1. The effects of level of feeding and level of protein in the early postnatal period on the cellularity of subcutaneous adipose tissue and body fat content of pigs were investigated in two experiments.2. In Expt 1, piglets were given a common liquid diet at energy intakes equivalent to 2·8 or 5·2 times energy for maintenance (M) between 1·8 and 6·5 kg live weight (LW), and a common dry diet at 2·8 or 4·5 M between 6·5 and 20 kg LW. Between 20 and 75 kg LW all pigs were given a second dry diet at 4·0 M.3. In both experiments the effects of nutritional treatments on fat cell number at 20 and 75 kg LW (Expt 1) and at 45 kg LW (Expt 2) were assessed by measuring the DNA content of the subcutaneous adipose tissue contained in the left shoulder joint. Fat cell size was assessed in the same tissue by measuring the diameter of collagenase-released adipocytes.4. In Expt 1, raising the level of feeding between 1·8 and 6·5 kg LW increased body fat content and average fat cell diameter at both 6·5 (P < 0·01) and 20 kg LW (P < 0·05) but had no effect on either measurement at 75 kg LW. Similarly, raising the level of feeding between 6·5 and 20 kg LW increased body fat content and fat cell size at both 20 (P < 0·01) and 75 kg LW (P < 0·05). There was an almost twofold increase in the DNA content of subcutaneous adipose tisuue between 20 and 75 kg LW. However, it was not significantly affected at either weight by level of feeding before or subsequent to 6·5 kg LW.5. In Expt 2, reducing the level of dietary protein between 1·8 and 6·5 kg LW increased body fat content (P < 0·01) and fat cell size (P < 0·01) at the latter weight. Although level of dietary protein to 6·5 kg LW had no effect on body fat content or the weight of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the shoulder joint at 45 kg LW, pigs given the lowest-protein diet contained less DNA (P < 0·05) in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and had larger (P < 0·05) fat cells than those given the highest-protein diet to 6·5 kg LW. Reducing the protein content of the diet fed subsequent to 6·5 kg LW increased the body fat content (P < 0·01) and fat cell size (P < 0·01) at 45 kg LW.

scholarly journals The PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone influences triacylglycerol metabolism in non-obese males, without increasing the transcriptional activity of PPARγ in the subcutaneous adipose tissue

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemiek M. C. P. Joosen ◽  
Arjen H. F. Bakker ◽  
Sander Kersten ◽  
Klaas R. Westerterp
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Mass Generation ◽  
Fat Cell Size ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

PPARγ is obligatory for fat mass generation and is thought to determine the amount of TAG stored per fat cell. We investigated whether ligand availability for PPARγ is rate limiting in fat mass generation and substrate metabolism. Twenty healthy men (20–29 years) were randomly assigned to receive the PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone (RSG) (8 mg/d) (n 10) or a placebo (n 10) during a stay of 7 d in a respiration chamber. Food intake was ad libitum, resulting in positive energy balances of 32·2 MJ (placebo) and 44·7 MJ (RSG). Fat cell size and expression of PPARγ, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), adipsin, adiponectin and fasting-induced adipose factor (FIAF) were determined in subcutaneous abdominal fat biopsies. The total amount of fat stored and the amount of TAG per fat cell were not different between groups. For the entire group, fat cell size was decreased after overeating (P = 0·02). FIAF mRNA levels were decreased after overeating in the RSG group (P = 0·01), with a trend towards a decrease in the placebo group. Unexpectedly, RSG treatment did not influence the expression levels of PPARγ and of the PPARγ responsive genes aP2, adiponectin and adipsin. In addition, RSG resulted in a larger increase in plasma TAG during overeating than placebo treatment. These results suggest that in healthy, non-obese males the PPARγ ligand RSG influences TAG metabolism, independent of its PPARγ transcriptional activity in the subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Sex differences in abdominal, gluteal, and thigh LPL activity

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (6) ◽  
pp. E1823-E1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne B. Votruba ◽  
Michael D. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Fasted State ◽  
Fat Cell Size ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
The Relationship

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity is necessary for adipocytes to take up triglycerides from the circulation, and regional differences in LPL activity could help determine regional fat storage. LPL activity has been reported to increase as a function of fat cell size, but this issue has not been extensively evaluated in different depots comparing sexes. Our objective was to determine whether sex alters the relationship between LPL activity and fat cell size. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were taken from the abdomen and thigh after an overnight fast and 1 h after a meal in 65 females (BMI 25.4 ± 0.8, means ± SE) and 41 males (BMI 23.7 ± 0.3); gluteal adipose samples were obtained in 47 of the females and 27 of the males. Fat cell size was greater in females than males in thigh ( P < 0.005) and gluteal ( P < 0.05) regions but not in the abdomen. There was a relationship between fasting LPL activity/fat cell and fat cell size in females (abdomen r2 = 0.52, P < 0.0001; gluteal r2 = 0.23, P < 0.005; thigh r2 = 0.19, P < 0.005). In males, this relationship was seen only in the abdomen ( r2 = 0.51, P < 0.0001) and thigh ( r2 = 0.17, P < 0.05). Males and females had a significantly different relationship in the thigh only in the fasted state. Similar results were found in the fed state, although the strength of the relationship decreased in the abdominal regions for females only. This suggests fundamental differences in the regulation of triglyceride uptake between males and females and adipose regions.

