scholarly journals Digestion and synthesis in the rumen of sheep given diets supplemented with free and protected oils

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
R. Knight ◽  
A. B. McAllan ◽  
R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Sodium Caseinate ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total N ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial N

1. Six wether sheep were each provided with a permanent cannula in the rumen and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum.2. In a preliminary study, the sheep consumed 200 g hay and 400 g concentrates supplemented with up to 40 g linseed oil, coconut oil or cod-liver oil daily. Feed was refused at higher levels of supplementation.3. Five of the sheep were used in a 5 × 5 Latin-square experiment. They were given 200 g hay and 400 g concentrates alone (B) or supplemented with 40 g linseed oil (L), coconut oil (C), protected linseed oil or protected coconut oil daily. The protected oils were prepared by emulsifying the free oils with formaldehyde-treated sodium caseinate. Formaldehyde-treated sodium caseinate was also included in the other three diets.4. Digestion in the stomach was measured by spot sampling duodenal digesta, using chromic oxide-impregnated paper as the marker. Microbial flow at the duodenum was measured by use of both diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and RNA as microbial markers.5. Both the free oils had broadly similar effects despite their very different fatty acid compositions. Digestion in the stomach of organic matter (OM) was reduced from 0·48 (diet B) to 0·29 (diets L and C) and that of neutral-detergent fibre from 0·50 (diet B) to 0·19 (diet L) and 0·12 (diet C). The molar proportions of acetic acid and n-butyric acid were decreased and that of propionic acid was increased. Protozoal numbers were reduced by 78% (diet L) and 90% (diet C). The flow of total nitrogen and microbial N was increased by both oils and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (g N/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen) was increased from 30 (diet B) to 85 (diet L) and 74 (diet C) when based on DAPA and from 41 (diet B) to 94 (diet L) and 81 (diet C) when based on RNA. The efficiency when based on true digestion of OM (g N/kg OM truly digested in the rumen) was increased from 23 (diet B) to 46 (diet L) and 44 (diet C) when based on DAPA and from 29 (diet B) to 49 (diet L) and 46 (diet C) when based on RNA. The amounts of microbial OM (g/d) at the duodenum were increased from 68 (diet B) to 124 (diet L) and 106 (diet C) when based on DAPA and from 92 (diet B) to 136 (diet L) and 115 (diet C, non-significant) when based on RNA.6. When the oils were given in the protected form, the effects on digestion in the stomach were reduced but not eliminated. No significant increases in the amount of total N or microbial N at the duodenum were established, though there was a tendency for an increase in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis with protected linseed oil. The results suggested that the method of protection used reduced the effects of the oils on rumen digestion and synthesis but was only partially successful in preventing hydrogenation of the fatty acids.7. It is concluded that free oils can markedly increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, possibly by their defaunating effect, and that this may enhance the potential for using non-protein-N on oil-supplemented diets.

scholarly journals The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and the degradability of feed nitrogen between the mouth and abomasum in steers given different diets

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. McAllan ◽  
R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total N ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mixed Bacteria

