scholarly journals The nutritive value of rumen micro-organisms in ruminants

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Storm ◽  
D. S. Brown ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. An experiment was conducted with three sheep maintained entirely by intragastric nutrition to estimate the digestibility of isolated individual constituents and amino acids (AA) of rumen micro-organisms (RMO) in the small intestine.2. Five levels of RMO were infused into the abomasum. The apparent and true disappearance of the individual components were measured by regression of abomasal input on the passage at the ileum.3. The true digestibility values of N, AA-N, DNA and RNA were 0·82, 0·85, 0·81 and 0·87, respectively.4. The digestibility of individual AA varied between 0·80 and 0·88, the only exceptions being diaminopimelic acid (0·37), histidine (0·68) and cystine (0·73), which were significantly lower than the average (0·847).5. The endogenous components in the ileal fluid in sheep given protein-free infusions, expressed in mg/kg live weight0·75 per d, were total N 42 and AA-N 20.

scholarly journals The nutritive value of silages Digestion of nitrogenous constituents in sheep receiving diets of grass silage and grass silage and barley.

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Thomas ◽  
D. G. Chamberlain ◽  
N. C. Kelly ◽  
M. K. Wait
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Grass Silage

Two experiments were conducted to study the digestion of nitrogenous constituents in the rumen, small intestine and caecum and colon of sheep given diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Three silages were used. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring and the others from regrowth grass cut in either early autumn or late autumn. All were of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and were preserved with formic acid.Expt 1 involved a comparison between the spring silage given alone (644 g dry matter (DM)/d) and the spring silage supplemented with barley (151 g DM/d). The intakes (g/d) of total nitrogen for the silage diet and for the supplemented diet were 14.89 and 17.36. Corresponding values (g/d) for N passage were 15.55 and 18.53 (P < 0.01) at the duodenum, 6.01 and 7.09 at the ileum and 5.06 and 5.52 in the faeces. The barley supplement had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on rumen ammonia-N- concentration.Expt 2 involved a comparison between the two autumn-cut silages each offered at a level of feeding of approximately 700 g DM/d. The intakes (g/d) of total N for the early-cut silage and for the late-cut silage were 21.67 and 15.62 respectively. Corresponding values (g/d) for N passage were 17.10 and 16.96 at the duodenum, 6.65 and 6.80 at the ileum and 4.5 and 5.22 in the faeces. The concentration of NH3-N in the rumen was significantly (P < 0.001) higher with the early-cut silage than with the late-cut silage.In both experiments the rates of bacterial crude protein (N × 6.25) synthesis in the rumen, estimated using α, ε-diaminopimelic acid as a marker, were low, 142 and 161 g crude protein/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen for the spring silage and the spring silage and barley diets respectively, and 68 and 103 g crude protein/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen for the early-cut autumn silage and the late-cut autumn silage respectively. For all diets there was a relatively low contribution of bacterial crude protein to the duodenal passage of crude protein and the amounts of individual amino acids ingested in the diets had a marked influence on the amino acids passing to the duodenum and as a consequence on the mixture of amino acids taken up from the small intestine.The results are discussed in relation to the nutritive value of silage N for ruminants.

scholarly journals The nutritive value of rumen micro-organisms in ruminants

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Storm ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
R. Smart
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
N Input ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Micro Organisms

Four experiments were conducted with eighteen lambs sustained entirely by intragastric nutrition at gross energy inputs varying from 430 to 860 kJ/kg live weight0·75 (W0·75). Isolated rumen micro-organisms (RMO) were infused into the abomasum in quantities varying from 0 to 2 g digestible N/kg W0·75 to assess the increase in N balance as a result of increasing RMO input when N was limiting.The over-all utilization of N from RMO (RMO-N) could be described by the equation y = 0·543 x −0·457, residual SD = 0·037, where y is the N balance and x is the abomasal input of RMO-N, both expressed in g/kg W0·75. Thus the coefficient of efficiency of utilization of infused RMO-N was 0·543 (SE 0·008). The coefficient of efficiency of utilization of RMO-N truly digested (i.e. the biological value) was 0·659 (SE 0·015).The RMO-N input (mean with SE) at N equilibrium was 0·843 (0·009) g/kg W0·75. The true digestibility of RMO-N was 0·813 (0·004). The urinary N excretion when no N was infused was 0·329 (0·008) g/kg W0·75 and the N excreted via the faeces with zero N input was 0·036 (0·009) g/kg W0·75.