Water content of rat adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes in relation to cell size

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (5) ◽  
pp. 1568-1572 ◽  
Author(s):  
M DiGirolamo ◽  
JL Owens
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Intracellular Water ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Adipose Mass

Epididymal adipose tissue composition and adipocyte water content were studied in male rats during growth and development of spontaneous obesity. The data show that a highly significant positive correlation exists between fat-cell volume and intracellular water space (IWS) (r=.967, P less than .001). Intracellular water, expressed as picoliters per fat cell, varied from 1.5-2 in small fat cells (mean vol, 30-50 pl) to 9-10 in large cells (800-1,000 pl). When expressed as percent of fat-cell volume, IWS varied from 5-7% in the small fat cells to 1-1.3% in the large ones. Total adipose tissue water continued to increase with increasing adipose mass. Similarly, total adipocyte water increased with enlarging cell size and tissue mass. The contribution of total adipocyte water (as contrasted to that of nonadipocyte water) to total tissue water, however, was found to be limited (less than 23%) and to decline progressively with adipose mass expansion.

The cellular and metabolic organization of ovine subcutaneous adipose tissue

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Thornton ◽  
RL Hood ◽  
RWD Rowe ◽  
PN Jones
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Cellular Organization ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Metabolic Organization ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Structure And Metabolism

The cellular organization and lipogenic capacity ([14C]acetate incorporation per l06 cells) of sections, parallel to the skin, of subcutaneous adipose tissue from the rump, shoulder and brisket regions of fat sheep were studied. Adipocytes from the brisket (134 �m in mean diameter; 1.35 nl in mean volume) were smaller than those from the shoulder (213 �m; 4.77 nl) or rump (202 �m; 4.69 nl). Furthermore, cells from the brisket incorporated significantly less [I4C]acetate than those from either the shoulder or rump, which were not significantly different in lipogenic capacity. The frequency distributions of diameters of cells from the rump and shoulder were predominantly normal, but those of brisket cells were positively skewed. Adipocytes were larger and lipogenesis was greater in sections closer to the skin than in sections closer to the muscle for each region. This gradient of cell size and lipogenic capacity indicates that ovine subcutaneous adipose tissue is not homogeneous but is organized in structure and metabolism.

scholarly journals Cell size and the antilipolytic effect of insulin in human subcutaneous adipose tissue

Diabetologia ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. �stman ◽  
L. Backman ◽  
D. Hallberg
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Relationships among changes of serum leptin concentration, leptin mRNA expression in white adipose tissue (WAT), and WAT fat-cell size in female Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus)

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 1042-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nakamura ◽  
T. Okano ◽  
H. Shibata ◽  
M. Saito ◽  
T. Komatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Black Bears ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Ursus Thibetanus ◽  
Fat Cell Size ◽  
The Relationship

As a first step to study the relationship between fat accumulation and reproductive success in Japanese black bears ( Ursus thibetanus japonicus Schlegel, 1857) with the focus on leptin, we determined leptin cDNA sequences in the bears. Next, we studied the possibility of white adipose tissue (WAT) as a leptin secretion source by observing the changes of leptin mRNA expression in WAT by semiquantitative real-time reverse transcript – polymerase chain reaction, the index of WAT fat-cell size, and serum leptin concentration in pregnant bears. Then, based on our results, we discussed roles of leptin in those bears. The amino acid sequences of leptin from the bears were highly identical to that of other carnivores. The expression of leptin mRNA in WAT was detected from September to January, with a tendency to increase in late November and January; the relationship between changes in the index of WAT fat-cell size and those in serum leptin concentration was high (r = 0.55, P < 0.01), with an increase in both in mid-November. These results suggested that leptin was mainly secreted from WAT in bears and that serum leptin concentrations might reflect their nutritional condition. Moreover, leptin might serve as an indicator of their fat mass, which would affect their survival during hibernation and their reproductive success.

Adipose tissue fat cell size and number in relation to metabolism in randomly selected middle-aged men and women

Metabolism ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 927-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Björntorp ◽  
Calle Bengtsson ◽  
Göran Blohmé ◽  
Anders Jonsson ◽  
Lars Sjöström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Fat Cell Size
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