1. Protozoa-free steers with simple rumen and abomasal cannulas were given basal diets consisting of a concentrate mixture of flaked maize and tapioca with barley straw (BS) or alkali-treated barley straw (BSA). Other diets were supplemented with urea (BSU and BSAU respectively) or with fish meal replacing the tapioca (BSF and BSAF respectively). The diets were isoenergetic and calculated to provide sufficient metabolizable energy (ME) to support a growth rate of 0.5 kg/d. Rumen-degradable nitrogen (RDN): ME values (g/MJ) were estimated to be 0.50, 1.20 and 0.80 for the basal diet, urea- and fish-meal-supplemented diets respectively. RNA and α, ε-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) were used as microbial markers. 103Ruthenium and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were given as flow markers and flows (g/24 h) at the abomasum of organic matter (OM) and nitrogenous constituents were calculated.2. Samples of mixed bacteria separated from rumen digesta from animals receiving N-supplemented diets contained significantly more N than those from animals receiving basal diets (approximately 74 and 62 mg/g dry matter (DM) respectively) but there were no other significant differences in total-N contents between treatments. RNA-N: total-N values were similar for all diets (approximately 0.13). DAP-N: total-N values were significantly lower in bacteria from animals receiving alkali-treated (AT) rather than untreated (UT) straw (approximately 0.008 and 0.011 respectively).3. The proportion of OM intake digested in the rumen (ADOM) was significantly higher for animals receiving AT straw rather than UT straw (approximately 0.54 and 0.43 respectively). N supplementation had no effect on OM digestibility.4. When basal rather than N-supplemented diets or AT-straw- rather than UT-straw-containing diets were given, there were significantly lower flows of ammonia-N, non-ammonia-N (NAN) and microbial-N (based on RNA flow, MN(RNA)) at the abomasum. Mean daily MN(RNA) flows (g) were 21, 30, 31, 16, 27 and 28 for diets BS, BSU, BSF, BSA, BSAU and BSAF respectively. These correspond to estimated efficiencies of microbial protein synthesis, expressed as g MN(RNA) /kg truly-digested OM, at 14, 22, 22, 12, 18 and 19 respectively. Values were significantly lower for basal as compared with corresponding N-supplemented diets and for AT-straw diets as compared with corresponding UT-straw diets.5. Estimated mean proportions of total feed-N intake degraded in the rumen, based on MN(RNA) as microbial marker, of diets BS, BSU and BSF were 0.60, 0.74 and 0.47 respectively; corresponding values for diets BSA, BSAU and BSAF were 0.72, 0.73 and 0.36 respectively. Making certain assumptions, the mean proportions of fish-meal-N digested in the rumen were calculated to be 0.23 and 0.14 respectively for UT- and AT-straw diets. The values were not significantly different. Values for microbial flows based on DAP as marker were significantly lower, by about 25%, than those based on RNA.

Effect of altering the non-structural: structural carbohydrate ratio in a pasture diet on milk production and ruminal metabolites in cows in early and late lactation

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Carruthers ◽  
P. G. Neil ◽  
D. E. Dalley
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

AbstractThe effect on digestibility, ruminal metabolites, microbial protein synthesis and milk production of manipulating the non-structural (NSC): structural (SO carbohydrate ratio in a predominantly pasture diet was investigated in cows in early (trial 1) and late (trial 2) lactation. Twenty-four cows in trial 1 and 15 cows in trial 2 were offered pasture only (P), 0·85 P plus 0·15 NSC/protein mixture (PR), and P plus an additional 0·1 (trial 1) or 0·15 (trial 2) NSC (PE) in a Latin-square arrangement. All diets were isonitrogenous and P and PR were isoenergetic. PE but not PR increased microbial protein synthesis and decreased ruminal ammonia and milk urea levels, compared with P. Efficiency of microbial synthesis (g N per kg digestible organic matter intake) was not altered by treatment. Treatments had minor effects on ruminal pH and no effect on volatile fatty acid concentrations. PE and PR did not affect milk yield or protein yield and decreased fat yield compared with P in trial 1. Milk yield was increased on PE and PR compared with P and was greater on PE than PR, in trial 2. Yields of fat and protein were higher on PE than on P and yield of protein was higher on PR than on P. The results suggest that increasing the ratio of NSC: protein by increasing total carbohydrate intake was more effective in improving nitrogen utilization in the rumen than was increasing the NSC: SC ratio without increasing carbohydrate intake.

scholarly journals Inclusion of copaiba oil (Copaifera sp.) as additive in supplements for cattle on pasture

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-192
Author(s):  
Fabiola Espindola Ortega de Lima ◽  
Rafael Henrique de Tonissi e Buschinelli de Goes ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽  
Diego dos Santos Penha ◽  
Raquel Tenório de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Copaiba Oil

SUMMARY This study analyzed the effect of including copaiba oil as an additive for cattle supplemented on pasture, during the dry season. Four crossbred steers, castrated, with 245 ± 25 kg, aged about 18 months, fitted with permanent rumen cannula; were randomly assigned to a 4×4 Latin square. All animals were housed in individual paddocks (0.3 ha), uniformly covered with Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, with through and drinking fountain; and were given a concentrate at 500g/100 kg BW containing 380 g/kg crude protein (%DM). The copaiba oil was added to the supplement as a spray, in the proportions of 0, 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg DM intake. Spraying supplementation was performed daily at the time of supply of the supplement. Data of intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal pH; ruminal ammonia nitrogen, and microbial protein synthesis were tested by analysis of variance and polynomial regression, adopting a significance level of 5%. The inclusion of copaiba oil quadratically affected total dry matter intake (P=0.030) and CP digestibility (P=0.043), without altering ruminal metabolism (P>0.05) and microbial protein synthesis (P>0.05) of the animals kept on pasture.

Effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release in diets with a similar carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Sinclair ◽  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
J. R. Newbold ◽  
P. J. Buttery
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cyclical Trend ◽  
Microbial N

SUMMARYThe effects of synchronizing dietary energy and nitrogen supply in diets with a similar carbohydrate composition on microbial protein synthesis and rumen fermentation were examined in sheep. Two diets were formulated to be either synchronous (diet S) or asynchronous (diet A) for the hourly release of nitrogen (N) and energy to the rumen. Diet S contained (g/kg) 425 g wheat straw, 400 g winter barley, 150 grapeseed meal and 25 g minerals/vitamins and diet A contained 505 g wheat straw, 458.5 g winter barley, 11·5 g urea and 25 g minerals/vitamins. Both diets were fed at the rate of 1 kg/day in four equal portions, to four cannulated sheep, in two periods in a change-over design. Rumen ammonia concentrations followed the predicted hourly trend in N degradation with a peak 1 h after feeding of 10 mM for diet S and 16 mM for diet A before falling within 3 h of feeding to 4 ITIM in animals fed either diet. Rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations followed the cyclical trend predicted by stoichiometric equations, whilst rumen VFA ratios were more stable than predicted in animals fed either diet. The observed content of rumen degradable protein and organic matter truly degraded in the rumen was similar for both diets. The increase in total CHO digested in the rumen observed with diet A (427 g/kg DM) compared with diet S (364 g/kg DM) can be attributed to the greater content of starch in the asynchronous diet, which had a high degradability. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (g N/kg OM truly degraded in the rumen) was 11–20% greater in animals fed the synchronous diet (S) than the asynchronous diet (A). It is concluded that microbial N production was more efficient when dietary energy and N supply were synchronized.

scholarly journals Protein metabolism in the rumen of silage-fed steers: effect of fishmeal supplementation

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Dawson ◽  
C. I. Bruce ◽  
P. J. Buttery ◽  
M. Gill ◽  
D. E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Period Change ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total N ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial N

1. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Cropper) silage was given to four Friesian steers (initial live weight (LW) 172 kg) alone or with a fishmeal supplement (150 g fresh weight/kg silage dry matter (DM)) in a balanced two- period change-over design. The dietary components were the same as those used in a recent experiment by Gill et al. (1987). All diets were offered hourly at 24 g DM/kg LW.2. Fishmeal supplementation increased dietary nitrogen intake (P < 0.01) and significantly increased the flow of total N (P < 0.01), non-ammonia N (NAN) (P < 0.01) and amino acids (P < 0.05) at the duodenum. The increased supply of NAN to the duodenum was due largely (67%) to increased flow of undegraded dietary protein.3. Microbial protein production was estimated simultaneously with 15N, diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and a novel technique using L-[4,5-3H]leucine. Estimates varied with the marker and source of microbial isolate but mean values indicated that microbial N flow was significantly increased by fishmeal supplementation (P < 0.05). The use of L-[4,5-3H]leucine as a microbial marker is justified and its possible advantages over other markers are discussed.4. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was significantly increased from 30.8 g N/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen (OMADR) to 54.3 gN/kg OMADR by fishmeal supplementation (P < 0.01). However, this indicates that relatively high efficiencies can be achieved with unsupplemented high quality silage supplied continuously. Rumen degradable N (RDN) supply was significantly increased by fishmeal supplementation (P < 0.05) but apparent efficiency of capture of RDN by rumen microbes was not significantly increased.5. Attempts were made to investigate the source of N utilized by the microbes on the two diets by intrarumen infusions of (15NH4)2SO4 and L-[4,5-3H]leucine but these were confounded by rumen-mixing problems. Findings obtained suggest that a lower proportion of microbial N may have been derived from rumen ammonia when the silage was supplemented with fishmeal but no differences in the extent of direct incorporation of leucine into microbial protein were observed. This could indicate an increase in microbial peptide uptake on the fishmeal-supplemented diet. However, evidence was also obtained suggesting that the improvement in microbial protein synthetic efficiency with supplementary fishmeal was also due to the provision of a more continuous supply of nitrogenous substrates for microbial growth, as a result of hourly feeding.6. The results are related to the increased growth responses attained by fishmeal supplementation of this silage in the experiment of Gill et al. (1987).