scholarly journals The nutritive value of rumen micro-organisms in ruminants

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Strom ◽  
E. R. Øskov
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. Four experiments were carried out to identify and quantify the limiting amino acids (AA) in rumen microbial protein (RMP).2. A method was developed which involved first, an assessment of the efficiency of utilization of absorbed AA-nitrogen (U) of RMP, defined as the retention of AA-N from RMP absorbed from the small intestine, and second, addition of a mixture of AA similar to the absorbed AA profile in a quantity defined by the U of RMP and equal to (1 – U)/U. Third, it involved removal of each AA in turn and measurement of the resultant N retention. Using this approach it was possible to calculate both the order and extent of AA limitations in RMP.3. Apart from methionine which was found to be the most limiting AA, only lysine, arginine and histidine reduced N retention when omitted, and accordingly only these AA were limiting in RMP.4. The method is discussed in detail and the amount of supplementary AA required to utilize RMP fully is calculated.

scholarly journals Uptake of acetylated peptides from the small intestine in sheep and their nutritive value in rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Wallace ◽  
W. K. Min ◽  
M. W. Witt ◽  
G. Grant ◽  
J. C. MacRae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Live Weight

Acetylation is a potential method for protecting dietary peptides from degradation by rumen micro-organisms. As a first step in determining the nutritive value of acetylated peptides, their disappearance in the small intestine of sheep and their ability to support growth in a rat bioassay were measured.15N-labelled peptides were prepared from lucerne which had been grown with15N-labelled (NH4)2SO4in the absence ofRhizobium. Peptides were prepared by enzymic hydrolysis of the extracted protein. Two peptide preparations were made using different proteinase mixtures. These mixtures contained peptides with an average molecular weight of 559 and 522 Da. They were treated with acetic anhydride, which resulted in 85 and 88% modification respectively, and their uptake from the small intestine was determined by injecting 1 g of untreated or acetylated peptides in a Cr-EDTA solution into the jejunum of two sheep fitted with jejunal catheters and ileal cannulas. Ileal digesta were collected and analysed for Cr and15N. The uptake of dialanine (Ala2) and N-acetyl-Ala2were compared in a similar way. The disappearance of15N from lucerne peptides was high (88 and 93% respectively) and this was not affected significantly by acetylation (86 and 87%). Corresponding values for Ala2and N-acetyl-Ala2were both 96%, as measured by HPLC. It was therefore concluded that acetylation did not affect the uptake of peptides from the small intestine in sheep. Two feeding trials were carried out with rats. The first trial was carried out with a protein-free diet to which was added 10% lactalbumin or 5% lactalbumin and then a mixture of methionine-free amino acids, either alone or supplemented with Met, Gly-Met or acetylated Gly-Met. The rats grew equally well on all sources of Met, but failed to grow significantly on the mixture of Met-free amino acids. In the second trial the diet contained casein as 5·9% of the basal diet. Additional casein, pancreatic casein hydrolysate (peptides) and acetylated pancreatic casein hydrolysate (acetylated peptides) were compared as sources of amino acids, at inclusion rates of 100 g/kg final diet. Feed intake was similar with casein and peptides treatments, but was depressed by 23% with acetylated peptides. Live weight gain was 15 and 75% lower with the peptides and acetylated peptides diets respectively. Addition of lysine, arginine or histidine did not restore feed intake or weight gain of rats receiving acetylated peptides, but feed intake was restored immediately when peptides replaced acetylated peptides. When intake was restricted to 9 g/d and acetylated casein hydrolysate replaced half of the protein in the diet, rats gained weight less rapidly (1·44 v: 1·09 g/d) and retained less N, such that only 0·36 of the acetylated peptide-N was calculated to remain available to the animal. This N retention compared with 0·70 for unmodified casein. Thus, the rat bioassay indicated that certain specific peptides may well be of high nutritive value following acetylation, but that there may be problems of inappetance and inefficient utilization with acetylated peptide mixtures.

scholarly journals Quantitative intestinal digestion of nitrogen in sheep given formaldehyde-treated and untreated casein supplements

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
P. D. Pearce ◽  
Jane Hendtlass
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total N ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Gross Energy

1. In two experiments, sheep prepared with a rumen cannula and with re-entrant cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were continuously fed on diets of dried grass, dried grass plus formalin-treated casein, or dried grass plus untreated casein. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide was given once daily via the rumen fistula.2. In ten 24 h collections of digesta entering the duodenum and eleven 24 h collections of digesta reaching the ileum of sheep given dried grass, there were highly significant correlations between the 24 h flows of Cr marker and the corresponding flows of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, gross energy, hemicellulose and cellulose (P < 0.01) at both sites.3. Daily amounts of non-ammonia N and of individual amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine and of total N excreted in faeces and urine are given.4. Net retention of supplementary N was 36% when the supplement was administered as formalin-treated casein, but only 17% when it was administered as untreated casein.5. Formalin treatment of casein significantly increased the daily amounts of non-ammonia N entering the small intestine (P < 0.01) and the amounts of non-ammonia N apparently absorbed therein (P < 0.05).6. Apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was significantly greater (P < 0.05) with treated casein than with untreated casein. There were relative increases in the small amounts of several free amino acids measured, including taurine, in the ileal digesta of sheep receiving the treated casein supplement.

Nitrogen excretion in germ-free and conventional chickens: effects of an alkali load

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Okumura ◽  
D. Hewitt ◽  
Marie E. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Total N ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. Groups of three colostomized germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) chickens aged 4 months were maintained for successive periods of 8 d on a diet containing 200 g casein/kg without and with sodium bicarbonate at the rate of 20 mmol/d and a nitrogen-free diet without and with NaHCO3at 9 mmol/d. Urine and faeces were collected during the last 3 d of each period.2. Total N, uric acid- and ammonia-N were determined in urine and total N in faeces. Amino acids were measured in hydrolysates of faeces collected during the periods when no NaHCO3was included in the diets.3. The CV birds excreted more N on the casein diets but less on the N-free diets than did their GF counterparts, the differences being mainly shown in the urine.4. On both diets hydrolysates of the faeces of CV birds contained smaller amounts of amino acids. On the N-free diet the proportions (g/160 g N) of serine, proline and threonine were reduced, suggesting some conservation of endogenous N by micro-organisms, and the proportions of histidine, alanine, lysine and methionine increased, possibly through microbial synthesis; on the casein diet, proportions of most amino acids were less, probably because bacterial deamination had occurred.5. Urinary excretion of total N, uric acid and ammonia was much greater on the casein than on the N-free diets. Inclusion of NaHCO3caused a sharp fall in urinary ammonia on both diets and in both environments.6. It was concluded that the level of dietary protein and the regulation of acid-base balance have more effect than microbial activity on the urinary ammonia excretion.

scholarly journals The effect of fishmeal on the digestion of grass silage by growing cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Beever ◽  
M. Gill ◽  
J. M. Dawson ◽  
P. J. Buttery
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Dorsal Sac

The effect of two levels of fishmeal substitution (50 (FM1) and 150 (FM2) g/kg) of a grass silage control diet (C) on the rumen digestion of organic matter and nitrogen, and the small intestinal disappearance of amino acids was examined in young growing cattle each equipped with simple PVC cannulas in the dorsal sac of the reticulo-rumen, the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum. The silage was a primary growth of perennial ryegrass (Lnlium pevenne) (+formic acid) with a total N content of 22 g/kg dry matter (DM) (diet C). Fishmeal substitution increased this to 26 (diet FM1) and 34 (diet FM2) g/kg DM. On diets C and FM1, approximately 0.71 of digestible organic matter intake was apparently digested in the rumen, but this was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced on diet FM2 (0.60). Whilst duodenal flows of non-ammonia N and total amino acids were significantly (P < 001) increased at the highest level of fishmeal inclusion only, the synthesis of microbial N was significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by fishmeal inclusion, and feed N degradability declined progressively in response to increased fishmeal. Both levels of fishmeal addition caused a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in the fractional outflow rate of water from the rumen, and on the highest level of fishmeal significant (P< 0.05) increases in rumen ammonia concentration and rumen propionate molar proportions were observed. The net effect of the highest level of fishmeal substitution was to increase amino acid absorption from the small intestine by 0.47 compared with the control diet (P< 0.05), but due to an elevated ileal flow of amino acid no such effect was detected at the lowest level of fishmeal substitution. Composition of the absorbed amino acid fraction was relatively unaffected by the treatments imposed, despite large changes in the composition of the duodenal protein. The apparent non-linearity of response to fishmeal substitution is discussed and the amino acid supply findings are compared with the protein retention findings obtained in an earlier study by Gill et al. (1987). By two methods of calculation it was estimated that the amino acid N fraction disappearing from the small intestine was utilized with an efficiency of between 0.51 and 0.53 and no apparent effects due to diet or level of amino acid supply were detected.