scholarly journals Ammonia treatment of wheat straw. 2? Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, rumen microbial protein pool size and turnover, and small intestinal protein digestion in sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-151
Author(s):  
S.J. Oosting ◽  
T.C. Viets ◽  
S.C.W. Lammers-Wienhoven ◽  
J. Van Bruchem
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Pool

Ammonia-treated wheat straw (AWS) was compared with untreated wheat straw (UWS) and untreated wheat straw supplemented with urea (SWS) in an experiment with 6 wether sheep. Microbial protein synthesis increased after ammonia treatment due to the higher intake of rumen degradable organic matter (OM). The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was low for all diets, averaging 22.1 g N/kg apparently rumen degradable OM and was not significantly affected by ammonia treatment. Estimates of microbial protein synthesis based on diaminopimelic acid or the amino acid profile methods did not differ significantly. The pool of microbial DM (average, 151 g) and N (12 g) in the rumen and the proportion of rumen microorganisms associated with the fluid phase (average, 36%) were not affected by diet, but the clearance rate (%/h) of microorganisms tended (P

scholarly journals Sugarcane bagasse as only roughage for crossbred lactating cows in semiarid regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wandemberg Rocha Freitas ◽  
Marcelo de Andrade Ferreira ◽  
Janaina Lima Silva ◽  
Antônia Sherlânea Chaves Véras ◽  
Leonardo José Assis Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different levels of sugarcane bagasse, as exclusive roughage, on nutrient intake and digestibility, feeding behavior, microbial protein synthesis, and dairy performance of crossbred cows. Ten lactating Girolando breed cows (600±34.3 kg body weight) were assigned to a replicated 5×5 Latin square design. The control diet, based on spineless cactus, sugarcane bagasse, and concentrate, was formulated to meet the average production of 20 kg of milk per day, with 3.5% fat. The evaluated levels of sugarcane bagasse were: 30, 38, 46, and 54% dry matter bases. The intake and digestibility of dry matter decreased linearly with sugarcane bagasse levels. Rumination time was higher in cows fed 54% sugarcane bagasse. The inclusion levels had no effect on non-esterified fatty acid contents or on the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, but beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations showed a quadratic pattern to the bagasse levels. Higher yields of 3.5% fat-corrected milk were obtained with cows fed 30% sugarcane bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse inclusion in the diet of crossbred dairy cows decreases their performance; however, the bagasse can be used as exclusive roughage when associated with 70% concentrate.

scholarly journals Effects of chitosan on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk yield and composition of dairy cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Gomes de Paiva ◽  
Elmeson Ferreira de Jesus ◽  
Tiago Antonio Del Valle ◽  
Gustavo Ferreira de Almeida ◽  
Artur Gabriel Brao Vilas Boas Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Four Levels

Our objective was to evaluate the effects of providing increasing levels of chitosan on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood parameters, nitrogen utilisation, microbial protein synthesis, and milk yield and composition of lactating dairy cows. Eight rumen-fistulated Holstein cows [average days in lactation = 215 ± 60.9; and average bodyweight (BW) = 641 ± 41.1 kg] were assigned into a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, with 21-day evaluation periods. Cows were assigned to be provided with four levels of chitosan, placed into the rumen through the fistula, as follows: (1) Control: with no provision of chitosan; (2) 75 mg/kg BW; (3) 150 mg/kg BW; and (4) 225 mg/kg BW. Chitosan had no effect on dry matter intake (P > 0.73); however, chitosan increased (P = 0.05) crude protein digestibility. Propionate concentration was increased (P = 0.02), and butyrate, isobutyrate, isovalerate and acetate : propionate ratio were decreased (P ≤ 0.04) by chitosan. Chitosan had no effect (P > 0.25) on acetate, pH and NH3 ruminal concentration. Glucose, urea, and hepatic enzyme concentrations in the blood were similar (P > 0.30) among treatments. Nitrogen balance was not affected, but chitosan increased milk nitrogen (P = 0.02). Microbial protein synthesis was not affected by chitosan (P > 0.44). Chitosan increased (P = 0.02) milk yield, fat-corrected milk, protein and lactose production. Chitosan changes ruminal fermentation and improves milk yield of lactating dairy cows; therefore, we conclude that chitosan can be used as a rumen modulator instead of ionophores in diets for dairy cows.

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