Formaldehyde treatment of concentrate diets for sheep. III.* Absorption of amino acids from the small intestine

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney ◽  
GA White
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
True Protein ◽  
The Individual

The effects of formaldehyde treatment of barley/soybean meal diets on the flow of amino acids to the small intestine, their release and absorption there, and their levels in jugular plasma were studied at four protein levels in fistulated crossbred sheep. There were substantial losses of amino acids during passage through the stomach at the highest protein level which were prevented by formaldehyde treatment; the net gains of amino acids observed with the lower protein diets were enhanced by treatment. There were no statistically significant effects of treatment on the proportions of the individual amino acids apparently absorbed in the small intestine, but a tendency for the values to decrease for the highest protein diet suggested that this diet was overtreated. This was confirmed by calculation of the true digestibilities in the small intestine: the true digestibility of true protein in the small intestine was 0.74 for the treated high protein diet and 0.81 for all the other diets. Of the individual amino acids, only lysine was adversely affected by treatment; however, despite reduced intakes, the net absorption of lysine was equal to or greater than that achieved with the untreated diets at all but the lowest protein level. Formaldehyde treatment was associated with substantial increases in the concentration of ε-N-methyl-lysine in plasma. As the amount of protein absorbed from the small intestine increased to about 110 g/day, the concentrations in plasma of the amino acids normally present in protein declined to a minimum or remained steady; thereafter, except for lysine, the concentrations increased. ____________________ *Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res. 28: 1069 (1977).

Accretion of total protein and individual amino acids by organs and tissues of growing lambs and the ability of nitrogen balance techniques to quantitate protein retention

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacRae ◽  
A. Walker ◽  
D. Brown ◽  
G. E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Comparative Slaughter ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

AbstractTwelve Suffolk-Finn Dorset lambs were reared from 25 to 40 or 25 to 55 kg body weight on either pelleted dried grass or a ration of pelleted grass plus barley (ratio 1:1) in a comparative slaughter experiment designed to determine the amounts of total nitrogen and individual amino acids accreted in different body components during growth. Nitrogen (N) balance measurements were determined frequently during this growth phase and accumulated N retentions were compared with the total N accretion determined by comparative slaughter. Total N and individual amino acids accumulated in carcass, wool, skin, offal and blood, head and feet, gastro-intestinal tract and liver were linearly related to body weight in all cases other than for cysteine in carcass. At 25 kg live weight, proportionately 0·52 of total body N was in carcass components, 0·115 in wool, 0·08 in skin, 0·10 in offal and blood, 0·095 in head and feet, 0·06 in the gastro-intestinal tract and 0·02 in liver. However as the animals grew from 25 to 55 kg, 0·256 of the total N accretion was in wool, which was rich in cysteine (98 g/kg total amino acid). Carcass accretion represented only 0·449 of total body N accretion. The N balance technique overestimated net protein accretion by 0·24 (s.e. 0·036).

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF ENSILING UPON FREE AMINO ACIDS AND AMINES IN WHOLE-PLANT CORN, AND ON ITS SUBSEQUENT NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR LAMBS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Voluntary Intake

In a replicated 2 × 2 double latin square, 16 lambs were fed whole-plant corn harvested at 26% or 38% dry matter (DM) and either ensiled or frozen. Corn was supplemented with urea (1.25%, DM basis). Voluntary intake was measured during a 17-day period of ad libitum feeding, after which the lambs were restricted on feed (65 g DM/Wkg0.75) for 14 days for the determination of nitrogen (N) balance and digestibility. Ensiling resulted in an increase in nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), mainly as amino acid-N, from 21% to 48% of the total N in the low DM corn, and from 25% to 43% in the high DM corn. Basic and acidic amino acids were selectively degraded during ensilage. Amine-N accounted for less than 5% of total N in the silages. Voluntary intake (g DM/Wkg0.75) of ensiled corn was not significantly different from that of frozen corn (77.3 vs. 81.7) but was higher (P < 0.05) for the low DM than the high DM corn (85.1 vs. 73.9). Estimates of N balance and digestibility of DM and organic matter were not affected (P < 0.05) by ensiling or by stage of harvest. There appears to be no adverse effect of ensiling whole-plant corn on its voluntary intake and N utilization by ruminants, provided the silage is supplemented with urea. Key words: corn, ensiling, intake, Digestibility, ruminants, nonprotein nitrogen

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